A

Project report

on

Online Library Management System

Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of the degree of Bachelor of Computer Application

By

Divyanshu Dubey

Roll No.:

Enrollment No.:21/112230
Session: 2021-2023

University of Maharaja College Jaipur

University of Rajasthan
Jaipur
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Himanshu Sharma Divyanshu Dubey
BCA III Year

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 Certificate
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Online Library Management System”
being submitted by Mr. Divyanshu Dubey in partial full filament for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Computer Application to the University of Rajasthan is a record
of bonafide work carried out by himself herself under my guidance and supervision
the results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other
university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Mr. Himanshu Sharma

HOD Project Guide
Department of Computer Science

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 University of Maharaja College Jaipur

Date: 11/04/2024

TO WHOMSOEVER IT MY CONCERN

This is to certify that the Student Mr. Divyanshu Dubey student of University of
Maharaja College Jaipur, Department of Computer Science has satisfactorily
completed his Project on Online Library Management System during the period
November 2023 to March 2024 in the partial fulfilment of BCA.

Signature and Seal

Signature of Project Guide: HOD, Computer Science

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 Declaration
This is to certify that the work reported in the present project entitled “Online Library
Management System” is a record of work done by me in the Department of computer
science, University of Maharaja College Jaipur. The reports are based on the project
work done entirely by us and not copied from any other source.

Signature of the Candidate

Name: Divyanshu Dubey

Class: BCA III Y

Roll No.:

Enrollment No.:21/112230

Session:2021-2023

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 Acknowledgement
I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt thanks towards all those who have
helped me in making this project. Without their active guidance, help cooperation and
encouragement, I would not have been able to present the project on time.

I extend my sincere gratitude to my Project Coordinator Mr. Himanshu Sharma for

their moral support and guidance during the tenure of my project.

I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, my gratitude towards my parents

and other faculty members of the college for their valuable suggestions given to me in
completing the project.

Date:………….. ……………………….

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 Table of Contents

SN Tittle Page No.

1. Abstract 7-8
2. Chapter 1-Introduction: 9-17
1.1 Background
1.2 Objective
1.3 Purpose
1.4 Scope of System
3. Chapter 2-Requirement And Analysis: 18-28
2.1 Problem Definition
2.2 Requirement Specification
2.3 Hardware Requirement
2.4 Software Requirement
2.5 Planning Scheduling
4. Chapter 3-System design: 29-42
3.1 Data flow diagram
3.2 Data dictionary
3.3 Input & output design
5. Chapter 4-Testing & Implementation: 43-71
4.1 Testing approach used
4.2 Source Code
4.2 Implementation Approaches
6. Chapter 5-Conclusion: 72-75
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Limitation of System
5.3 Future Scope of System
5.4 Bibliography

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 Abstract

1. Project Focus: Design and implementation of a Library Management System (LMS)

to streamline resource management and enhance user experience for patrons and staff.

2. Core Functionalities:

 Cataloging: Efficient management of book records, including adding, updating,

and deleting entries with metadata (title, author, publication date, genre,
availability).

 User Management: Supports registration, authentication, and authorization for

different user roles (patrons, librarians, administrators).

 Circulation: Automates lending process, tracks checkouts and returns, sends

due date reminders, handles renewals and reservations. Integrates with a
notification system for email/SMS alerts.

 Reporting: Provides insights into library operations (usage statistics, popular

titles, overdue items) to aid strategic decision-making and resource allocation.

3. Search Functionality: Enables quick book searches using criteria like keywords,
author names, or genres.

4. User Interface: Intuitive and user-friendly, reducing the learning curve and
encouraging adoption among library staff and patrons.

5. Technologies Used: Modern web technologies (HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and a

backend framework (e.g., NodeJS) to provide a robust, scalable, and secure platform.

6. Key Features:

 Cataloging Module: Manages book records efficiently.

 User Management Module: Ensures secure access and personalized services.

 Circulation Module: Automates lending and integrates notifications.

 Reporting Module: Offers valuable insights into library operations.

 Search Functionality: Facilitates quick and efficient book searches.

 User Interface: Enhances overall user experience.

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7. Challenges and Solutions
 Scalability: Designed the database schema and API endpoints to handle large
volumes of data efficiently.
 Security: Implemented JWT (JSON Web Tokens) for secure user
authentication and session management.

 Performance Optimization: Leveraged caching strategies and optimized

query performance to ensure fast response times.

8. Conclusion:

 The LMS project offers a comprehensive solution to modern library

challenges.

 Digitizes and automates traditional library processes, improving efficiency and

accessibility.

 Future enhancements could include digital media management, mobile app

support, and advanced data analytics.

9. The Library Management System thus represents a significant step forward in

modernizing library operations and providing a more engaging and efficient service to
users. Booking History and Profile Management: Users can view their booking
history and manage their profile information, including updating contact details and
preferences.

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

An online library management system (OLMS) is a web-based software application

designed to manage and streamline the operations of a library. By digitizing various
library functions, an OLMS enhances efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility for both
library staff and users. This system integrates different aspects of library management
into a cohesive digital platform, enabling effective control over the acquisition,
cataloging, circulation, and maintenance of library resources.

User Interface: The front-end of the system where users interact with the application.
It includes features such as search functionality for books, borrowing forms, user
registration, login/logout, and book return.

Database Management System: A database to store information about books,

authors, genres, availability, user details, and borrowing records. Popular database
management systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL, or MongoDB are commonly used for
this purpose.

Backend Services: The server-side logic responsible for processing user requests,
managing data, and handling business logic. This component interacts with the
database to retrieve and update information as needed.

Payment Gateway Integration: Integration with a payment gateway to facilitate

secure online payments for any library fees or late charges. Users should be able to
pay using credit/debit cards, net banking, or other electronic payment methods.

Book Availability and Borrowing Management: Algorithms to check book

availability, manage the borrowing process, including book selection, due date
calculation, and generating borrowing receipts.

Authentication and Authorization: User authentication mechanisms to ensure

secure access to the system. This includes features like password hashing, session
management, and role-based access control.

Email and SMS Notifications: Automated notifications to users about their

borrowing status, due date reminders, return confirmations, overdue notices, and other
important updates via email or SMS.

Admin Panel: An administrative interface for managing system configurations,

adding new books or genres, resolving user issues, and generating reports.
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Security Measures: Implementation of security measures such as HTTPS protocol
for data encryption, protection against SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS)
attacks, and other security vulnerabilities.

Scalability and Performance: Architecture designed to handle a large number of

concurrent users and transactions efficiently. This may involve techniques like load
balancing, caching, and optimizing database queries.

Overall, an effective online library management system should provide a user-friendly

experience, ensure data security, and offer reliable and efficient book borrowing
services to users.

1.1 Background

Name of Project: Online Library Management System

Language Used: JS

Database Used: Mongo

Design Interface: HTML, CSS, ReactJS

Browser: Opera/Mozilla/Google Chrome/Edge

Software: NodeJs, MongoDB, Git, Postman, Jest

Tools Used: Visual Studio Code, Enzyme, Docker.

1.2 Objective

The main objectives of an online library management system can be broadly

categorized into two areas: user benefits and library administration improvements.

User Benefits:

Convenience: Enables users to browse and borrow books 24/7 from any location with
internet access, eliminating the need to physically visit the library.

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Efficiency: Provides real-time book availability and borrowing information, facilitating
quick borrowing decisions.

Transparency: Offers clear information on book availability, due dates, and borrowing
limits, enhancing user understanding of library services.

Accessibility: Makes library services accessible to users in remote areas or with

mobility limitations, promoting inclusivity.

Enhanced Borrowing Experience: Allows users to easily renew borrowed books,

place holds, and manage their borrowing history, enhancing their overall library
experience.

Library Administration Improvements:

Efficiency: Automates book borrowing processes, reducing manual workload for

library staff and streamlining administrative tasks.

Inventory Management: Provides accurate and real-time information on book

availability and borrowing status, minimizing inventory discrepancies and ensuring
efficient resource utilization.

Revenue Generation: Facilitates online fine payments and membership renewals,

potentially increasing revenue streams for the library.

Data & Analytics: Generates valuable data on book borrowing trends, popular genres,
and user preferences, which can be utilized for collection development and library
resource allocation.

Overall, the objective of an online library management system using the MERN stack
is to modernize library services, enhance user experience, and optimize administrative
operations within the library environment.

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1.3 Purpose

Convenience: The primary purpose of an online library management system is to

provide library users with a convenient and user-friendly platform for accessing library
services. Users can browse, search, and borrow books from anywhere, at any time,
without the constraints of physical library operating hours.

Accessibility: Online library management systems ensure 24/7 accessibility to library

resources and services. Users can access the library's catalog, reserve books, and
manage their accounts remotely, catering to diverse schedules and preferences.

Time-saving: By offering quick access to library resources and services, online

systems save time for users. They can efficiently search for books, check availability,
place holds, and manage borrowing activities without the need to visit the library in
person.

Efficiency: Online library management systems streamline administrative tasks and

improve the efficiency of library operations. They automate processes such as book
checkouts, returns, and renewals, reducing manual work for library staff and
minimizing errors in record-keeping.

Flexibility: Users have the flexibility to browse through a wide range of library
materials, reserve items, and customize their borrowing preferences online. They can
choose pickup locations, delivery options, and payment methods that best suit their
needs.

Real-time Information: Online library systems provide users with real-time

information on book availability, due dates, and account status. Users receive instant
notifications about holds, overdue items, and other important updates, enabling them to
stay informed and organized.

Revenue Generation: For libraries, online management systems can contribute to

revenue generation through membership fees, fines, and other service charges. By
offering additional services such as online book sales or premium memberships,
libraries can diversify their revenue streams.

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Data Analysis: Online library systems gather valuable data on user preferences,
borrowing patterns, and library usage trends. This data can be analyzed to understand
user behavior, improve collection development strategies, and enhance library services.

Customer Service: Online library systems enhance customer service by providing

self-service options for users. They can easily manage their accounts, renew items, and
interact with library staff for assistance or inquiries, improving overall user
satisfaction.

Modernization: Implementing an online library management system is part of the

broader modernization efforts within the library industry. It embraces digital
transformation, making library resources more accessible, efficient, and responsive to
user needs in today's digital age.

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 1.4 Scope of System
Our Online Library Management System is committed to excellence in all aspects of its
services. It will be a web application developed primarily using the MERN stack
(MongoDB, Express.js, React, Node.js). The system's main objective is to streamline
and enhance the efficiency of the library's operations, reducing manual tasks and
ensuring data accuracy and security throughout the borrowing process. Users will have
the capability to browse, borrow, and manage their library materials seamlessly, with
the option to view and print borrowing receipts.

FRONT-PAGE MODULES:

1. Home: Users can browse available books, search for specific titles, authors, or
genres, view borrowing rules, and check their account status.
2. Gallery: Users can navigate through Home, Catalog, About Us, and Contact tabs.
o Catalog: Users can browse through the library's collection of books, filter by
genre, availability, or other criteria, and view detailed information about each
book.
o About Us: Users can learn about the library's mission, history, staff, and any
other relevant information.
o Contact: Users can find contact information for the library, including email,
phone number, and address.

MODULES AFTER USER LOGIN:

1. Catalog: Users can view and search for books, check availability, reserve books,
and manage their borrowing history.
2. Book Availability: Users can see detailed information about a specific book's
availability, including its status (available, checked out, on hold), location in the
library, and borrowing rules.
3. My Account: Users can view their account information, such as borrowed books,
due dates, fines, and account settings.
4. Feedback: Users can provide feedback on their experience with the library, suggest
new features, or report any issues.
5. Contact Us: Users can send inquiries or messages to the library staff.

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MODULES AFTER ADMIN LOGIN:

1. Login: Admin can log in using a username and password.

2. Dashboard: Admin can access a dashboard displaying key metrics, such as total
number of books, active users, overdue books, etc.
3. Manage Books: Admin can add, edit, or delete books from the library's collection,
update book information, and manage availability status.
4. Manage Users: Admin can view a list of registered users, search for specific users,
view their borrowing history, and manage user accounts (e.g., suspend or delete
accounts, reset passwords).
5. Manage Borrowings: Admin can view a list of all borrowed books, filter by status
(e.g., overdue, reserved), and manage borrowing requests (e.g., approve or deny
reservations, extend due dates).
6. Reports: Admin can generate various reports, such as borrowing statistics, popular
books, overdue notices, etc.
7. Settings: Admin can manage system settings, such as fine rates, borrowing rules,
email templates, etc.
8. Logout: Admin can log out from the admin interface.

Dashboard: Dashboard contains Admin Panel, which have Total Books, Daily
Transactions, One-time schedules, Reserved Books.

Reservations: In the Reservations menu, the admin can view a list of all reserved
books by users. The list provides details such as book title, user information,
reservation date, and status. The admin can take actions such as approving reservations,
cancelling reservations, or managing reservation queues.

Inquiries: In the Inquiries section, the admin can view and respond to queries sent by
users through the Contact Us section. Users may inquire about book availability,
library policies, account issues, or any other questions related to library services. The
admin can read inquiries, provide responses, and mark inquiries as resolved.

Book List: In the Book List section, the admin can add new books to the library's
collection using the "Add New" tab. The admin can also take actions such as editing
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book details, updating availability status, or deleting books. The Book List provides a
comprehensive view of all books in the library, including their titles, authors, genres,
availability status, and other relevant information.

Schedule List: The Schedule List section categorizes library events into two types:

1. Regular Events: These are recurring events or activities that happen on a daily
basis, such as storytime sessions, book club meetings, or study groups.
2. Special Events: These are one-time or occasional events, such as author visits,
book signings, or workshops. Admin can add new events, view existing events,
and manage event details such as date, time, location, and description.

Settings: In the Settings tab, the admin can update various system configurations and
library information. This includes:

 System Name: The official name of the library management system.

 System Short Name: A shortened version or acronym of the system name for
branding purposes.
 Welcome Content: Customizable welcome message displayed to users upon
accessing the system.
 About Us: Information about the library, its mission, history, staff, and any
other relevant details.
 Contact Information: Email, phone number, and address for users to contact
the library.
 Office Address: Physical location of the library's administrative office.

Scope: An online library management system offers a range of functionalities for both
users and library administrators. Here's a breakdown of its scope:

For Users:

 Search and Borrowing: Users can search for books, view availability, and
borrow books online.
 Account Management: Users can manage their accounts, view borrowing
history, renew books, and pay fines.
 Feedback and Queries: Users can provide feedback, ask questions, and
communicate with library staff.
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  Event Management: Users can view upcoming events, register for events, and
receive event notifications.

For Library Administrators:

 Inventory Management: Admins can add, edit, and delete books from the
library's collection, manage book categories, and track book availability.
 User Management: Admins can manage user accounts, approve registrations,
reset passwords, and view user activity.
 Reporting and Analytics: Admins can generate reports on book circulation, user
demographics, overdue books, fines collected, and other metrics.
 System Configuration: Admins can configure system settings, customize the
user interface, and manage email notifications.

Limitations: While advantageous, online library management systems have

limitations:

 Accessibility: Not all users may have access to the internet or digital devices,
limiting their ability to use the system.
 Technical Issues: System outages, connectivity problems, or software bugs can
disrupt service and affect user experience.
 Scalability Challenges: The system may face performance issues during periods
of high traffic or when handling large volumes of data.
 Limited Functionality: The system may lack certain features or integrations that
users or administrators require for specific tasks.
 Security Concerns: Protecting user data, preventing unauthorized access, and
ensuring data privacy are ongoing challenges for system security.

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 Chapter 2: Requirement and Analysis

2.1 Problem definition

Online library management systems, while efficient and convenient, encounter various
challenges for both users and administrators. These challenges, if not addressed
effectively, can impact the overall user experience and operational efficiency of the
system. Let's delve deeper into the issues faced by each stakeholder group:

For Users:

 User Interface Issues: The user interface is the primary point of interaction
between users and the system. Complex navigation, unclear instructions, or a
non-intuitive design can lead to difficulties in searching for books, accessing
account information, or navigating through various features of the system.
Users may find it challenging to locate desired books or perform necessary
actions within the system due to poor interface design.
 Book Availability: One of the most common frustrations for library users is
encountering inaccurate book availability information. Sometimes, the system
may display incorrect availability status, leading users to believe that a book is
available for borrowing when it's not. This discrepancy can result in wasted
time and effort for users who attempt to borrow books only to find them
unavailable.
 Reservation Challenges: Booking popular books or items can be challenging
due to high demand and limited copies available for reservation. Users may
encounter difficulties in securing reservations for highly sought-after items,
especially if the reservation process is not streamlined or if there are restrictions
on the number of reservations allowed per user.
 Technical Glitches: Technical issues such as system errors, downtime, or slow
performance can disrupt the borrowing process and cause inconvenience for
users. Users may encounter difficulties in accessing library services, searching
for books, or completing transactions due to system glitches or failures. These
technical challenges can negatively impact the user experience and deter users
from using the system.
 Customer Support: Accessing prompt and effective customer support for
account-related issues, technical problems, or general inquiries can be difficult
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 for users. Inadequate customer support channels or delayed responses to user
queries can result in frustration and dissatisfaction among users. Responsive
and helpful customer support is essential for ensuring a positive user experience
and addressing user concerns in a timely manner.

For Administrators:

 Scalability and Performance: Online library management systems must be

able to handle heavy traffic and peak usage periods efficiently. During periods
of high demand, such as during exam seasons or special events, the system may
experience slowdowns or crashes if it lacks scalability and robust performance
capabilities. Scalability and performance issues can impact the user experience
and hinder the efficient operation of the system.
 Data Security: Data breaches, unauthorized access, and potential loss of
sensitive user information pose significant security risks for online library
management systems. Protecting user data, financial information, and other
sensitive data from security threats and vulnerabilities is crucial for maintaining
user trust and compliance with data protection regulations.
 Integration Complexity: Integrating the online library system with other
library management tools, databases, or third-party systems can be complex and
time-consuming. Ensuring seamless data exchange and interoperability between
different systems and platforms requires careful planning, coordination, and
technical expertise. Integration challenges can hinder the implementation and
functionality of the system.
 Data Accuracy: Maintaining accurate and up-to-date records of book
inventory, user accounts, borrowing history, and other data is essential for the
effective operation of the library system. Inaccurate or outdated data can lead to
errors, inconsistencies, and inefficiencies in the system. Regular updates, data
validation processes, and data quality assurance measures are necessary to
ensure data accuracy and integrity.
 Reservation Management: Managing book reservations, cancellations,
waitlists, and holds efficiently while ensuring fair access to all users can be
challenging for administrators. Balancing the needs and preferences of multiple
users, enforcing reservation policies, and allocating resources effectively

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 require careful planning and coordination. Reservation management challenges
can impact user satisfaction and the overall effectiveness of the library system.

Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses system

upgrades, robust security measures, user-centric design, and effective user support
mechanisms. By prioritizing the needs of both users and administrators and
implementing appropriate solutions, online library management systems can enhance
the user experience, improve operational efficiency, and achieve their objectives
effectively.

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 Chapter 3: System Design
1.1 Data flow diagram

Data flow diagram shows the way information flows through a process or system.
It includes data inputs and outputs, data stores, and the various sub processes the
data moves through. DFDs are built using standardized symbols and notation to
describe various entities and their relationships.

Data flow diagrams visually represent systems and processes that would be hard to
describe in a chunk of text. You can use these diagrams to map out an existing system
and make it better or to plan out a new system for implementation. Visualizing each
element makes it easy to identify inefficiencies and produce the best possible system.

Functional Requriements
1. Allow the librarian to add and remove new members.

2. Allow the user to search for books based on title, publication date, author, etc.,
and find their location in the library.

3. Users can request, reserve, or renew a book.

4. Librarian can add and manage the books.

5. The system should notify the user and librarian about the overdue books.

6. The system calculates the fine for overdue books on their return.

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A more detailed list of key features that need to be supported by the system is given in
the use case diagram.

There are 3 actors in the use case diagram. The User, The Librarian, and the System.

User - The user can log in, view the catalog, search for books, checkout, reserve, renew
and return a book.
Librarian - The librarian registers new users, adds and maintains the books, collects
fines for overdue books, and issues books to users who need them.

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System - The system is the library management system itself. It keeps track of the
borrowed books and sends notifications to the user and librarian about the overdue
books.

Non - Functional Requirements

Usability
Usability is the main non-functional requirement for a library management system. The
UI should be simple enough for everyone to understand and get the relevant information
without any special training. Different languages can be provided based on the
requirements.

Accuracy
Accuracy is another important non-functional requirement for the library management
system. The data stored about the books and the fines calculated should be correct,
consistent, and reliable.

Availability
The System should be available for the duration when the library operates and must be
recovered within an hour or less if it fails. The system should respond to the requests
within two seconds or less.

Maintainability
The software should be easily maintainable and adding new features and making
changes to the software must be as simple as possible. In addition to this, the software
must also be portable.

Software Requirements
1. A server running Windows Server/Linux OS

2. A multi-threading capable backend language like Java

3. Front-end frameworks like Angular/React/Vue for the client

4. Relational DBMS like MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc

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 5. Containers and orchestration services like Kubernetes (for a large setting like a
national library).

High Level Design

For a Small Setting (School/College):

In a school or college, The users are usually students and the faculty of the institution.
Hence, the traffic is usually pretty low with an estimated 5,000 concurrent users at the
peak. A group of servers each with 16GB of RAM and a capable processor should be
able to handle the load. Each server may need to handle several requests at a time. The
requests can be queued and a reply can be sent to the user while the request is being
processed.

The user can access the system through a client site or app with a registered account.
The librarian can access the admin dashboard and interface using the admin account.

Handling the authentication is done by a separate service. The authentication service

has direct access to the accounts on the database. The notification service checks the

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database for any overdue books and alerts the user and the librarian. It can also be used
by the server to notify about book reservations and cancellations.

Since the data stored are mostly relational, like user accounts, details on books, etc., a
relational database like MySQL can be used. The database servers can be set up in
master-slave configuration for backup and availability.

For a Large Setting (State/National Library):

These libraries are huge and are available to the general public. Anyone can visit these
libraries. However, they may contain many important artifacts and rarely allow users to
borrow books. The number of concurrent users can range from 100,000 for a state
library to 10 Million for a national library at its peak.

These systems can also have separate user and admin interfaces for browsing books and
managing users and books respectively.

The servers may be distributed across different regions in the country with load
balancers to distribute the traffic. Proxy servers may be used to cache the requests and
reduce the number of disk reads. Services such as authentication and notification may
25
be deployed as separate containers. This allows scaling much more easily and
simplifies the addition of new services.

The database can also be distributed with the regional data such as books of languages
spoken in a region being stored in that region. Many government libraries preserve
physical books in digital form and allow anyone to read them online without
borrowing.

Database Design in Library Management System

The users table stores the user details such as a unique user id, name, contact, and login
information. The admin table references the user id as a foreign key and stores the role
of the admin such as Librarian, Assistant, etc.

The details about the books are stored in the books table. It includes the book title,
author, publisher, date of publication, category, etc. The category table contains more
details about each of the categories that may help the reader. The shelf table contains
the location of the book in the library which may include the shelf number and floor
number.

The borrowing table contains the information about the book borrowed such as the id
of the user who borrowed it, the date borrowed, the due date, etc. This information can
26
be used to calculate the fine for overdue books. The records table stores every return
made so that it can be referenced when needed. It also stores the fine amount paid if
applicable.

27
 Chapter 4: Testing & Implementation
4.1 Testing approach used

Black box testing: Testing, either functional or non-functional, without reference to

the internal structure of the component or system.

Black Box, also known as Behavioural Testing, is a software testing methods in

which the internal structure/design/implementation of the item being tested is not
known to the tester. These tests can be functional or non-functional, though usually
functional.

This method is named so because the software program, in the eyes of the tester, is
like a black box; inside which one cannot see.

This method attempts to find errors in the following categories:

• Incorrect or missing functions

• Interface errors

• Errors in data structures or external database access

• Behaviour or performance errors

• Initialization and termination errors.

White Box Testing: (also known as Clear Box Testing, Open Box Testing, Glass Box
Testing, Transparent Box Testing, Code-Based Testing or Structural Testing) is a
software testing method in which the internal structure/design/implementation of the
item being tested is known to the tester. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths
through the code and determines the appropriate outputs. Programming know-how
and the implementation knowledge is essential. White box testing is testing beyond
the user interface and into the nitty-gritty of a system.
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This method is named so because the software program, in the eyes of the tester, is
like a white/transparent box; inside which one clearly sees.

Testing can be commenced at an earlier stage. One need not wait for the GUI to be
available

Testing is more thorough, with the possibility of covering most paths.

Since tests can be very complex, highly skilled resources are required, with a thorough
knowledge of programming and implementation.

Test script maintenance can be a burden if the implementation changes too frequently.

Since this method of testing is closely tied to the application being tested, tools to
cater to every kind of implementation/platform may not be readily available.

Grey Box Testing: Grey Box testing is testing technique performed with limited
information about the internal functionality of the system. Grey Box testers have
access to the detailed design documents along with information about requirements.

Grey Box tests are generated based on the state-based models, UML Diagrams or
architecture diagrams of the target system.

Grey-box testing Techniques:

(a)Regression testing

(b) Pattern Testing

(c)Orthogonal array testing

(d) Matrix testing

Benefits: Grey-box testing provides combined benefits of both white-box and black-
box testing . It is based on functional specification, UML Diagrams, Database
Diagrams or architectural view.

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Grey-box tester handles can design complex test scenario more intelligently. The
added advantage of grey-box testing is that it maintains the boundary between
independent testers and developers.

Drawbacks:

In grey-box testing, complete white box testing cannot be done due to inaccessible
source code/binaries.

It is difficult to associate defects when we perform Grey-box testing for a distributed

system.

4.2 Source Code

backend/models/bookModel.js

import mongoose from "mongoose";

const bookSchema = mongoose.Schema(
{
title: {
type: String,
required: true
},
author: {
type: String,
required: true
},
publishYear: {
type: Number,
required: true
}
},
{
timestamps: true
}
)
export const Book = mongoose.model("Book", bookSchema);

30
backend/routes/BooksRoute.js

import express from "express"

import { Book } from "../models/bookModel.js";

const router = express.Router();

//Route to save a new book

router.post("/", async (req, res) => {
try {
if (!req.body.title ||
!req.body.author ||
!req.body.publishYear
){
return res.status(400).send({
message: "Send all the required fields: title, author, publishYear"
})
}

const newBook = {
title: req.body.title,
author: req.body.author,
publishYear: req.body.publishYear,
};

const book = await Book.create(newBook)

return res.status(201).send(book)

} catch (error) {
res.status(500).send({ message: error.message })
}

31
})

//Route to get all books from database

router.get("/", async (req, res) => {
try {
const books = await Book.find({})

return res.status(200).json({
count: books.length,
data: books
})
} catch (error) {
res.status(500).send({ message: error.message })
}
})

//Route to get a book using id from database

router.get("/:id", async (req, res) => {
try {
const { id } = req.params;

const book = await Book.findById(id);

if (!book) {
return res.status(404).send({ message: "Book not found!" })
}

return res.status(200).send(book)
} catch (error) {
res.status(500).send({ message: error.message })
}
})

//Route to update a book

router.put("/:id", async (req, res) => {

32
 try {
if (!req.body.title ||
!req.body.author ||
!req.body.publishYear
){
return res.status(400).send({
message: "Send all the required fields: title, author, publishYear"
})
}

const { id } = req.params;

const book = await Book.findByIdAndUpdate(id, req.body);

if (!book) {
return res.status(404).json({ message: "Book not found!" })
}

return res.status(200).send({ message: "Book updated successfully" })

} catch (error) {
res.status(500).send({ message: error.message })
}
})

//Route to delete a book by id

router.delete("/:id", async (req, res) => {
try {
const { id } = req.params;

const book = await Book.findByIdAndDelete(id);

if (!book) {
return res.status(404).json({ message: "Book not found!" })
}

33
 return res.status(200).send({ message: "Book deleted successfully" })
} catch (error) {
return res.status(500).send({ message: error.message })
}
})

export default router;

34
backend/.gitignore

# Logs
logs
*.log
npm-debug.log*
yarn-debug.log*
yarn-error.log*
pnpm-debug.log*
lerna-debug.log*

node_modules
dist
dist-ssr
*.local

# Editor directories and files

.vscode/*
!.vscode/extensions.json
.idea
.DS_Store
*.suo
*.ntvs*
*.njsproj
*.sln
*.sw?

35
backend/index.js

import express from "express";

import 'dotenv/config'
import mongoose from "mongoose";
import booksRoute from './routes/booksRoute.js'
import cors from 'cors'

const app = express();

//Middleware for handling CORS Policy

app.use(cors());

//Middleware for parsing request body

app.use(express.json());

app.get("/", (req, res) => {

console.log(req)
return res.status(200).send("/ Route created successfully!")
})

app.use('/books', booksRoute)

//MongoDB connection
mongoose
.connect(process.env.MONGO_URI)
.then(() => {
console.log("Database connected successfully")
app.listen(process.env.PORT, () => {
console.log(`Server is listening on Port ${process.env.PORT}`)
})
})
.catch((error) => console.log(error))

36
backend/package.json

{
"name": "backend",
"version": "1.0.0",
"description": "",
"main": "index.js",
"type": "module",
"scripts": {
"start": "node index.js",
"dev": "nodemon index.js"
},
"keywords": [],
"author": "",
"license": "ISC",
"dependencies": {
"cors": "^2.8.5",
"dotenv": "^16.4.5",
"express": "^4.19.2",
"mongoose": "^8.4.1",
"nodemon": "^3.1.2"
}
}

37
frontend/components/home/BookModal.jsx

import { AiOutlineClose } from "react-icons/ai";

import { PiBookOpenTextLight } from "react-icons/pi";
import { BiUserCircle } from "react-icons/bi";

const BookModal = ({ book, onClose }) => {

return (
<div
className="fixed bg-black bg-opacity-60 top-0 left-0 right-0 bottom-0 z-50
flex justify-center items-center"
onClick={onClose}
>
<div
onClick={(event) => event.stopPropagation()}
className="w-[600px] max-w-full h-[400px] bg-white rounded-xl p-4 flex
flex-col relative"
>
<AiOutlineClose
className="absolute right-6 top-6 text-3xl text-red-600 cursor-pointer"
onClick={onClose}
/>
<h2 className="w-fit px-4 py-1 bg-red-300 rounded-lg">
{book.publishYear}
</h2>
<h4 className="my-2 text-gray-500">{book._id}</h4>
<div className="flex justify-start items-center gap-x-2">
<PiBookOpenTextLight className="text-red-300 text-2xl" />
<h2 className="my-1">{book.title}</h2>
</div>
<div className="flex justify-start items-center gap-x-2">
<BiUserCircle className="text-red-300 text-2xl" />
<h2 className="my-1">{book.author}</h2>
</div>

38
 <p className="mt-4">Anything You want to show</p>
<p className="my-2">
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Magni quia
voluptatum sint. Nisi impedit libero eveniet cum vitae qui expedita
necessitatibus assumenda laboriosam, facilis iste cumque a pariatur
nesciunt cupiditate voluptas? Quis atque earum voluptate dolor nisi
dolorum est? Deserunt placeat cumque quo dicta architecto, dolore
vitae voluptate sequi repellat!
</p>
</div>
</div>
);
};

export default BookModal;

39
frontend/components/home/BooksCard.jsx

import BookSingleCard from "./BookSingleCard";

const BooksCard = ({ books }) => {

return (
<div className="grid sm:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3 xl:grid-cols-4">
{books.map((item) => (
<BookSingleCard key={item._id} book={item} />
))}
</div>
);
};

export default BooksCard;

40
frontend/components/home/BookSingleCard.jsx

import { Link } from "react-router-dom";

import { PiBookOpenTextLight } from "react-icons/pi";
import { BiUserCircle, BiShow } from "react-icons/bi";
import { AiOutlineEdit } from "react-icons/ai";
import { BsInfoCircle } from "react-icons/bs";
import { MdOutlineDelete } from "react-icons/md";
import { useState } from "react";
import BookModal from "./BookModal";

const BookSingleCard = ({ book }) => {

const [showModal, setShowModal] = useState(false);

return (
<div className="border-2 border-gray-500 rounded-lg px-4 py-2 m-4 relative
hover:shadow-xl">
<h2 className="absolute top-1 right-2 px-4 py-1 bg-red-300 rounded-lg">
{book.publishYear}
</h2>
<h4 className="my-2 text-gray-500">{book._id}</h4>
<div className="flex justify-start items-center gap-x-2">
<PiBookOpenTextLight className="text-red-300 text-2xl" />
<h2 className="my-1">{book.title}</h2>
</div>
<div className="flex justify-start items-center gap-x-2">
<BiUserCircle className="text-red-300 text-2xl" />
<h2 className="my-1">{book.author}</h2>
</div>
<div className="flex justify-between items-center gap-x-2 mt-4 p-4">
<BiShow
className="text-3xl text-blue-800 hover:text-black cursor-pointer"
onClick={() => setShowModal(true)}
/>
41
 <Link to={`/books/details/${book._id}`}>
<BsInfoCircle className="text-2xl text-green-800 hover:text-black" />
</Link>
<Link to={`/books/edit/${book._id}`}>
<AiOutlineEdit className="text-2xl text-yellow-600 hover:text-black" />
</Link>
<Link to={`/books/delete/${book._id}`}>
<MdOutlineDelete className="text-2xl text-red-600 hover:text-black" />
</Link>
</div>
{showModal && (
<BookModal book={book} onClose={() => setShowModal(false)} />
)}
</div>
);
};

export default BookSingleCard;

42
frontend/components/home/BooksTable.jsx

import { Link } from "react-router-dom";

import { AiOutlineEdit } from "react-icons/ai";
import { BsInfoCircle } from "react-icons/bs";
import { MdOutlineAddBox, MdOutlineDelete } from "react-icons/md";

const BooksTable = ({ books }) => {

return (
<table className="w-full border-separate border-spacing-2">
<thead>
<tr>
<th className="border border-slate-600 rounded-md">No</th>
<th className="border border-slate-600 rounded-md">Title</th>
<th className="border border-slate-600 rounded-md max-md:hidden">
Author
</th>
<th className="border border-slate-600 rounded-md max-md:hidden">
Publish Year
</th>
<th className="border border-slate-600 rounded-md">Operations</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
{books.map((book, index) => (
<tr key={book._id} className="h-8">
<td className="border border-slate-700 rounded-md text-center">
{index + 1}
</td>
<td className="border border-slate-700 rounded-md text-center">
{book.title}
</td>
<td className="border border-slate-700 rounded-md text-center max-
md:hidden">

43
 {book.author}
</td>
<td className="border border-slate-700 rounded-md text-center max-
md:hidden">
{book.publishYear}
</td>
<td className="border border-slate-700 rounded-md text-center">
<div className="flex justify-center gap-x-4">
<Link to={`/books/details/${book._id}`}>
<BsInfoCircle className="text-2xl text-green-800" />
</Link>
<Link to={`/books/edit/${book._id}`}>
<AiOutlineEdit className="text-2xl text-yellow-600" />
</Link>
<Link to={`/books/delete/${book._id}`}>
<MdOutlineDelete className="text-2xl text-red-600" />
</Link>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
))}
</tbody>
</table>
);
};

export default BooksTable;

44
frontend/components/BackButton.jsx

import { Link } from "react-router-dom";

import { BsArrowLeft } from "react-icons/bs";

const BackButton = ({ destination = "/" }) => {

return (
<div className="flex">
<Link
to={destination}
className="bg-sky-800 text-white px-4 py-1 rounded-lg w-fit"
>
<BsArrowLeft className="text-2xl" />
</Link>
</div>
);
};

export default BackButton;

45
frontend/components/Spinner.jsx

import React from "react";

function Spinner() {
return (
<div className="animate-ping h-16 w-16 mx-auto my-20 rounded-
full bg-sky-600"></div>
);
}

export default Spinner;

46
frontend/pages/Home.jsx

import React, { useEffect, useState } from "react";

import axios from "axios";
import Spinner from "../components/Spinner";
import { Link, useNavigate } from "react-router-dom";
import { MdOutlineAddBox } from "react-icons/md";
import BooksTable from "../components/home/BooksTable";
import BooksCard from "../components/home/BooksCard";

const Home = () => {

const [books, setBooks] = useState([]);
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
const [showType, setShowType] = useState("table");
const navigate = useNavigate();

useEffect(() => {
setLoading(true);
axios
.get("http://localhost:4000/books")
.then((response) => {
setBooks(response.data.data);
setLoading(false);
})
.catch((error) => {
console.log(error);
setLoading(false);
});
}, []);

return (
<div className="p-4">
<div className="flex justify-center items-center gap-x-4">
<button

47
 className="bg-sky-300 hover:bg-sky-600 px-4 py-1 rounded-lg"
onClick={() => setShowType("table")}
>
Table
</button>
<button
className="bg-sky-300 hover:bg-sky-600 px-4 py-1 rounded-lg"
onClick={() => setShowType("card")}
>
Card
</button>
</div>
<div className="flex justify-between items-center">
<h1 className="text-3xl my-8">Books List</h1>
<Link to="/books/create">
<MdOutlineAddBox className="text-sky-800 text-4xl" />
</Link>
</div>
{loading ? (
<Spinner />
) : showType === "table" ? (
<BooksTable books={books} />
):(
<BooksCard books={books} />
)}
</div>
);
};

export default Home;

48
frontend/pages/EditBook.jsx

import React, { useState, useEffect } from "react";

import BackButton from "../components/BackButton";
import Spinner from "../components/Spinner";
import axios from "axios";
import { useNavigate, useParams } from "react-router-dom";
import { useSnackbar } from "notistack";

const EditBook = () => {

const [title, setTitle] = useState("");
const [author, setAuthor] = useState("");
const [publishYear, setPublishYear] = useState("");
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
const navigate = useNavigate();
const { id } = useParams();
const { enqueueSnackbar } = useSnackbar();

useEffect(() => {
setLoading(true);
axios
.get(`http://localhost:4000/books/${id}`)
.then((res) => {
setAuthor(res.data.author);
setPublishYear(res.data.publishYear);
setTitle(res.data.title);
setLoading(false);
})
.catch((error) => {
setLoading(false);
alert("An error occurred, Please check console!!");
console.log(error);
49
 });
}, []);
const handleEditBook = () => {
const data = {
title,
author,
publishYear,
};
setLoading(true);
axios
.put(`http://localhost:4000/books/${id}`, data)
.then(() => {
setLoading(false);
enqueueSnackbar("Book Edited Successfully", { variant: "success" });
navigate("/");
})
.catch((error) => {
setLoading(false);
enqueueSnackbar("Error Occurred!!", { variant: "error" });
console.log(error);
});
};

return (
<div className="p-4">
<BackButton />
<h1 className="text-3xl my-4">Edit Book</h1>
{loading ? (
<Spinner />
):(
<div className="flex flex-col border-2 border-sky-400 rounded-xl w-[600px] p-4
mx-auto">
<div className="my-4">
<label className="text-xl mr-4 text-gray-500">Title</label>

50
 <input
type="text"
value={title}
onChange={(e) => setTitle(e.target.value)}
className="border-2 border-gray-500 px-4 py-2 w-full"
/>
</div>
<div className="my-4">
<label className="text-xl mr-4 text-gray-500">Author</label>
<input
type="text"
value={author}
onChange={(e) => setAuthor(e.target.value)}
className="border-2 border-gray-500 px-4 py-2 w-full "
/>
</div>
<div className="my-4">
<label className="text-xl mr-4 text-gray-500">Publish Year</label>
<input
type="number"
value={publishYear}
onChange={(e) => setPublishYear(e.target.value)}
className="border-2 border-gray-500 px-4 py-2 w-full "
/>
</div>
<button className="p-2 bg-sky-300 m-8" onClick={handleEditBook}>
Update
</button>
</div>
)}
</div>
);
};
export default EditBook;

51
frontend/pages/ShowBook.jsx

import React, { useEffect, useState } from "react";

import axios from "axios";
import { useParams } from "react-router-dom";
import BackButton from "../components/BackButton";
import Spinner from "../components/Spinner";

const ShowBook = () => {

const [book, setBook] = useState({});
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
const { id } = useParams();

useEffect(() => {
setLoading(true);
axios
.get(`http://localhost:4000/books/${id}`)
.then((res) => {
setBook(res.data);
setLoading(false);
})
.catch((error) => {
console.log(error);
setLoading(false);
});
}, []);

return (
<div className="p-4">
<BackButton />
<h1 className="text-3xl my-4">Show Book</h1>
{loading ? (
<Spinner />
52
 ):(
<div className="flex flex-col border-2 border-sky-400 rounded-xl w-fit p-4">
<div className="my-4">
<span className="text-xl mr-4 text-gray-500">Id</span>
<span>{book._id}</span>
</div>
<div className="my-4">
<span className="text-xl mr-4 text-gray-500">Title</span>
<span>{book.title}</span>
</div>
<div className="my-4">
<span className="text-xl mr-4 text-gray-500">Author</span>
<span>{book.author}</span>
</div>
<div className="my-4">
<span className="text-xl mr-4 text-gray-500">Publish Year</span>
<span>{book.publishYear}</span>
</div>
<div className="my-4">
<span className="text-xl mr-4 text-gray-500">Create Time</span>
<span>{new Date(book.createdAt).toString()}</span>
</div>
<div className="my-4">
<span className="text-xl mr-4 text-gray-500">Last Update Time</span>
<span>{new Date(book.updatedAt).toString()}</span>
</div>
</div>
)}
</div>
);
};

export default ShowBook;

53
frontend/pages/CreateBook.jsx

import React, { useState } from "react";

import BackButton from "../components/BackButton";
import Spinner from "../components/Spinner";
import axios from "axios";
import { useNavigate } from "react-router-dom";
import { useSnackbar } from "notistack";

const CreateBook = () => {

const [title, setTitle] = useState("");
const [author, setAuthor] = useState("");
const [publishYear, setPublishYear] = useState("");
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
const navigate = useNavigate();
const { enqueueSnackbar } = useSnackbar();

const handleSaveBook = () => {

const data = {
title,
author,
publishYear,
};

setLoading(true);

axios
.post("http://localhost:4000/books", data)
.then(() => {
setLoading(false);
enqueueSnackbar("Book Created Successfully", { variant: "success" });
navigate("/");
})
54
 .catch((error) => {
setLoading(false);
enqueueSnackbar("Error Occurred!!", { variant: "error" });
console.log(error);
});
};

return (
<div className="p-4">
<BackButton />
<h1 className="text-3xl my-4">Create Book</h1>
{loading ? (
<Spinner />
):(
<div className="flex flex-col border-2 border-sky-400 rounded-xl w-[600px] p-4
mx-auto">
<div className="my-4">
<label className="text-xl mr-4 text-gray-500">Title</label>
<input
type="text"
value={title}
onChange={(e) => setTitle(e.target.value)}
className="border-2 border-gray-500 px-4 py-2 w-full"
/>
</div>
<div className="my-4">
<label className="text-xl mr-4 text-gray-500">Author</label>
<input
type="text"
value={author}
onChange={(e) => setAuthor(e.target.value)}
className="border-2 border-gray-500 px-4 py-2 w-full "
/>
</div>

55
 <div className="my-4">
<label className="text-xl mr-4 text-gray-500">Publish Year</label>
<input
type="number"
value={publishYear}
onChange={(e) => setPublishYear(e.target.value)}
className="border-2 border-gray-500 px-4 py-2 w-full "
/>
</div>
<button className="p-2 bg-sky-300 m-8" onClick={handleSaveBook}>
Save
</button>
</div>
)}
</div>
);
};

export default CreateBook;

56
frontend/pages/DeleteBook.jsx

import React, { useState } from "react";

import BackButton from "../components/BackButton";
import Spinner from "../components/Spinner";
import axios from "axios";
import { useNavigate, useParams } from "react-router-dom";
import { useSnackbar } from "notistack";

const DeleteBook = () => {

const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
const navigate = useNavigate();
const { id } = useParams();
const { enqueueSnackbar } = useSnackbar();

const handleDeleteBook = () => {

setLoading(true);
axios
.delete(`http://localhost:4000/books/${id}`)
.then(() => {
setLoading(false);
enqueueSnackbar("Book Deleted successfully", { variant: "success" });
navigate("/");
})
.catch((error) => {
setLoading(false);
enqueueSnackbar("Error Occurred!!", { variant: "error" });
console.log(error);
});
};

return (
<div className="p-4">
<BackButton />
57
 <h1 className="text-3xl my-4">Delete Book</h1>
{loading ? (
<Spinner />
):(
<div className="flex flex-col items-center border-2 border-sky-400 rounded-
xl w-[600px] p-8 mx-auto">
<h3 className="text-2xl">
Are You Sure You want to delete this book?
</h3>

<button
className="p-4 bg-red-600 text-white mt-6 rounded-lg w-full"
onClick={handleDeleteBook}
>
Yes, Delete it
</button>
</div>
)}
</div>
);
};

export default DeleteBook;

58
frontend/src/App.jsx

import React from "react";

import { Routes, Route } from "react-router-dom";
import Home from "../pages/Home";
import CreateBook from "../pages/CreateBook";
import DeleteBook from "../pages/DeleteBook";
import EditBook from "../pages/EditBook";
import ShowBook from "../pages/ShowBook";

const App = () => {

return (
<Routes>
<Route path="/" element={<Home />} />
<Route path="/books/create" element={<CreateBook />} />
<Route path="/books/delete/:id" element={<DeleteBook />} />
<Route path="/books/edit/:id" element={<EditBook />} />
<Route path="/books/details/:id" element={<ShowBook />} />
</Routes>
);
};

export default App;

59
frontend/src/index.css

@tailwind base;
@tailwind components;
@tailwind utilities;

frontend/src/main.jsx

import React from "react";

import ReactDOM from "react-dom/client";
import App from "./App.jsx";
import "./index.css";
import { BrowserRouter } from "react-router-dom";
import { SnackbarProvider } from "notistack";

ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById("root")).render(
<BrowserRouter>
<SnackbarProvider>
<App />
</SnackbarProvider>
</BrowserRouter>
);

60
frontend/.eslintrc.cjs

module.exports = {
root: true,
env: { browser: true, es2020: true },
extends: [
'eslint:recommended',
'plugin:react/recommended',
'plugin:react/jsx-runtime',
'plugin:react-hooks/recommended',
],
ignorePatterns: ['dist', '.eslintrc.cjs'],
parserOptions: { ecmaVersion: 'latest', sourceType: 'module' },
settings: { react: { version: '18.2' } },
plugins: ['react-refresh'],
rules: {
'react/jsx-no-target-blank': 'off',
'react-refresh/only-export-components': [
'warn',
{ allowConstantExport: true },
],
},
}

61
frontend/.gitignore

# Logs
logs
*.log
npm-debug.log*
yarn-debug.log*
yarn-error.log*
pnpm-debug.log*
lerna-debug.log*

node_modules
dist
dist-ssr
*.local

# Editor directories and files

.vscode/*
!.vscode/extensions.json
.idea
.DS_Store
*.suo
*.ntvs*
*.njsproj
*.sln
*.sw?

62
frontend/index.html

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/vite.svg" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<title>Vite + React</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="root"></div>
<script type="module" src="/src/main.jsx"></script>
</body>
</html>

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frontend/package.json

{
"name": "frontend",
"private": true,
"version": "0.0.0",
"type": "module",
"scripts": {
"dev": "vite",
"build": "vite build",
"lint": "eslint . --ext js,jsx --report-unused-disable-directives --max-warnings 0",
"preview": "vite preview"
},
"dependencies": {
"axios": "^1.7.2",
"notistack": "^3.0.1",
"react": "^18.2.0",
"react-dom": "^18.2.0",
"react-icons": "^5.2.1",
"react-router-dom": "^6.23.1"
},
"devDependencies": {
"@types/react": "^18.2.66",
"@types/react-dom": "^18.2.22",
"@vitejs/plugin-react": "^4.2.1",
"autoprefixer": "^10.4.19",
"eslint": "^8.57.0",
"eslint-plugin-react": "^7.34.1",
"eslint-plugin-react-hooks": "^4.6.0",
"eslint-plugin-react-refresh": "^0.4.6",
"postcss": "^8.4.38",
"tailwindcss": "^3.4.3",
"vite": "^5.2.0"
}
}
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frontend/postcss.config.js

export default {
plugins: {
tailwindcss: {},
autoprefixer: {},
},
}

frontend/README.md

# React + Vite

This template provides a minimal setup to get React working in Vite with HMR and
some ESLint rules.

Currently, two official plugins are available:

- [@vitejs/plugin-react](https://github.com/vitejs/vite-plugin-react/blob/main/
packages/plugin-react/README.md) uses [Babel](https://babeljs.io/) for Fast
Refresh
- [@vitejs/plugin-react-swc](https://github.com/vitejs/vite-plugin-react-swc) uses
[SWC](https://swc.rs/) for Fast Refresh

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frontend/tailwind.config.js

/** @type {import('tailwindcss').Config} */

export default {
content: [
"./index.html",
"./src/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}",
"./pages/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}",
"./components/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}",
],
theme: {
extend: {},
},
plugins: [],
}

frontend/vite.config.js

import { defineConfig } from 'vite'

import react from '@vitejs/plugin-react'

// https://vitejs.dev/config/
export default defineConfig({
plugins: [react()],
})

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 Chapter 5: Conclusion
5.1 Conclusion
In our Online Library Management System, users can easily search for books based
on their preferences such as genre, author, publication date, and availability. They can
also reserve books and borrow them for a specified period.

5.2 Limitations

Nothing is perfect in this world. So, we are also no exception. Although we have tried
our best to present the information effectively, yet, there can be further enhancement in
the Application. We have taken care of all the critical aspects that need attention during
the development of the Project.

Online library management projects, like any other software system, may have several
limitations. Here are some common ones:

Limited Functionality: The online library management system might not offer all the
functionalities users need, such as borrowing rare or special collections, or handling
complex borrowing rules for different types of users.

Internet Dependency: Users need a stable internet connection to access the online
library system. Lack of internet connectivity or slow internet speeds can hinder users'
ability to search for and reserve books.

Security Concerns: Online library systems handle sensitive user data such as personal
information and borrowing history. Therefore, ensuring robust security measures to
protect against data breaches and unauthorized access is crucial.

User Interface Challenges: The user interface of the library system should be intuitive
and user-friendly. If users find it difficult to navigate or understand the interface, it may
lead to frustration and abandonment of the system.

Technical Issues: Bugs, glitches, and technical issues can arise, affecting the system's
performance and reliability. Continuous maintenance and updates are necessary to
address these issues promptly.

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Capacity Limitations: Online library systems must be capable of handling a large
volume of concurrent users, especially during peak usage times like the start of
semesters. If the system cannot scale up to accommodate increased demand, it may
lead to crashes or slowdowns.

Accessibility: Ensuring that the online library system is accessible to users with
disabilities is important for inclusivity. Compliance with accessibility standards such as
WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) is essential.

Integration Challenges: Integrating the library system with other systems and
databases, such as university portals and external e-book providers, can be complex
and prone to errors if not implemented properly.

Fraud Prevention: Implementing measures to prevent fraudulent activities, such as

fake accounts or unauthorized reservations, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of
the library system.

Limited Coverage: Online library systems may not cover all books or resources
offered by the library. Users may still need to visit the physical library for certain
materials, leading to a fragmented experience.

Dependency on Third-Party Services: Online library systems often rely on third-

party services for functions such as digital content delivery or email notifications. Any
disruptions or issues with these services can impact the overall functionality of the
library system.

Addressing these limitations requires careful planning, robust development, and

continuous monitoring and improvement of the online library management project.

5.3 Future Scope of System

The future scope of an online library management system can be broad and encompass
various advancements and enhancements. Here are some potential avenues for future
development:

Integration with Emerging Technologies: Incorporating emerging technologies like

artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and blockchain can enhance the
functionality and efficiency of the library system. AI and ML algorithms can be used
68
for predictive analytics to optimize book recommendations and inventory management,
while blockchain can ensure the security and immutability of transactions.

Mobile App Development: Developing dedicated mobile applications for the library
system can improve accessibility and convenience for users. Mobile apps can offer
features such as push notifications, offline access to book information, and location-
based services for finding nearby libraries.

Personalization and Customization: Implementing personalized recommendations

and customization options based on user preferences and reading history can enhance
the user experience. Tailored book suggestions, reading lists, and notifications about
new arrivals can be offered to users to make their borrowing experience more
convenient and enjoyable.

Enhanced User Interface and Experience: Continuously refining and improving the
user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) of the library system can help streamline
the search and borrowing process and reduce friction for users. Intuitive design, clear
navigation, and interactive features can enhance engagement and satisfaction.

Multi-Resource Integration: Integrating the library system with other resources, such
as e-books, audiobooks, and academic journals, can provide users with a
comprehensive and seamless access to a variety of materials. This integration can offer
users more flexibility and convenience in accessing information.

IoT (Internet of Things) Integration: Leveraging IoT devices and sensors can enable
real-time monitoring of book availability, environmental conditions in the library, and
user interactions. This data can be used to optimize operations, improve user comfort,
and provide accurate information to users.

Enhanced Security Features: Continuously enhancing security features such as multi-

factor authentication, biometric authentication, and encryption can help safeguard user
data and transactions from cyber threats and unauthorized access.

Environmental Sustainability: Incorporating features to promote eco-friendly

practices, such as paperless notifications, digital borrowing receipts, and incentives for
using digital resources, can contribute to environmental sustainability initiatives.

69
Community Engagement and Feedback Mechanisms: Implementing community
forums, feedback channels, and social media integration can facilitate communication
between users and librarians. Gathering feedback and insights from users can help
identify areas for improvement and prioritize future developments.

International Expansion and Collaboration: Exploring opportunities for

international collaboration with other libraries and educational institutions can broaden
the reach and accessibility of the library system, catering to a diverse range of users.

Overall, the future scope of an online library management system is vast, with
opportunities for innovation, integration, and optimization to meet the evolving needs
and expectations of users in the digital age.

5.4 Bibliography

Creating a bibliography for an online library management system project would

involve listing all the sources you referred to or utilized during the project.

http://www.chatgpt.com

https://www.slideshare.net/

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/

https://www.w3schools.com/

https://www.wikipedia.org/

https://www.google.com/

https://www.iitb.ac.in/

70