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1 basicCO

The document outlines the basic concepts of computer organization and architecture, detailing the main components such as the CPU, memory subsystem, I/O subsystem, and system bus. It explains the functions of the CPU, including its control unit and registers, as well as the types of memory (volatile and non-volatile) and peripheral devices. Additionally, it describes the system bus and its three types: address bus, data bus, and control bus.

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7 views18 pages

1 basicCO

The document outlines the basic concepts of computer organization and architecture, detailing the main components such as the CPU, memory subsystem, I/O subsystem, and system bus. It explains the functions of the CPU, including its control unit and registers, as well as the types of memory (volatile and non-volatile) and peripheral devices. Additionally, it describes the system bus and its three types: address bus, data bus, and control bus.

Uploaded by

dean-sdd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Organization and Architecture

Course outcome / Topic learning outcome

List the course outcome / Topic outcome

Name of the Topic covered Topic Learning Outcome Course Outcome

Understand the concept


Basic compuerter Understand the concept
of computer organization
Organization of computer organization

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Basic Computer Organization

Fig 1: Generic computer Organization


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Basic Computer Organization

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Basic Computer Organization

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Basic Computer Organization

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Basic Computer Organization

Main components of computer

•CPU
• Memory subsystem
• I/O subsystem
• System bus
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following
features −
•CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
•CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
•It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
•It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.

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Basic Computer Organization

•The arithmetic / logic unit (or) ALU performs most arithmetic


and logic operations such as adding and ANDing values.

•CPU controls the computer, the control unit controls the CPU

•The control unit receives some data values from the register
unit, which it used to generate the control signals.

•The control unit also generates the signals for the system
control bus such as READ, WRITE, IO/ signals

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Basic Computer Organization

A register is a temporary storage area built into a CPU. Some


registers are used internally and cannot be accessed outside
the processor, while others are user-accessible. Most modern
CPU architectures include both types of registers.

Internal registers include the instruction register (IR),


memory buffer register (MBR), memory data register
(MDR), and memory address register (MAR).

The instruction register fetches instructions from the


program counter (PC) and holds each instruction as it is
executed by the processor.

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Basic Computer Organization

•The memory registers are used to pass data


from memory to the processor. The storage time of
internal registers is extremely temporary, as they often
hold data for less than a millisecond.

•User-accessible registers are larger than internal


registers and typically hold data for a longer time. For
example, a data register may store individual values
referenced being by a currently running program.

•An address register contains memory addresses, which


reference different blocks of memory within the
system RAM. Many CPUs now have general purpose
registers (GPRs), which may contain both data and
memory addresses.
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Basic Computer Organization

Memory System
•This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results.
This unit supplies information to other units of the computer
when needed.
• It is also known as internal storage unit or the main memory or
the primary storage or Random Access Memory (RAM).
• Its size affects speed, power, and capability.
• A memory unit is the collection of storage units or devices
together. The memory unit stores the binary information in the
form of bits. Generally, memory/storage is classified into 2
categories:

• Volatile Memory: This loses its data, when power is switched off.
• Non-Volatile Memory: This is a permanent storage and does not
lose any data when power is switched off.
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Basic Computer Organization

Memory System
Primary memory and secondary memory are two types of
memories in the computer.

Functions of the memory unit are −

•It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.

•It stores intermediate results of processing.

•It stores the final results of processing before these results are
released to an output device.

•All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main


memory.
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The I/O subsystem of a computer provides an efficient mode of


communication between the central system and the outside
environment. It handles all the input-output operations of the
computer system.
Input or output devices that are connected to computer are
called peripheral devices.

These devices are designed to read information into or out of the


memory unit upon command from the CPU and are considered to be
the part of computer system. These devices are also
called peripherals.

For example: Keyboards, display units and printers are common


peripheral devices.
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There are three types of peripherals:

1.Input peripherals : Allows user input, from the outside world to


the computer. Example: Keyboard, Mouse etc.

2.Output peripherals: Allows information output, from the


computer to the outside world. Example: Printer, Monitor etc

3.Input-Output peripherals: Allows both input(from outside


world to computer) as well as, output(from computer to the
outside world). Example: Touch screen etc.

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• System Bus
• Physically the bus a set of wires. The components of a
computer are connected to the buses
• The system has three buses
– Address bus
– Data bus
– Control bus
• The uppermost bus in this figure is the address bus
• Data is transferred via the data bus
• Control bus carries the control signal

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Basic Computer Organization

• Address Bus
• The upper most bus is the address bus. When the CPU reads
data or instructions from or writes data to memory, it must
specify the address of the memory location it wishes to
access.
• Data Bus
• Data is transferred via the data bus. When CPU fetches data
from memory it first outputs the memory address on to its
address bus. T hen memory outputs the data on to the data
bus. Memory then reads and stores the data at the proper
locations.

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Basic Computer Organization

• Control Bus
• Control bus carries the control signal. Control signal is the
collection of individual control signals.
• These signals indicate whether data is to be read in to or
written out of the CPU.

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