ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS

ABSD BUILDING FOR DHOLERA GUJARAT

KRUNAL SOLANKI – 163601050015

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR’S OF ARCHITECTURE

UNDER GUIDENCE OF
AR. NITESH ASVADIYA

SUBMITED TO

NOBLE ARCHITETURE COLLEGE – JUNAGADH

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMDABAD.

YEAR 2021
 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN THESIS

ABSD BUILDING FOR DHOLERA GUJARAT

KRUNAL SOLANKI – 163601050015

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR’S OF ARCHITECTURE

UNDER GUIDENCE OF
AR. NITESH ASVADIYA

SUBMITED TO

NOBLE ARCHITETURE COLLEGE – JUNAGADH

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMDABAD.

YEAR 2021
 APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

UNDERGRADUATE DESIGN THESIS

NOBLE ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE, JUNAGADH, G.T.U. INDIA

The following study is here by approval as creditable work on the approval subject, carried
out and presented in a manner sufficiently to warrant its acceptance as a pre-requisite to the
degree for which it has been submitted.

The study has been carried out only for the academic purpose as per the best knowledge of
student.

Student: - KRUNAL SOLANKI

Enrolment no: -163601050015

Thesis topic: - ABSD building Dholera Gujarat

Inter guide: - Ar. Nitesh Asvadiya

APPROVED BY:

DATE: -
 COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work embodied in this thesis titled “ABSD Building Dholera”
was carried out by,

KRUNAL SOLANKI – 163601050015

At Noble Architecture College - 360 for partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelors of
Architecture to be awarded by Gujarat Technological University.

He has complied with the comments given by the Institute and Thesis Reviewer to my
satisfaction.

Signature and Name of Guide

AR. NITESH ASVADIYA

 ABSTRACT

This paper entitled as “ABSD BUILDING FOR DHOLERA” is an attempt to study the
past, present and future of designing a complex which itself has a lively work place and smart
technological example.

It is expected that popularization of smart building technology will redefine the way we work
and live in the future. Energy used in buildings represents significant part of global energy
consumption and humans spend most of the time indoors.

Even now, using proven and commercially available technology, it is possible to achieve
significant reduction in building maintenance costs and energy consumption providing more
comfortable working environment at the same time. Nevertheless, the promise of intelligent
buildings extends far beyond energy efficiency or working comfort.

Together with concept of Internet of Things it may change the world more than the Internet
did. Will it be so? How this process will look like? How it manage all the departments? What
are potential threats? This paper will briefly cover current trends in building automation
systems and managing all departments with automation work and try to answer all those
questions.
 ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT

Before I begin, I would like to express my gratitude for all those who, knowingly or
unknowingly, directly or indirectly helped in this thesis. I would like to thank, Ar.Nitesh
Asvadiya for their inputs and constant guidance through the semester.

My completion of this project could not have been accomplished without the support of my
Friends some of classmates. Thanks to my parents, guardians and well wishers and also
myself.

Finally, I completed my work my heartfelt thanks to all who support me.

 CONTENT

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the project………………………………………………..……10

1.1.1. What is ABSD building?................................................................................................10
1.1.2. Importance of ABSD building………………..…………………………………….....…..10
1.2. Need Identification…………………………….……………………..……..…11
1.3. Rational & Justification……………...………….….…………………..….....11
1.4. The advantages of Smart building……………………….……….…………...12
1.5. Aim of project……………………………….….…………………………......13
1.6. Project Objective……………………….……….…….……………………....14
1.7. Scope of project…………………………………………………………….….14
1.8. Limitation of project……………………….…………………………………..14
1.9. Methodology………………..……...…………………………………….…….15

CHAPTER 02: LITERACTURE AND STANDARDS

2.1. Brief introduction about Automation..………..…………………………….….16

2.2. Automation for building……………….....………………………...……..…...16
2.3. Importance of Automation in Building………………..……………….………17
2.4. Equipment’s used in Automation ……………………...………………………20
2.5. Standards of Automation Building…………..…..……………….…………….21

CHAPTER 03: CASE STUDIES

3.1. ABCD Building Dholera………………………………….…...……..…….…..64

3.1.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….………….…..….64
3.1.2. General information……………………………………………………………..........……..64
3.1.3. Site layout……………………….…………………………………………………………...64
3.1.4. Arial view……………………….……………………………………………………………65
3.1.5. Site model………………….……………………………………………..……….…………66
3.1.6. Site photos……………………………………………………………..…………..…………67
3.1.7. Services…………………………………………………………….………………….…….68
3.1.8. Site inside unit……………………………………………………………………………...70
3.1.9. Hvac for spv building…………………………………………………………………..….71
3.1.10. Electric room……………………………………………………….……………….……..71
3.1.11. Water pumping station…………………………………………….…………….………...72
3.1.12. Water filter plant………………………………………………….……………………….72
3.1.13. Hvac pipelines…………………………………………………….……………………….73
3.1.14. Hvac compressor……………………………………………………………………….….73
3.1.15. Hvac tank………………………………………………………………………………….74
3.1.16. Ddc panel…………………..………………………………………..……………….…....74

3.2. WORLD TRADE CENTER Gift city Gandhinagar……………………..….76

3.2.1. Water…………………………………………………………………………………..…80
3.2.2. District cooling………………………………………………………………………...…81
3.2.3. Utility tunnel……………………………………………………………………………...85
3.2.4. Utility tunnel in giftcity……………………………………………………………….....85
3.2.5. Automated waste collection system……………………………………..………………88
3.2.6. Power……………………………………………………………………………..………90
3.2.7. Fire station & emergency response centre………………………………………………92
3.2.8. Services photograph………………………………………………………………..….....93
3.2.9. 3d model……………………………………………………………………….………....94
3.2.10. Site photograph………………………………………………………………..................95

3.3. MASDAR HEADQUATERS Masdar U.A.E…………………………....….96

3.3.1. Project details……………………………………………………………….………….…96
3.3.2. Project description………………………………………………………….…………….97
3.3.3. Masdar headquarters………………………………………………………………….….100
3.3.4. Masdar headquarters design……………………………………………………….…….101
3.3.5. Masdar headquarters planning……………………………………………………..……102
3.3.6. Passive design strategies………………………………………………………..….……105
3.3.7. Active system………………………………………………………………..……..……107
3.3.8. Materials…………………………………………………………………….…….……..109
3.3.9. Construction management……………………………………………………….……...110
3.3.10. Reflection…………………………………………………………………….….………111
3.3.11. Masdar headquarters section…………………………………………………….………112
3.3.12. Highlights……………………………………………………………………..…………114

3.4. Comparative Analysis …………………………………………………,….115

 CHAPTER 04: SITE ANALYSIS

4.1 .Location………………………………………………..…………….….…..116
4.2 .Human & cultural components…………….…………………….…....…….117
4.3 .Site context cities ………………………………………..….……………....118
4.4 .Site boundaries ……..…………………………..……..……………….……119
4.5 .Zoning classification …………………………………………………………120
4.6 .Photographs of site……………………………………………………………120
4.7 .Neighbourhood context……………………………………………………….121
4.8 .Legal elements………………………………………………………………..122
4.9 .Man made feature……………………………………………………………..123
4.10 A planted city……………………………………………………………...123
4.11 Circulation………………………………………………………………...124
4.12 Utilities…………………………………………………………………….124
4.12.1 Potable water supply………………………………..……………………….…..124
4.12.2 Water hydrants /fire station …………………………………………….……….125
4.12.3 Electricity supply………………………………………………………………..125
4.13 Climatic component………………………………………………………..126

CHAPTER 05: DESIGN PROGRAM EVOLUTION

5.1. Basic form for layout……………………………..……………………..……….

…....130
5.2. Design evolution……………………………………..……………..…………….
……131
5.3. Design development …………………………………………..……..
…………..........131
5.4. Final design layout …………………………………………..…………..……….
……132
5.5. Section and
elevation………………………………………………………………..…133
 CHAPTER 06: BIBLOGRAPHY
Biblography……………………………………………………………………..…………134

CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1.1.1. WHAT IS ABSD BUILDING?

The ABSD building is located east of the expressway within the knowledge and IT land use. The site
is located such that it is visible from the expressway and is located close to the area which will be first
developed within the overall DSIR..
The ABSD site is directly connected to the 55m arterial road which leads to the expressway. The site
will accommodate the offices of the development agencies along with a command and control centre
and a skill development centre in a total built-up area of 29,921sq m The building for the Regional
Development Authority (RDA) is envisaged to be a LEED GOLD rated building with facilities to
accommodate the entire staff required by the RDA for Dholera Smart City.

1.1.2 IMPORTANCE OF ABSD BUILDING

ABSD building is the system of arranging, sorting out, organizing and controlling office exercises
with a view to accomplish business targets and is worried about proficient and viable execution of the
work and dholera smart city. The volume of technogical material in offices has expanded complex in
now a days because of industrialization, populace blast, government control and utilization of
different expense and work laws to any venture. Productivity and adequacy which are catchphrases in
administration are accomplished just through legitimate arranging and control of the exercises,
decrease of office expenses and coordination of all exercises of business.

1.2. NEED IDENTIFICATION.

A building that work with less human and control all over the city. Building which is observe every
data , light function , accidents ,flood management , water levelling , temperature monitoring ,traffic
management ,CCTV surveillance reorganization, entry exit operations, like many more things which
is fully done digitally with less humans and future technologies.

1.3. RATIONAL AND JUSTIFICATION

We have seen what is automation and smart city in definition here I want to describe how building
will work. What is the functions. What is design strategy.
In dholera there is one building called ABCD (Administrative Cum Business Centre for Dholera
Smart City)

ABCD (Administrative Cum Business Centre for Dholera Smart City)

I saw that building and inspired that is there is building for administrative work and business then
why not a building for automation & digital work. That’s how I got an idea for design ABSD
(AUTOMATION BUILDING FOR SMART CITY DHOLERA).
Dholera will become hub of transportation with an international airport then super level security must
be needed, its directly connected with digitalization.

ABSD building is center of the city we can call it part 2 of ABCD building. Where people can check
cctv footages of all areas of city. Where people can complain about all digital facilities like wifi,
electricity bill , gas regulation. Work which can handled without man power, that all types of work
will be done in ABSD building.

REASONS
Because a smart city like dholera is future representation city, in future technologies will rule
over all human works so we have to plan for this right now. That’s why I want to design an
automation building for dholera smart city.
AIM
My aim is to create fully digitalization work in building and minimal human interaction.

SCOPES
Future of the next cities is like dholera and gift city gandhinagar,So the name suggest SMARTCITY
then its need and work method also will be smart, so if we are providing a building that work with
minimum human and most technologies then it proves the word SMART.
There is lots work like traffic management , water level management , rain water harvesting , entry
exit surveillance , cctv surveillance that all work need more man power so if we provide a automation
building then its become biggest scope.

1.4. THE ADVANTAGES OF SMART BUILDING.

Smart buildings integrate technology and the IoT to provide solutions to the age old issues of
overspend and inefficiency in building construction and use. Within a smart building all the
systems are connected, from air conditioning to security and lighting.
With the use of sensors, such as occupancy and people counters, actionable data about how
the buildings is really used can be gathered to enable it to perform better. These are five of
the key benefits of smart buildings:

1. Reduce energy consumption

Figures vary depending on systems and buildings, but you could reduce the energy
consumption in a building by around 5% -35% with the use of smart technology. This
translates into significant financial savings, as well as a much more efficient and effective
approach to meeting green goals.
2. Improve building efficiency
Unobtrusive sensors provide anonymous data about how the building is being used. This
enables smart systems to make adjustments about where heat and light are required, for
example, and on the use of infrastructure such as air conditioning.

Sensors also help to identify overused and underused areas in the building, providing the
opportunity to optimise space utilisation, which in turn can facilitate growth.

3. Predictive maintenance
Maintenance costs can be substantial when handled manually. However, without maintenance
building equipment requires far more frequent replacement, which takes chunks out of budgets. Smart
buildings enable simpler predictive maintenance.
Sensors can detect building performance and activate maintenance procedures before an alert is
triggered. When you have a more insightful overview of how the building is operating – and used -
it’s far easier to implement maintenance at the right time.

4. Increase productivity
Smart buildings have been specifically designed to deliver a more comfortableexperience for their
occupants. They can raise standards and ensure that health and safety considerations are being met, as
well as ensure that this is implemented in a cost efficient way.
Smart buildings make people more productive by continually monitoring building use and adjust
systems to ensure that occupants have the facilities that they need.

5. Better use of resources

The data generated by a smart building provides key insights that can be fed into planning and make
use of resources more efficient. There removes the need to rely on guesswork or anecdotal data as this
can be informed by real-time, genuine intelligence.

1.5. AIM OF PROJECT.

“To create an architectural environment of administrative building and barrier free space for people
where automation can reduce the load of work , where technology take over the workload. Efficiency
and accuracy of work will next level.”
1.6. PROJECT OBJECTIVE

1) To provide less manpower building

2) Energy efficient & digital work
3) Data based and computer &robotics based operation will be handled in this building
4) New benchmark of the SMART CITIES
5) Most needed building of ant smart cities.

1.7. SCOPE OF PROJECT

Site oriented architecture

Site has greater potential that can be used for making design environment friendly.

Modern design
There is vast scope of using new modern methods of architecture.

Community development
Provides various community benefits which include viable public spaces, and increase social
interactions.

Smart building for smart city

Smart automation function in building for smart city dholera

1.8. LIMITATION OF PROJECT

The design part will be only floor plans to deal with the design problem.

Due to lack of time period, it will not cover the detail working drawings of project, electrical
drawings, and plumbing drawings.
1.9. METHODOLOGY

Figure 1.2: Methodology chart

 CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEW AND STANDARDS

2.1. BRIEF INTRODUCTION ABOUT AUTOMATION.

The dictionary defines automation as “the technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a

system operate automatically.”

We define automation as "the creation and application of technology to monitor and control the
production and delivery of products and services.”

Using our definition, the automation profession includes “everyone involved in the creation and
application of technology to monitor and control the production and delivery of products and
services”; and the automation professional is “any individual involved in the creation and
application of technology to monitor and control the production and delivery of products and
services.”

2.2. AUTOMATION FOR BUILDING

Building automation is the automatic centralized control of a building's HVAC (heating,

ventilation and air conditioning), electrical, lighting, shading, Access Control, Security Systems,
and other interrelated systems through a Building Management System (BMS) or Building
Automation System (BAS).

The objectives of building automation are improved occupant comfort, efficient operation of
building systems, reduction in energy consumption, reduced operating and maintaining costs,
increased security, historical performance documentation, remote access/control/operation, and
improved life cycle of equipment and related utilities.
2.3. IMPORTANCEOF AUTOMATION IN BUILDING

The importance of building automation systems

Worldwide, occupied buildings account for more than a third of all energy consumption,
contributing significantly to carbon dioxide emissions. Commercial buildings without
building automation systems are less efficient with their energy consumption because they
often have climate control systems that continue to operate at night or on weekends when the
buildings are unoccupied. Even on workdays, HVAC systems that lack building automation
systems may unnecessarily cool or heat infrequently used rooms or floors in an inefficient
manner that is expensive for building owners.

Building automation systems ensure that HVAC systems are managed properly through
automatic control of equipment to make certain that building climates remain within
acceptable ranges; predictive analytics are utilized in these systems to enable the system to
adapt to changing conditions. Building automation can also allow for proactive maintenance
of failing devices. Last, these systems can improve occupant comfort levels, leading to
healthier and more productive employees.

The conventional market for building automation equipment

Traditionally, building automation equipment has been installed in complex and intricate
system architectures to accommodate very large buildings. In this sector of the market, four
companies have established themselves as the industry’s preeminent suppliers. Honeywell,
Siemens, Johnson Controls, Schneider Electric and their subsidiaries were projected by IHS
Markit to possess a collective global market share of nearly 52 percent in 2017, with more
than 75 percent of revenue coming from systems installed in complex buildings.
For a number of reasons, this portion of the market is not likely to become more competitive
in the next decade. Integrators and installers who work on complex projects are familiar with
these four companies’ brands and prefer installing their equipment, and many of these
products are packaged together in full-scale solutions that are provided by a single
manufacturer. The complexity of the freely programmable controller types more frequently
used in these projects also present a barrier for new market entrants. These controllers are
designed to allow for greater customization of system architectures in complex projects, but
they require more sophisticated software and are more expensive to manufacture.

The market for small and mid-sized buildings

In North America, more than 99 percent of commercial buildings and over 70 percent of
commercial floor space are in structures under 200,000 square feet in size. However, fewer
than 15 percent of these buildings have building automation systems. These buildings lack an
efficient way to manage their climate control systems, resulting in unnecessary and wasteful
energy consumption. As the cost of building automation equipment has declined and as
building owners are becoming more educated about the benefits of these types of systems,
systems are being installed as retrofit projects to accommodate these buildings.

IHS Markit anticipates that the global market for automation equipment in small and
medium-sized buildings will grow at a 5.5 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR)
between now and 2021, nearly double the rate of 3 percent annual growth for the complex
market with larger buildings. Market growth is most vigorous in the North American and
European regions. In North America, the trend is fueled by installations in buildings that
previously lacked any equipment. In Western Europe, preexisting systems in smaller
buildings are being retrofitted to improve energy savings.
The traditional building automation equipment suppliers have recognized this opportunity
and are beginning to offer new product lines of controllers, sensors and software specifically
designed to appeal to small and mid-sized building owners. However, these offerings are less
ingrained in this comparatively new market. In addition, the industry has transitioned to a
more open framework. Contractors who install systems in smaller buildings often prefer to
“mix and match” equipment and software from different suppliers.

These developments with small and mid-sized buildings have presented opportunities for
new market entrants. Information technology companies have entered this space and are
offering their own variations of building automation software. Suppliers of HVAC equipment
have begun selling their products with embedded building automation controllers, offering
small and mid-sized building owners a combination of desired products at a cheaper price
point. Smaller regional companies have offered comparatively simple and inexpensive
controllers and sensors that have sold well among price-conscious contractors.
2.4. EQUIPMENT’S USED IN AUTOMATION.

 Boiler controls—maintain a constant temperature and switch boilers on/off at certain times.
 HVAC—maintain a specified air state with regard to temperature and humidity; control fans
and dampers; control air handling units and fan coil units.
 Lighting control—turn lights on/off according to a specified schedule.
 Electric power control—control and monitor core electrical and mechanical equipment.
 Heating—schedule the system on and off; maintain a set temperature point.
 Ventilation—adjust based on occupancy controls.
 Security and observation—access control; surveillance and intrusion detection.
 Fire alarm system—smoke control system; active alarm locations.
 Elevators—elevator video display; status system.
 Plumbing and water monitoring—detect hydraulic flows; open/close valves automatically;
monitor/observe temperature deviations.

CONNECTION OF EQUIPMENTS
2.5. STANDARDS OF AUTOMATION BUILDINGS

Introduction

This series of standards is intended for design of new buildings and retrofit of existing buildings
for an acceptable indoor environment, practical energy conservation and efficiency.
The application of this series of standards for BACS is envisaged as follows:

— the environmental design for all building types requires complex methods for automation and
control. The functional integration of services other than HVAC e.g. lighting and electric power
distribution control, security control, transportation, maintenance management or facilities
management is a general task for all parties employed to develop an integrated multi-application
system. This integration allows the user to take advantage of synergies between the different
applications. This standard will give guidance to architects, consultants and contractors as well as
to users on how to share such resources,

— the innovation cycles between devices, systems and networks vary. To make it possible to add
and to change existing devices, and extend the building automation and control network, several
interfaces both proprietary and standardized are defined between the BACS network and the other
systems. A manufacturer can design a product, both to meet his specific marketing objectives and
to give the option to integrate that special device into a multi-application BACS. Interfaces are
also defined in appropriate parts of this standard along with the necessary communications
protocol and conformance test required to support the inter-working of devices,
— a manufacturer, a systems house, or an electrical or mechanical contractor can assemble an
implementation of a building automation and control system,

— the application of this standard is not to standardize the hardware and software design or the
architecture of a System, but to define the process for the creation of project specifications, where
functionality and the quality of the solution are clearly defined.
The purpose of this series of standards is intended for use by those involved in the design,
manufacture, engineering, installation, commissioning, operational maintenance and training of
BACS when contracted, i.e.:
— as a guide to the terminology of the building automation and control trade. Unambiguous
terminology is required for a complete and accurate conveyance of the intent and details of this
standard;
— in product development, to avoid unnecessary duplication of function or terminology, but
should not place a restraint on the evolution of new products, systems or applications;
— as a basis for interfacing products and systems. In order to interoperate, the elements of a
BACS require a unified data communication protocol and information model;
— as a basis for drawing up a project specification for the procurement of building automation
and control products for systems suppliers and customers;
— as a code of practice for expertly commissioning prior to handover of a system;
— by educational establishments wishing to train people in the field of building automation and
control systems.
This entire series of BACS standards consists of the following contents:

Part 1: Overview and definitions (in preparation)

Part 1 of this standard describes the objectives and interrelationships of all parts of this standard.
It provides an overview and detailed information about the structure of the related series of
standards for the BACS industry.
This part of the standard provides also the vocabulary with terms and definitions for the
understanding of the entire series of this standard and it contains a translation of the main terms in
English, French, Russian, and German in an informative annex.
This ongoing work is coordinated at expert level with standards work from ISO/TC 205/WG 3
and CEN/TC 247/WG 3, WG 4, WG 5 and WG 6.

Part 2: Hardware (refer to the scope of this part)

Part 3: Functions
Part 3 of this standard specifies the requirements for the overall functionality and engineering
services to achieve building automation and control systems. It defines terms, which shall be used
for specifications and it gives guidelines for the functional documentation of project/application
specific systems. It provides a template for documentation of plant/application specific functions,
called BACS function list in annex A.
The informative function block examples explain a method to display the referenced functions in
system documentation; they do not standardize the method for programming functions and
applications.
This Part 3 of the standard covers the following:
Requirements and definitions regarding BACS and application software, generic functions for
plant/project specific applications and engineering functions for building controls and operations.
It provides communication functions for the integration of other dedicated special system
processes. The functional requirements in this part of the standard are subdivided as follows:
— System management and application software:
describes the requirements for plant independent system and human system interface programs
related to a project, including the operating system. This standard does not dedicate the following
system functionality to any particular hardware, e.g.:
— system diagnostics, watchdog, redundancy, time keeping, access control, log lists;
— point identification, event message handling, print control;
— database, statistics, data archiving, remote access;
— system communications.
— Human system interface (HSI), point information presentation, graphics, alarms, time
scheduling
— Engineering process and tool software:
describes the requirements for configuring of the hardware and control strategies, the system
management and the commissioning process.
— BACS application processing programs and plant/application specific functions:
describes the requirements for plant, application and / or project specific functions and a method
for the documentation of a project. The functions are subdivided into the following types:
— input and output functions;
— processing functions;
— management functions and required communications;
— operator functions.
Part 3 defines a method for creating the procurement specifications containing all essential
elements required for the operational functioning of a BACS. The successful installation and
operation of a BACS requires that its procurement be based on a complete specification with
accurately defined functions.
The standard provides a template called the ‘BACS function list’ that can be found in annex A
(normative). Its purpose is to determine and document the options for plant / application specific
functionality. Further explanations can be given in form of plant/control descriptions, control flow
chart diagrams, and plant/control schematics. Examples are given in annex B (informative). The
exact specifications will be project-specific. Information about the standardized functions is given
in the form of informative examples as function-blocks, textual, and graphical descriptions in 5.5.
It is recognized, that functions can be described and implemented in many different ways,
depending on:
— climatic differences;
— cultural and regional differences;
— national regulations.

Part 4: Applications

Part 4 of this standard specifies the requirements for specific communicating applications/devices,
e.g. for general room automation and for sophisticated optimization of controls for heating, fan
coil and induction units, CAV, VAV and radiant cooling.
This work will be coordinated at expert level with standards work from ISO/TC 205/WG 3 and
CEN/TC 247.

Part 5: Data Communication – Protocol

Part 5 of this standard specifies data communication services and objects for computer equipment
and controllers used for monitoring and control of HVAC&R and other systems of building
services.
This protocol provides a comprehensive set of objects for conveying encoded binary, analog, and
alphanumeric data between devices including, but not limited to:
— input measuring: analog input object;
— output positioning/set-point: analog output object;
— binary input counting;
— input state: binary input object, multi-state input;
— output switching: binary output object, multi-state output;
— values: analog value, binary value, multi-state value, accumulated value, averaging object,
trend log object;
— text string;
— schedule information;
— alarm and event information;
— files; and
— control programs and parameters respectively.
This protocol models each building automation and control system as a collection of data
structures called objects, the properties of which represent various aspects of the hardware,
software, and operation of the device. These objects provide a means of identifying and accessing
information without requiring knowledge of the details of the device's internal design or
configuration.
An overview of possible integration with other systems in buildings, e.g. fire, security, access
control, maintenance and facilities management, is shown in Figure 1 of Part 2 of this standard.

Part 6: Data Communication – Conformance testing

Part 6 of the standard specifies the technical requirements of the conformance test suite and the
methods for testing the products for the conformance with the protocol. It provides a
comprehensive set of procedures for verifying the correct implementation of each capability
claimed on a BACS network protocol implementation conformance statement (PICS) including:
a) support of each claimed BACS network service, either as an client (initiator), server (executor),
or both;
b) support of each claimed BACS network object-type, including both required properties and
each claimed optional property;
c) support of the BACS network layer protocol;
d) support of each claimed data link option, and
e) support of all claimed special functionality.
 Part 7: Project specification and implementation

Part 7 of this standard specifies methods for project specification and implementation of BACS and
for integration of other systems into the BACS. This standard defines terms to be used for project
specifications and gives guidelines for integration of other systems.

a) Project specification and implementation:

This clause of the standard describes the procedures (codes of practice) required for the following:
— project specification;
These procedures also contain an example for a plant/system/customer premises wide unique
structured addressing system for data point identification;
— engineering;
— installation;
— project handover.
b) System integration:
This clause of the standard describes the special requirements/procedures for the integration and
implementation of intersystem communication with foreign systems and the interconnection of
other units/devices with integrated communications interfaces, e.g. chillers, elevators.

1 Scope
This part of the standard specifies the requirements for the hardware to perform the tasks
within a BACS. It provides the terms, definitions, and abbreviations for the understanding of
Part 2 and Part 3.
Part 2 relates only to physical items/devices, i.e.:
— operator stations and other human system interface devices;
— devices for management functions;
— control devices, automation stations and application specific controllers;
— field devices and their interfaces;
— cabling and interconnection of devices;
— engineering and commissioning tools.
This part of this standard shows a generic system model to which all-different types of BACS and
their interconnections (BACS network) can fit. A graphical concept of the BACS network in
terms of LAN and inter-network topology will be provided in Part 5 of this standard.
National annexes:
National annexes may specify the local requirements of physical and electrical characteristics, the
verifications for BACS devices and equipment, and the code of practice for the physical
installation of systems. The annexes shall refer to the regional implementations of the relevant
IEC standards.
2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60050-351; International Electrotechnical Vocabulary — Part 351: Automatic control
IEC 60529:1989+ AMD1:1999 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)
IEC 60664-1:2007 Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems — Part 1:
¶Principles, requirements and tests
IEC 60715:1981 +AMD1:1995 Dimensions of low-voltage switchgear and controlgear —
Standardized mounting on rails for mechanical support of electrical devices in switchgear and
controlgear installations
IEC 61131-3:2003 Programmable controllers — Part 3: Programming languages
ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994, Information technology — Open Systems Interconnection — Basic
Reference Model: The Basic Model — Part 1
ISO/IEC 10746-2:2009, Information technology — Open distributed processing — Reference
model: Foundations — Part 2
ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004, Standardization and related activities — General vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions

This clause presents the vocabulary used in this Part 2 and Part 3 of the standard for BACS.
The terms and definitions listed in this standard but defined by other relevant ISO/IEC
International Standards are repeated below for convenience in most cases.
NOTE Other language versions may contain an alphabetical index in National Annexes.

For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1-point control
control function with a three-position output that can assume only three discrete values: zero and
two values with opposite signs. These output values are used to position with two binary signals
providing three control states
EXAMPLE: a) opening, stopped, closing; b) more, neutral, less; c) heating, neutral, cooling.

3.2access control
<BACS> method for determining or restricting access to system and network resources
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.1]
Note 1 to entry: Also refer to security and operator authentication.
Note 2 to entry: Data privacy protection is the framework conditions protecting personal data
from being used by any one other than the owner (regulated by national law).
Note 3 to entry: Data security is the framework conditions to protect data from direct or indirect
manipulation or unauthorized use. Data manipulation includes loss of data, destruction or
falsification of data.
Note 4 to entry: Data security means are the measures and equipment to secure and maintain the
safety of data.
Note 5 to entry: cf. access control system (3.3)

3.3access control system

<BACS> dedicated special system for security
Note 1 to entry: cf. access control (3.2)
3.4access control system
<security> automatic checking of access rights under organizational measures and barrier/door
control for buildings/rooms, including registration of events
Note 1 to entry: An access control system belongs to security systems.
3.5Acknowledge
<BACS> recognition and/or registration of an event (e.g. alarm) by an operator
Note 1 to entry: An acknowledgement can be invoked by an operator using a physical device, or
by using a human system interface e.g. selecting an Icon on a VDU.

3.6acknowledgement
<communications> function that allows a destination node to inform a sending node of the receipt
of a protocol-data-unit
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994]

3.7actuator
<BACS> field device (3.80) that interfaces to control a plant process, operated electrically,
pneumatically, or hydraulically. It influences the mass flow or energy flow
Note 1 to entry: A control valve is the combination of a valve with its operating element.
Note 2 to entry: A regulating element (functional unit), or a final controlling element (physical
unit) [IEV 351], i.e. a damper, a valve is often referred to as positioning actuator (3.1.5.3).
Note 3 to entry: c.f. positioning actuator (3.153)

3.8actuator
<HBES> bus/network communications output device (analog or binary), e.g. to control a load, a
contactor, or a positioner
Note 1 to entry: A binary actuator is sometimes also referred to as switched actuator (on/off type).
Note 2 to entry: c.f. switched actuator (3.185)
3.9Address
<BACS> unique object identifier and/or device identifier within a system or combined systems
Note 1 to entry: In BACS, each data point has an identifier named point address.
Note 2 to entry: In BACS, each communications object has properties named object identifier and
object name.
Note 3 to entry: cf. point address (3.150) and user address (3.196)
3.10addressing system
address scheme
unique structured method for data point identification to address the information provided in
BACS, consisting of a scheme and the semantics of the elements
Note 1 to entry: This scheme can apply throughout a plant, a complete BACS, or the entire
customer premises as appropriate.
Note 2 to entry: cf. user address (3.196)

3.11Alarm
<BACS> warning of the presence of a hazard to a property or the environment, in security
systems also to life
Note 1 to entry: An annunciation either audible or visual or both that alerts an operator to an
abnormal condition, which can require corrective action.
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.2]
Note 2 to entry: An abnormal condition detected by a device or controller that implements a rule
or logic specifically designed to look for that condition, e.g. ‘frost alarm’.

3.12Algorithm
<BACS> calculation that results in an output by evaluating input variable(s)

3.13Algorithm
<control technology> completely determined finite sequence of instructions by which the values
of the output variables can be calculated from the values of the input variables [SOURCE: ISO
60050-351]

3.14Alphanumeric
character set, that consists at least of decimal digits and letters
Note 1 to entry: It is advisable to specify the extent of the character set in each case.

3.15analog input/output
part of the hardware pertaining to a control device for measuring or positioning

3.16analog value
information containing a numerical represented quantity

3.17Application
set of functions that together form a logical unit supporting a process
Note 1 to entry: A BACS supports many different applications.
Note 2 to entry: A set of a user’s information processing requirements.
[SOURCE: ISO 8649, ISO 16484-5, 3.1.2]

3.18application object
object located within the BACS device’s application process
Note 1 to entry: See object (3.132).
Note 2 to entry: cf. object type (3.133)

3.19application specific controller¶ASC

controller
customized device fulfilling the requirements of a specified application
Note 1 to entry: In BACS, a controller is any device capable of controlling/automation and
possibly monitoring other devices and units.

3.20Architecture
<BACS> structure and means by which components and devices of a system are connected to
intercommunicate

3.21automation
SEE control (3.51)
Note 1 to entry: Also refer to processing functions (3.155).

3.22automation network (US)

AN
control network (GB)
CN
connections between controllers, operator stations / panels, programming units, data interface
units, and data processing devices (e.g. server stations)

3.23backup
<data processing> process to copy/export data to the data storage of an external backup device to
retrieve and restore this data in case of a storage fault. The copy is referred to as backup copy

3.24backup
<general> supporting services
3.25backup power operation
operating mode using reserve power supply systems for building operation

3.26BACS application program

software to perform one or more tasks of a BACS

3.27BACS function list

BACS FL
information list (deprecated) Spreadsheet list for documentation and summing up BACS
functions, defined in Part 3 of this standard
Note 1 to entry: A BACS points list (BACS PL) in some countries referes to the physical I/O
only.

3.28BACS network
Building automation and control system network to exchange information between digital
(binary), analog, and other communication objects in different devices.
3.29binary (signal)
signal that represents the state (e.g., on/off) of a single binary coded digital information (logic 0
and I). It applies to input and output functions of a BACS
Note 1 to entry: In BACS, a digital value is a variable that represents the value of digitally coded
analog or binary information. It applies to shared/network data points.
Note 2 to entry: Devices with a number of binary inputs/outputs are often referred to as digital
(3.65).

3.30binary input/output
hardware pertaining to control devices for state processing or switching
Note 1 to entry: The function is referred to as binary input state and output switching.

3.31bridge
device that connects two or more segments of a network at the physical and data link layers of the
ISO-OSI basic reference model
Note 1 to entry: This device can also perform message filtering based on MAC layer addresses.
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.6]

3.32building
large volume individual fixed structure other than industrial structures, i.e. commercial, industrial,
or commercial residential premises
Note 1 to entry: BACS can be employed also for other structures, as e.g. house, tunnel, railway,
ship.
Note 2 to entry: cf. house (3.94)

3.33building automation and control

BAC
description for products, software, and engineering services for automatic controls, monitoring
and optimization, human intervention, and management to achieve energy – efficient, economical,
and safe operation of building services equipment
Note 1 to entry: The trade designation and the industry branch are also referred to as building
automation and/or building control.

3.34building automation and control system

BACS
system, comprising all products and engineering services for automatic controls (including
interlocks), monitoring, optimization, for operation, human intervention, and management to
achieve energy – efficient, economical, and safe operation of building services
Note 1 to entry: The use of the word ‘control’ does not imply that the system/device is restricted
to control functions. Processing of data and information is possible.
Note 2 to entry: If a building control system, building management system, or building energy
management system complies with the requirements of the EN ISO 16484 standard series, it
should be designated as a building automation and control system (BACS).

3.35building management
BM
all services related to the operation and management of buildings including structural and
technical properties based on integral strategies. BM is structured in: — technical building
management (TBM); — infrastructural building management; — commercial building
management; There are interfaces to area and facility management (3.76)
Note 1 to entry: A BACS is the essential tool for TBM.
Note 2 to entry: cf. technical building management (3.188)

3.36building services
BS
utilities and installations supplied and distributed within a building such as electricity, gas,
heating, water, and communications
3.37bus
communication medium and method between two or more devices with interface for serial data
transfer
Note 1 to entry: A line-form network topology often is referred to simply as a bus.
Note 2 to entry: A bus is also called a trunk in the US.

3.38cabling
system of cables and connecting hardware that supports the connection of BACS and other
equipment

3.39cascade control
output signal or value of a master control loop is used as set-point input to the slave control
loop(s) [SOURCE: derived from IEC 60050-351]

3.40change of state
COS
event that occurs when a measured or calculated Boolean or discrete enumerated value changes
Note 1 to entry: cf. change of value (3.38)

3.41change of value
COV
event that occurs when a measured or calculated analog value changes by a predefined amount
Note 1 to entry: cf. change of state (3.37)
3.42class
category or rank attributed to entities having the same function as their use but are subject to
quality demands
Note 1 to entry: The entity is the item under consideration defined according to function and
scope.

3.43client
system or device that uses another device for a particular purpose via a service request instance. A
client requests a service from a server
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.10]
Note 1 to entry: The customer (landlord) also is referred to as a client.
3.44closed loop control
system where the output acts upon the process in such a way as to reduce the difference between
the measured value and the desired set-point value to zero
Note 1 to entry: The control action describes the control algorithm (i.e. proportional, integral,
derivative) as a relationship between the input signal and the output signal of a control function.
Note 2 to entry: cf. interlocks (3.105) and open loop control (3.137)

3.45commissioning
project and system-specific process of calibrating field devices, testing data points, parameters,
functions, and system software — as part of the engineering services according to 3.71 — for the
various functional elements of a BACS application
Note 1 to entry: To take out of commission/to commission: To put a system out of service/into
service for a undefined time.
Note 2 to entry: Commissioning electrical switchgear and control gear is referred to as putting
into operation or service.
Note 3 to entry: For automation and IT systems and mechanical plants, commissioning is also
referred to as taking into service, system startup, startup procedure.
Note 4 to entry: Commissioning reports are proof for the completeness of tasks and work.

3.46communications
transfer of information, in accordance with pre-established protocols

3.47communications interface
specification of physical and electrical requirements for the connection components of
communicating products

3.48compatibility
capability of devices of different types and from different manufacturers to operate in a specific
network under the same conditions and rules
Note 1 to entry: See Annex A of this standard for electromagnetic compatibility/interference
according to 3.70.
Note 2 to entry: Also see interoperability in 3.106.
3.49compliance
adherence to the requirements of a standard or the necessary consistency between the individual
standards within a family of standards
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-2]
3.50configuration
configuring
<BACS> site-specific information related to physical and functional units, entered during system
engineering that generally does not change once the system is functioning. The result is the
system configuration.

3.51configuration
configuring
<IT> host and target computers, any operating system(s) and software used to operate a processor
Note 1 to entry: IT refers to devices/systems of information technology providing services at their
interfaces.
3.52confirmation
a representation of an interaction in which a performing function confirms the completion of some
procedure previously invoked
Note 1 to entry: cf. feedback (variable), checkback (signal) (3.79) and response (3.171)
3.53conformance
conformity
fulfillment of specified conformance requirements by a product, protocol, process, or service. If
an incorporated system meets the required specification, this is termed conformance (conformity)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/TR 13233 and ISO Guide 2]

3.54conformity
SEE conformance (3.49)

3.55control
purposeful action on or in a process to meet specified objectives [SOURCE: ISO 60050-351]
Note 1 to entry: The term control often is used not only for the process in a control system, it is
also used for the system (3.187) itself that performs the control function

(3.53).Note 2 to entry:
To automate employs means to enable self-acting functions in a system, whereas the term
automation depicts the ready to use state.
[SOURCE: derived from ISO 60050-351].
Note 3 to entry: An automaton is a self-acting artificial system, the behavior of which is governed
either in a step-wise manner by given decision rules or continuously by defined relations and the
output variables of which are created from its input and state variables
[SOURCE: ISO 60050-351]
Note 4 to entry: Control of an operation by human intervention is referred to as manual control.
[SOURCE: ISO 5598, IEC 60050-351]
Note 5 to entry: to entry:
Note 6 to entry: The functional areas in control technology differ in the French and German
language as follows:
a) (en) closed loop control,
( fr ) regulation en boucle fermee
(de) Regeln,
b) (en) open loop control / positioning,
( fr ) regulation en boucle ouverte
(de) Stellen (analogSteuern / Stellen),
c) (en) interlocks
( fr ) Asservissements
(de) Steuern (Steuerlogik, Verknüpfung),
d) (en) <BACS> control (automation USA),
( fr ) <GTB> Surveillance (automation),
(de) <GA-System>Beherrschen, (Messen, Steuern, Regeln, Leiten).
Note 7 to entry: cf. automation (3.19)

3.56control
<BACS> automatic closed-loop control (3.41) and open-loop control (3.137), interlocks (3.105),
optimization and monitoring (3.124), as well as operating of one or more physical values and
states for operation of building services (3.33)
Note 1 to entry: cf. building automation and control (3.30)

3.57 control diagram

process flow diagram (deprecated) piping and instrument diagram (P&ID) (deprecated) flow
diagram representing the procedure, configuration, and function of a plant for building services
including the instrumentation and functions for a BACS

3.58control function
automatic closed loop (3.41), open loop (3.137) and interlock (3.105)function (3.84) for a process
(3.154)
Note 1 to entry: cf. processing function (3.155)

3.59control strategy
diagram and/or software that represents the functional requirements of a BACS application

3.60controller
automation station
outstation (obsolete)
device for regulation and/or logic control as well as monitoring and processing of information,
e.g. temperature, humidity, pressure
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.12]
Note 1 to entry: Digital controller (DDC) can be subdivided into the following types: 1) fixed-
function controller as application-specific controller ASC where the manufacturer supplies one or
more fixed control strategies for specific applications; 2) configurable controller where the
manufacturer supplies one or more configurable control strategies for specific applications; 3)
programmable controller automation station where the control strategies can be programmed
Note 2 to entry: Outstation was the term for remote multiplexer in SCADA systems without
control functionality (SCADA = Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition). An outstation with
control functionality but without optimization function was referred to as DDC outstation.
Note 3 to entry: The use of the word automation/control does not imply that the device/system is
restricted to control functions only. Monitoring and processing of other information is possible.
Note 4 to entry: <IT> A device that controls the transfer of data between a computer and a
peripheral device also is referred to as a controller.
EXAMPLE:Controller for disk drive, display screen, keyboard, printer.

3.61counter input
hardware pertaining to a control device for pulse counting

3.62cycle time
time associated with one complete operation of a repetitive process

3.63data
data is the formalized, prepared representation of information dedicated to communications,
interpretation, or automatic processing
Note 1 to entry: Data processing is not synonymous with information processing.
3.64data communication protocol
standardized specification for the exchange of information between application processes in a
BACS and/or between the BACS and other dedicated special systems
Note 1 to entry: Information is transported without interpretation by the building automation and
control network resources
Note 2 to entry: There are normative and non-normative protocols.

3.65data interface unitDIU

functional or physical unit for communications between devices of a BACS and devices / systems
in other networks, e.g. to comply with the relevant national standards if connected via public data
networks
Note 1 to entry: The DIU may be of different type, e.g. modem, router, gateway.
Note 2 to entry: A repeater (3.169) is not a DIU in this standard.

3.66data-pointDP
<BACS> input/output function consisting of all assigned information (3.98, Note) describing
fully the point's meaning (semantic)
Note 1 to entry: There are physical and virtual data points. A physical data point is related to a
direct or network connected field device within a homogeneous system. A virtual datapoint can be
derived from the result of a processing function, or it is related to a device within a different
system as a shared (networked) data point.
Note 2 to entry: The data point’s information includes the present value and/or state and
parameters (properties and attributes), e.g. signal type, signal characteristics, measured range,
unit, and state texts.
Note 3 to entry: A point address and/or a point mnemonic, referred to as user address, identifies a
data point
Note 4 to entry: A parameter having its own user address is a virtual data point.
Note 5 to entry: A BACS FL (function list) enumerates all data points, and outlines and
summarizes their functions for a project.
Note 6 to entry: A virtual data-point can represent the derivation of various processing functions
to model the behavior of a functional unit, e.g. any type of actuator, control device, and human
interface. A virtual data-point also can be referred to as a BACS object (3.132). The BACS PL
can be used for listing physical data-points and communication objects with focus on engineering
elements and for BACS objects with focus on modelling the process (3.154) - see examples in
Annex B of Part 3.
Note 7 to entry: The data-point is a historically evolved term that formerly described only a
physical value or state
3.67data processing device
server station
digital computer controlled by internally stored programs to perform arithmetic and logical
operations on discrete digital data for one or more user(s)
Note 1 to entry: cf. server (3.179)

3.68dedicated special systemDSS

foreign system system used for a non-BACS application
EXAMPLE:Fire alarm system, intrusion detection system, access control system, elevator control
system, or system for maintenance, building and facility management, industrial automation.
Note 1 to entry: These systems can be provided for with their own dedicated network.

3.69device
<BACS> physical product designed and implemented to perform specified or programmable
functions
Note 1 to entry: As a rule, a device forms a self-contained physical unit in this standard.

3.70device
<electrotechnology> operational equipment
Note 1 to entry: As a rule, a device forms a self-contained physical unit in this standard.

3.71digital
based on numerics (digits) <IT> method for representation, transmission, and processing of
information based on numerics (digits)
Note 1 to entry: A digital variable may assume one out of a set of discrete values.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-351]
Note 2 to entry: Microprocessor-based devices are often referred to as digital devices.
Note 3 to entry: In BACS a digital signal is a variable signal that represents the value of digitally
coded analog or binary information respectively of a binary coded decimal (BCD) information.
EXAMPLE:Networked or shared (communication) data point (3.61), BCD time signal.

3.72direct digital controlDDC

control of equipment or plant by means of a digital computer or microprocessor

3.73disabled state
state of an item characterized by its inability for any reason to perform a required function
Note 1 to entry: Also refer to failure (3.77) and fault (3.78).
3.74download
particular type of file transfer that refers to the transfer of an executable program, image, or
contents of a database to a remote device where it can be executed
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.17]

3.75dynamic display
current states or values of data points displayed on a user interface

3.76electromagnetic compatibilityEMC
electromagnetic interference
EMI
electromagnetic compatibility or interference applies to products which is liable to cause
electromagnetic disturbance or the performance of which is liable to be affected by such
disturbance
Note 1 to entry: Products means all electrical and electronic appliances, systems, installations, and
networks containing electrical or electronic components.
Note 2 to entry: Appliance means a finished product having a direct function, its own enclosure
and, if applicable, ports and connections intended for end users.
Note 3 to entry: System means a combination of several appliances or, if applicable, electrical or
electronic components designed, produced or put together by the same manufacturer so as to
operate together to perform a specific task after proper installation; a system is placed on the
market as a single functional unit.
Note 4 to entry: Installation means appliances, systems, or electrical or electronic components
interconnected at a given place so as to operate together to perform a specific task; these parts are
not required to be placed on the market as a single functional or commercial unit.
Note 5 to entry: Network means a combination of several transmission links connected at
individual points by electrical or optical means as part of an installation, system, appliance, or
component.
Note 6 to entry: Electromagnetic disturbance means any electromagnetic phenomenon which is
able to degrade product performance; electromagnetic disturbance can be electromagnetic noise,
an unwanted signal, or a change in the propagation medium itself.
Note 7 to entry: Electromagnetic compatibility means the ability of a product to function
satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic
disturbance to other apparatus in that environment.
3.77engineering
project and system-specific services for the system planning process, configuration, and
commissioning of the various parts of a BACS
Note 1 to entry: The tasks to perform are, e.g., configuration of the physical and logical
connections and relationships between all items of a system to achieve the required application.
Note 2 to entry: ISO/IEC describes engineering as a systematic application of scientific and
technical know-how, methods and experiences for design, implementation, testing, and
documentation of software and devices for a system.
[SOURCE: derived from ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993]

3.78entity
something that having a separate and distinct existence. An identifiable item that is described by a
set or collection of properties
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.18]

3.79equipment
apparatus (depecated)
aggregation of functional elements or assembly of components and modules, that belong together
in one physical unit of a plant (3.149) or in a functional unit of a system (3.187)
Note 1 to entry: From a controls point-of-view, these are e.g. the components and modules of a
control device.
Note 2 to entry: From the process point-of-view these are e.g. a boiler, a chiller, a pre-heater, a
humidifier, a fan. The components are in this case e.g. a heating coil, control valve, preheater
pump, sensor. These are made up of subcomponents, i.e., parts and elements such as actuator,
inverter drive, motor protection feature.

3.80event
change of state or value detected for processing and/or reporting
Note 1 to entry: The meaning (value) of an event represents the physical or logical state of a
device or equipment.
EXAMPLE:Operational plant states (on/off), limits (high/low), alarm and fault conditions.

3.81extra low voltage

ELV
<BACS> any voltage which cannot exceed 50 Vac or 120 Vdc

3.82facility managementFM
all the services before, during, and after utilisation of real estate properties and infrastructure
based on a holistic (integral) strategy
Note 1 to entry: Also refer to building management in 3.32.

3.83failure
termination of an item's ability of an item to perform a required function
Note 1 to entry: After a failure, the item has a fault, which can be complete or partial.
Note 2 to entry: Failure" is an event, as distinguished from "fault", which is a state.

3.84fault
state of an item characterized by its inability to perform a required function, excluding inability
during preventive maintenance or other planned actions, or due to a lack of external resources
Note 1 to entry: A fault is often the result of a failure of the item itself, but can exist without prior
failure [IEV 195-04-25].
Note 2 to entry: In the field of machinery, the English term 'fault' is commonly used in accordance
with the definition in IEV 191–05–01, whereas the French term "défaut" and the German term
"Fehler" are used rather than the terms "Panne" and "Fehlzustand" that appear in the IEV with this
definition.
Note 3 to entry: The terms "fault", "failure" (for a physical inability to perform) and “error” (for
mistake or mismatch) are often used synonymously.

3.85feedback
<BACS> signal or state which either provides confirmation of a requested action, or provides an
indication of some response from a device as a result of a requested action
EXAMPLE:The state feedback of a fan, the positional feedback of a valve.
Note 1 to entry: Feedback often is referred to as read back and check back.
Note 2 to entry: Check back applies to the command failure algorithm of the command execution
check function.

3.86field device
physical connection from the input/output interface of a controller to an item of plant, thereby
providing the necessary information or action for the conditions, states, and values of the process
EXAMPLE:sensor and actuator, coupling unit, local override/indication device, switch and
indication light, operator panel, local monitoring and control device, room device/setting knob

3.87field network
FN
communications connection between actuators/sensors and room devices with control devices
Note 1 to entry: A schematic diagram is shown in Figure 1.

3.88flow coefficient
Cvs
coefficient for mass flow of liquids through a valve at defined operating conditions and when the
stroke has reached 100%
Note 1 to entry: The Cv (Cvs) value is determined as the mass flow in m3/h at the density of
1000kg/m3 at 5 to 50°C for a pressure drop of 100 kPa across the valve.
Note 2 to entry: A unique procedure to measure the mass flow capacity is determined in IEC 543-
4.

3.89format
defined arrangement of data

3.90function
<BACS> effect of programs and parameters
Note 1 to entry: Functions within a BACS are referred to as control functions, I/O, processing,
optimization, management, and operator functions. Listed in the BACS FL (function list) for a
specification of work, they comprise (if required) the complete operational engineering service
according to 3.71 for a defined function in a project (see Part 3, annex A, of this standard).
Note 2 to entry: Function is a program unit that delivers exactly one data element, which can be a
multiple value (i.e. an array or a structure). Functions can be an operand in a program.

3.91function block
graphical representation of software for a function block type used in a function block diagram as
a program element consisting of a data structure divided into input, output, and internal variables

3.92function block diagram

one or more networks of interconnecting graphically represented functions, function blocks, data
elements, labels, and elements

3.93function block – type

programmable controller programming language element consisting of the definition of a data
structure partitioned into input, output, and internal variables; and a set of operations to be
performed upon the elements of the data structure when an instance of the function block type is
invoked
3.94gateway
device that connects two or more dissimilar networks, permitting information exchange between
them
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.21]
Note 1 to entry: A gateway function performs any necessary or possible protocol translations for
information exchange in all layers of the ISO-OSI Basic Reference Model.

3.95global function
function that applies to a system as a whole
Note 1 to entry: Global is pertaining to all devices or nodes (3.129) on a communication
internetwork.
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.22]
Note 2 to entry: Internetwork is a set of two or more networks interconnected by routers. In a
BACS internetwork, there exists exactly one message path between any two nodes.
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.26]

3.96hazardous state
state of an item assessed as likely to result in an injury to persons, significant material damage, or
other unacceptable consequences

3.97heterogeneous system
system characterized by using components having different behavior due to products of different
make and type, different communication protocols, and engineering tools relative to the overall
functionality
Note 1 to entry: cf. homogeneous system (3.93)
Note 2 to entry: Interconnecting a gateway or special software makes possible an integration (or
combination) of heterogeneous systems, if not all functional units or devices involved conform to
the same communications protocol and profile. This does not mean that 100% interoperability can
always be achieved.
Note 3 to entry: See also open systems interconnection reference model in 3.139, communications
protocol in Part 5, and system integration in Part 7.

3.98historical data
<BACS> data that is recorded on a storage medium (3.120) for an undefined time
Note 1 to entry: The data logging performed by storing historical data is referred to as historical
database function.
3.99homogeneous system
<BACS> system characterized by components having unique behavior relative to the overall
functionality, often by employment of a common unique engineering tool for programming
Note 1 to entry: cf. heterogeneous system (3.91)
Note 2 to entry: As a rule, a homogeneous BACS consists of products from one manufacturer.
Note 3 to entry: See also interoperability 3.106, open systems interconnection reference model
3.139, and communications protocol in Part 5.

3.100house
structure designed for lodgings (local dwelling)
Note 1 to entry: cf. building (3.29)
[SOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2014]

3.101human system interface

HSI
boundary that represents the point of physical interaction between a human being and the
application platform [SOURCE: ISO/IEC/TR 10000-3:1998 and ISO/IEC/TR 14252:1996]
Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as human/computer interface, HCI (deprecated).
Note 2 to entry: In the field of machine tools, the user interface often is referred to as man
machine interface, MMI (for BACS deprecated).
Note 3 to entry: See also operator function in 3.144.

3.102input/outputI/O
function comprising the processing of a value or signal from a sensor or for an actuator of the
plant to be controlled. This function also provides specific state/value information for a data point
to system users SEE analog value (3.14), binary signal (3.26)Note 1 to entry:
An I/O function is a shared I/O function if it is contained within a separate system or device and
its information is communicated to or from a distinct system for common use.

3.103input/outputI/O
physical module SEE analog input/output (3.13), binary input/output (3.27), output (3.146)

3.104individual room / zone control

control of the physical environment in an area of a building, e.g. zone or individual room
Note 1 to entry: cf. room control (3.173)
Note 2 to entry: This term is evolving due to the upcoming integration of other technical services
such as electrical installation.
Note 3 to entry: A zone is a defined area in a building, where a form of control can be executed.
EXAMPLE:A floor, section of a floor, or a room.

3.105information
knowledge concerning an object, a fact, an event, a thing, a process, or an idea, including a
notion; and which, in a given context, carries a particular significance
Note 1 to entry: A statement about the process value or state assigned to an address (point
address), e.g. a command ON is an item of information, state ON is also an item of information,
the measured process value (with unit) is an item of information. One BACS data point, object or
function can contain multiple dedicated items of information.

3.106initialization
process of establishing a known state, usually from a power-up condition.
Note 1 to entry: Initialization can require re-establishment of a node's logical or physical address.

3.107installation
physical delivery and connection of mechanical, electrical, and communication services within a
building

3.108integration
implementation of specific processes and procedures to enable communications between different
systems/units/devices
Note 1 to entry: cf. interoperability (3.106)
Note 2 to entry: Integration of heterogeneous BACS (3.91) is distinct from system combination,
the implementation however is referred to as system integration.

3.109integrity
ability of an application to function as designed within a BACS

3.110interface
functional or physical unit as a defined interconnection between a device/system to another
device/system or a person
EXAMPLE:This standard describes the following interfaces for BACS: a) communications
interface (e.g. communication controller); b) data interface unit (DIU); c) human-system interface
(HSI) and graphical user interface (GUI); d) physical I/O interface, e.g., interface module.

3.111interface standard
standard that specifies requirements concerned with the compatibility of products or systems at
their points of interconnection.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 2]
Note 1 to entry: Specific applications and functions as well as profiles are represented in interface
standards above the ISO/OSI reference model that presents the general basis for communication
protocols.
Note 2 to entry: It is possible and permissible to structure protocols in interface standards so that
individual layers of the ISO/OSI reference model are unused.

3.112interlocks
programmable logic for a control sequence that links one equipment to another by means of
Boolean logic and on/off actions
Note 1 to entry: cf. closed loop control (3.41), open loop control (3.137)
Note 2 to entry: Boolean data is represented as a single binary digit.

3.113interoperability
<BACS> the capability of devices of different types and from different manufacturers to
exchange information and commands via the communications network
Note 1 to entry: cf. integration (3.101)

3.114key
<communications> sequence of symbols that controls the operations of encryption and decryption
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.28]
3.115key
<hardware> device used to open/close and lock an enclosure/control panel

3.116key
<software> method to open/close a lock to access control capabilities

3.117local operation
device or data item that operates within the vicinity of other associated equipment
Note 1 to entry: Local is pertaining to devices on the same network as the referenced device.
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.29]

3.118local area networkLAN

network that links a number of nodes within the same locality
Note 1 to entry: In general, LANs offer very fast data communication to directly connect
computers or other devices.
Note 2 to entry: To interconnect different LANs or to communicate long-distance, e.g.
gateways/routers/switches can be used.

3.119local override/indication deviceLO/ID

local override device
interface to field equipment for limited operation independent of the processing unit providing
priority indication, switching, and/or positioning
EXAMPLE:For manual operation of fans, valves, dampers, pumps.
Note 1 to entry: LO/ID are assigned to field devices.
Note 2 to entry: The functionality is referred to as a local override.

3.120logbook
operator activity logbook record book (one or more) or its electronic equivalent where all relevant
details of the operation, the system, its performance, and its maintenance can be entered in a
secure manner for subsequent retrieval

3.121logbook
system activity logbook record book (one or more) or its electronic equivalent where all relevant
details of the operation, the system, its performance, and its maintenance can be entered in a
secure manner for subsequent retrieval

3.122logical interlock
SEE interlocks (3.105)

3.123low voltage
operating voltage between 50 to 1000 Vac or 75 to 1500 Vdc [SOURCE: IEC 60664-1:2007]

3.124maintenance
combination of all technical, administrative, and managerial actions during the life cycle of an
item intended to retain it in or restore it to a state in which it can perform the required function

3.125management function
plant and application specific software for supervising plants, and carrying out application
engineering
EXAMPLE:Calculation of energy consumption and operational costs.
Note 1 to entry: The data to transmit for management functions are listed in two columns of the
BACS FL (see Part 3).

3.126management networkMN
connection between operator stations and data processing devices, e.g., server stations,
programming units, peripheral devices
Note 1 to entry: A schematic diagram is shown in Figure 1.

3.127mean operating time between failuresMTBF

mathematical expectation of the operating time between failures
Note 1 to entry: Also refer to mean operating time between maintenance (MTBM) in 3.118.

3.128mean operating time between maintenanceMTBM

mathematical expectation of the operating time between two preventive service actions
Note 1 to entry: Also refer to mean operating time between failures (MTBF) in 3.117.

3.129mechanical equipment roomMER

set of controllers <BACS> location-related consolidation of data points to one or more control
devices, for structured presentation of BACS requirements in the BACS function list
EXAMPLE:Basement MER, Penthouse MER
Note 1 to entry: The examples Basement MER or Penthouse MER describe rooms where the
building service’s equipment (e.g. AHU) is installed.
Note 2 to entry: The structuring by MER should generally be left to the vendor to select the mix
of large and small devices appropriate to the control/monitoring tasks to be performed. However,
it is recommended that a single large piece of equipment or a plant, for example, an air handling
unit, be controlled by a “single” controller to prevent control problems in the case of a network
failure.
Note 3 to entry: An MER can comprise several sets of controllers/automation stations.

3.130medium
<BACS> a physical substance (e.g. water, air) that is controlled

3.131medium
<communications> the physical transmission entity. Typical media are twisted-pair wires, fibre
optic cable, coaxial cable and air
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.31]
Note 1 to entry: The transmission medium often is referred to as medium only.

3.132medium
<IT> storage medium, the type of device that stores data in a non-volatile manner
Note 1 to entry: The storage medium often is referred to as medium only.

3.133menu
list of options for selection by the operator

3.134message delay
function to disregard any action from an input change-of-state (3.37) for further action unless the
input signal is sustained for a pre-set time
Note 1 to entry: Referred to as change-of-state delay.

3.135message suppression
function to inhibit the propagation of an input change-of-state (3.37) according to defined criteria
under consideration of parameters
Note 1 to entry: Referred to as change-of-state suppression also.
Note 2 to entry: Also refer to event in 3.74.
3.136monitoring
<BACS> system activity, intended to observe the actual state of an item and annunciation of a
defined deviation from the normal state as a state message about the event

3.137monitoring and operator unit

MOU
SEE operator station/panel (3.145)

3.138network
<BACS> set of one or more segments interconnected by bridges having the same network address
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.33]

3.139network
<IT> assembly consisting of nodes and the branches that link the nodes
Note 1 to entry: Network segments interconnecting devices are, e.g., nodes, bridges, routers,
gateways.

3.140network architecture
method by which a network is structured: from the point-of-view of the arrangement of its
components
EXAMPLE:Architecture in the shape of a star, a ring, a line (bus), hierarchical, matrix, and free
topology.

3.141network architecture
method by which a network is structured: from the point-of-view of its functions
EXAMPLE:Client-server architecture, allocated and distributed.
3.142network architecture
method by which a network is structured: from the point-of-view of its dimensions
EXAMPLE:Local area network (LAN) metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network
(WAN).

3.143network-powered device
device that derives its power from the network or bus, (differentiated from a mains powered
device)

3.144node
<BACS> point where an addressable device is connected to the communication medium
[SOURCE: derived from ISO 16484-5, 3.2.35]

3.145node
<IT> in a network, the point at the extremity of a branch
3.146normally closed contact
NC contact contact that is closed when no power is applied to the relay

3.147normally open contact

NO contact contact that is open when no power is applied to the relay

3.148object
<BACS> set of data with associated functions (3.84) applicable to it
3.149object
<IT> model of an entity (3.72)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-2]

3.150object type
generic classification of data defined by a set of properties (3.159)
Note 1 to entry: cf. application object (3.16)
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.36]
Note 2 to entry: BACS object types (3.133) for achieving interoperability (3.106) are specified in
Part 5.

3.151on/off control
two-point control
control method to position an actuator or to switch a plant or device under consideration of a
preselected set-point and hysteresis with one signal providing two control states (e.g. on/off,
open/close)
Note 1 to entry: A functional on-off element is a two-position element in which one of the two
discrete values of the output variable is assigned the value zero.

3.152online
operating in direct connection to the data processing
3.153
online help
provides usage of help information in real time (3.165) from each application programSEE online
(3.135)
3.154open loop control
mode of action where one ore more measured inputs controls the outputs without any influence of
feedback from the process
Note 1 to entry: cf. closed-loop control (3.41), interlocks (3.105)
3.155open system
system (3.187) characterized by using components from different manufacturers using the same
public available protocol as defined in 3.162 1), and 2).
Note 1 to entry: Also see heterogeneous system in 3.91 and homogeneous system in 3.93.

3.156open system interconnection reference model

ISO-OSI Basic Reference Model description of the 7-layer model for open communication
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994]

3.157operating system
software to control program operation and to provide the services for resource allocation, task
scheduling, I/O control, and data management

3.158operating mode
<BACS> basic designation of a particular mode (among various modes) of plant operation where
the controller maintains the preset condition
EXAMPLE:Boost mode, occupancy mode, comfort mode, economy mode, night setback mode.
Note 1 to entry: Also refer to state in 3.182 and status in 3.183.
Note 2 to entry: cf. operating state (3.142)

3.159operating state
currently active state of a plant or equipment, normally as a result of an active operating mode
Note 1 to entry: The physical operating state is independent of the operating mode, as the
operating mode can be overridden by local manual intervention or remote operation.
Note 2 to entry: cf. operating mode (3.141), state (3.182), status (3.183)

3.160operator authentication
the corroboration that the operator logging on to a device is identified as the entity claimed
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.37]
3.161operator function
plant/application-specific function for a human-system interface to operate the plant(s) via the
BACS spanning all operational levels, i.e., graphic, dynamic display, remote messaging, local
operation
Note 1 to entry: A local override/indication device according to 3.110 is not a operator function
and not a function according to 3.83.

3.162operator station
operator panel
sum of devices for a user to interface with the operator functions and management functions of a
BACS for plant supervision

3.163outputfunction
SEE analog value (3.14), binary signal (3.26), input/output, I/O (3.96)

3.164output
physical module
SEE analog output (3.13), binary output (3.27)

3.165peer-to-peer
communications model in which each peer entity has the same capability and either entity can
initiate a communication session
Note 1 to entry: Entities within the same layer of the ISO-OSI Basic Reference Model in 3.139.
[SOURCE: ISO 7498-1]

3.166peripheral device
<computer> any equipment controlled by a certain computer and communicating with it
EXAMPLE:Input/output device, i.e. VDU terminal, printer, external storage device.

3.167plant
physical unit for a comprehensive process including the dedicated functional unit for control
(3.51)
EXAMPLE:Heating plant, ventilating plant, air conditioning plant, chiller plant, sanitary
installation, or electrical installation.
Note 1 to entry: A plant can consist of several partial plants that are assembled from equipment,
units or aggregates (e.g., boiler), devices, modules, components, and elements
Note 2 to entry: The definition indicates plant as a physical unit, and system as a functional unit.
 Note 3 to entry: cf. system (3.187)

3.168point address
<BACS> unique data point identifier within a system used for accessing the point’s information
Note 1 to entry: A BACS FL (function list according to 3.24 can be used to define the point
identifiers or user addresses [mnemonics].
Note 2 to entry: cf. address (3.8) and user address, mnemonic (3.196)

3.169point-to-point communication
serial communication via virtual direct connection between DTEs (Data Terminal Equipment)
EXAMPLE:Connection via ISDN [CCITT/Rec. I.140, A.2].

Note 1 to entry: cf. point-to-point connection (3.152)

3.170point-to-point connection
communication via direct connection between two devices
EXAMPLE:Connection via CCITT V.24/V.28/ EIA RC 232C [CCITT/Rec. I.140, A.2].
Note 1 to entry: cf. point-to-point communication (3.151)

3.171positioning actuator
field device (3.80) as physical unit consisting of an actuating drive and the related final
controlling element
Note 1 to entry: Also refer to switched actuator in 3.185.
Note 2 to entry: cf. actuator (3.6)

3.172process
<BACS> specific method to treat media (e.g. water, air, electric power) in a plant for building
services

3.173processing function
<BACS> function (3.84) comprising engineering service for defined application software and
parameters for monitoring, interlocks, closed loop and open-loop control, and optimization of
building services
Note 1 to entry: Processing functions are the main section of the BACS function list, and are
specified according to 3.24 in Part 3, clause 5.5, examples are given in Part 3, annex B.
Note 2 to entry: cf. control function (3.53)
3.174profile
<BACS> communication object with object classes and properties for application and device-
specific distinctions, which identify chosen classes, subsets, options and parameters, conforming
to the protocol standard, necessary to accomplish a particular function for a specific application
Note 1 to entry: A profile is a part of the respective standard, or it is created and published by the
relevant organization.
Note 2 to entry: For each different application the profile to implement is distinguished by its
version number.
Note 3 to entry: Profiles refer to applications above the ISO-OSI Basic reference model according
to 3.139.

3.175program
syntactic unit following the rules of a certain programming language consisting of agreements and
instructions or commands, necessary to carry out special functions or to solve a special task or
problem

3.176programming unitPU
functional unit used in programming a BACS
Note 1 to entry: A PU may consist of a specialized device or it can be a function of an operator
station or other data processing unit (e.g. server station).

3.177property
particular characteristic of an object type (3.133)
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.41]

3.178proprietary
company specific solution
Note 1 to entry: Proprietary within a standardized communications protocol is any extension of or
addition to the object types, properties, private transfer services, or enumerations specified in this
standard.
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.43]
3.179proprietary protocol
usually a company specific communication method, protected by intellectual property rights
Note 1 to entry: Proprietary protocols can be subject to special licensing agreements which have
to be considered.
3.180protocol
set of rules and formats regulating the information exchange between the elements of a system,
including the specification of requirements for the application
Note 1 to entry: A communications protocol should be structured in layers referring to the concept
of the ISO-OSI - Basic Reference Model in 3.139.
Note 2 to entry: In the ISO/IEC 7498 standard the protocol is related to a specific layer. A set of
protocols, the so-called protocol stack, is necessary for a communication between systems.

3.181pulsed signal
signal from a device coupled to a sensor or a meter that produces incremental pulses with a
defined value of the measured media

3.182RAID
redundant array of independent disks

3.183realtime
time during which a physical process occurs

3.184redundancy
in an item, the existence of more than one means at a given instant of time for performing a
required function
3.185remote operation
device or data item that operates outside the vicinity of other associated equipment
3.186report
output of formatted event messages or statistics on a display or a printer
Note 1 to entry: In BACS an output of formatted information from data either on VDU or as a list
on a printer, normally in chronological order, in some cases is referred to as protocol.
Note 2 to entry: cf. protocol (3.162)
3.187repeater
device that connects two or more physical segments at the physical layer as defined in ISO-OSI
Basic Reference Model (3.139)
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.46]
Note 1 to entry: This device/unit amplifies and regenerates signals in a network to extend the
range of transmissions between medium attachment points.
3.188resolution
smallest increment of the measured value in the data content or indicated on the meter index
Note 1 to entry: In this standard, resolution applies to analog inputs/outputs, and actuators, VDUs,
printers, for each in its own context.
3.189response
completion of some procedure previously invoked
Note 1 to entry: cf. confirmation (3.48) and feedback (3.79)
3.190response time
time taken for an action to occur as the result of a requesting or initating event
3.191room control
integrated room automation
plant/application-specific devices and functions for single zone or individual room control
including integrated monitoring, interlocks, open and closed-loop control, and optimization of
combined building services such as HVAC&R, lighting, window blinds/shades control, electrical
power distribution, and other trades, by communication functions
Note 1 to entry: Individual zone/room control according to 3.97 can be a part of integrated room
automation.
Note 2 to entry: cf. individual room / zone control (3.97)
3.192room device
human-system interface device for room occupants to influence operation modes and parameters
of the application and or to indicate functions for room control/automation
Note 1 to entry: A room device or setting knob can comprise the room temperature sensing
element.

3.193router
device that connects two or more networks at the network layer as defined in the ISO-OSI Basic
Reference Model in 3.139
Note 1 to entry: Typical application is the connection of local area networks.
3.194security
any of a variety of procedures used to ensure that information exchange is guarded to prevent
disclosure to unauthorized individuals
3.195segment
<BACS> a delimited part of a message or of a control program (that can be downloaded) too
large to be transferred as a single unit

3.196segment
<communications> in networks, a segment consists of one or more physical segments
interconnected by repeaters
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.51]

3.197sensor
device or instrument designed to detect or measure a variable
Note 1 to entry: There are passive, active, and binary sensors, also for network connection.
Note 2 to entry: In BACS, a sensor is a field device for providing the necessary information
(signal) about the physical conditions, states, and values of the processing functions (3.155) to
enable the processing functions to perform the programmed operations.
Note 3 to entry: The term sensor does not provide a differentiation between a binary or analog
type. The distinctive feature should be stated, e.g., switch/pushbutton sensor (binary), thermostat
(binary), temperature sensor (analog).
Note 4 to entry: Sensors also are differentiated by their housing and mounting type (e.g. surface
type) and by their purpose.

3.198server
system, software, or device that responds to a service request instance to provide service for some
particular purpose to a client
[SOURCE: ISO 16484-5, 3.2.53]
Note 1 to entry: cf. data processing device (3.62)

3.199site
in construction, a clearly defined functional and organizational local area for mounting and
installation of the devices
EXAMPLE:A building or a group of buildings.
3.200specification
document outlining detailed requirements
EXAMPLE:Product specification, test specification.
Note 1 to entry: Specifications are used to define raw materials, in-process materials, products,
equipment, plants, and systems.
Note 2 to entry: A bill of quantities (BoQ) in the field of bid call, award and billing of
construction work forms part of the tender specification. A bid call includes e.g. a specification of
work with a bill of quantities that lists in items the number of work items.
Note 3 to entry: Each work item of a specification is considered to be a homogeneous unit for
pricing purposes (based on its technical characteristics). The BACS functions specified in Part 3,
5.5 are understood as description of such work items.
3.201state
<BACS> basic description to designate a particular operating state (condition)
Note 1 to entry: Also refer to event in 3.74, operating mode in 3.141 and status in 3.183.
Note 2 to entry: cf. operating state (3.142)
3.202status
description of the specific states an entity can have
Note 1 to entry: cf. state (3.182)
3.203stroke
movement of a final controlling element, e.g. from a valve between the two end positions

3.204switched actuator
on-off type actuator
SEE actuator <BACS> (3.6), actuator <HBES> (3.7).
Note 1 to entry: cf. switchgear assembly (3.186)

3.205switchgear assembly
motor control gear
circuit-breaker pole unit for single or multistage switching
Note 1 to entry: cf. switched actuator (3.185)

3.206System
in its context a given arrangement of functional units such as equipment/devices, elements, and
programs related to each other. Physical units can put functional units into effect
Note 1 to entry: cf. plant (3.149)
Note 2 to entry: The definition indicates system as a functional unit, and plant as a physical unit.

3.207technical building managementTBM

all the services related to operation and management of buildings including structural and
technical properties — operation; — documentation; — energy management and optimization; —
information management; — modernization; — renovation; — conversion; — monitoring
technical warranties
Note 1 to entry: cf. building management (3.32)
Note 2 to entry: A BACS is the essential tool for TBM.
3.208template
part of a pro forma, which can be used as the basis for developing a complete pro forma
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 9646-1:1994]

3.209test
technical operation that consists of the determination of one or more characteristics or
performance of a given product, material, equipment, organism, physical phenomenon, process,
or service according to a specified procedure

3.210time stamp
date and time recorded for and accompanying the record of an event or operation
[SOURCE: Part 5, 3.2.55]

3.211topology
<network> structure of the communication paths between the medium attachment points
EXAMPLE:Network topology forms are line, ring, star,, tree and mash
Note 1 to entry: The logical topology is the way that the signals act on the network media.
Note 2 to entry: A network's logical topology is not necessarily the same as its physical topology.

3.212transmitter
measuring transducer
signal converter
physical unit that converts an input value into a clear related output value (signal). Measuring
transducers are higher-precision converters
Note 1 to entry: Transmitters often are referred to as (measuring) transducers.

3.213trend log
trend diagram
presentation of a set of measured value(s) over time
Note 1 to entry: The values are displayed within a timeframe recorded by a fixed time period or
by fixed threshold values (do not confuse threshold value with change of value in 3.38).
Note 2 to entry: A trend log with current values is a trend display shown as a curve for the
progress of a value over time.
Note 3 to entry: A trend log with stored or archived values is a trend history (type of presentation
applied to statistical analysis).

3.214upload
process of transferring an executable program, an image, or a database from a remote device in
such a manner as to allow subsequent download according to 3.68
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO 16484-5, 3.2.57.

3.215user address
<BACS> the point address used by an operator at the human system interface
Note 1 to entry: cf. address (3.8), point address (3.150) and addressing system (3.9)
Note 2 to entry: User address often is referred to as mnemonic.

3.216valve authority
ratio of the pressure difference across a fully open control valve to the pressure difference across
the entire system including the control valve

3.217voltage-free contact
potential-free contact
contact of a field device for electrical/metallic isolated binary input;
Note 1 to entry: Voltage-free contacts are often referred to as “dry contacts”.
Note 2 to entry: A binary signal source is input for BACS functions, e.g. binary input state,
message processing.

3.218voltage-free contact
potential-free contact
contact of a BACS device for electrical/metallic isolated binary output
Note 1 to entry: Voltage-free contacts are often referred to as “dry contacts”.
Note 2 to entry: A binary signal source is input for BACS functions, e.g. binary input state,
message processing.

3.219watchdog
function that monitors the performance of a software program or other item of a system SEE
monitoring (3.124)
Note 1 to entry: In the event of a program failure, a watchdog function can indicate it and/or cause
a reset to restart the software program.
 CHAPTER 03
CASE SYUDIES
The case studies are a preliminary study before designing of any project in architecture.
Itenables one to know how to approach the correct process of designing the spaces, their
circulation, maximum social interaction, its security etc.

PHYSICAL CASE STUDIES

3.1. ABCD BUILDING DHOLERA

3.1.1. INTRODUCTION

The ABCD building Complex located at Dhandhukadholera main road, Dholera,Ahmedabad

Gujarat. It is administrative cum business centre.

3.1.2. GENERAL INFORMATION

Client: Sports:DICDL indiapvt.ltd

Architects: SmartHomes Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd
Location: ABCD Building, Dhandhukadholera main road, Dholera,Ahmedabad Gujarat..
Area: 36,000sq m
Established: 2019

3.1.3. SITE LAYOUT

SPV Building

ABCD BEC Building

Plot
3.1.4. AERIAL VIEW
3.1.5. SITE MODEL
3.1.6. SITE PHOTOS
3.1.7. SERVICES
PILING
3.1.8. SITE INSIDE UNITS
3.1.9. HVAC FOR SPV BUILDING

3.1.10. ELECTRIC
ROOM
3.1.11. WATER PUMPING SATION

3.1.12. WATER FILTER

PLANT
3.1.13. HVAC PIPELINES

3.1.14. HVAC COMPRESSOR

3.1.15. HVAC TANK

3.1.16. DDC PANNEL

 ST
1 FLOOR OF SPV
BUILDING

ND
2 FLOOR OF SPV
BUILDING

RD
3 FLOOR OF SPV
BUILDING
3.2 WORLD TRADE CENTERGIFT CITY, GANDHINAGAR

WTC Tower A, B and D in GIFT City, Gujarat have planned to include commercial office space,
conference rooms and may have other business facilities provided by World Trade Center Association
(WTCA)
WTC project includes 4 towers: 3 commercial towers containing office space and 1 tower containing
WTC STUDIO - acquiring in total 1.35 million (13.5 lacs) Square Feet.
Low rise WTC tower A in GIFT City has 6 floors (G+6), High rise WTC tower B in GIFT City has
total 28 floor (G+27), High rise WTC Tower C in GIFT City has total 18 floor (G+17) and low-rise
WTC tower D in GIFT City has 6 floors (G+6).
• GIFT ONE

• It is commercial tower located in Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) consist of 29 floor (122 mtrs).
It is developed by ITUAL and constructed by L&T Ltd. The building consists of 12 high
speed elevators and has next class building elevation & infrastructure.
• “GIFT ONE” was inaugurated by Hon’ble Chief Minister-G0G on
• January 10, 2013 and is operational with leading Public Sector Banks, IT & Finance
Companies occupying space in the Tower.

• GIFT TWO
• It is commercial tower located in Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) consist of 29 floor (122 mtrs).
It is developed by ITUAL and constructed by AI Nakra Constructions, Dubai (ANC).
• The building consists of 12 high speed elevators and will has next class building elevation &
infrastructure. The building will be inaugurated shortly
3.2.1. WATER

 Water Sources:
o Narmada Main canal
o Recycling and Reuse of Wastewater
o Rainwater Harvesting
o 24 x 7 Water Supply
 Concept of Zero Discharge City
 Perennial Water Front ensured through construction of three barrages on river Sabarmati
 Proposed landscaped promenade at the river bank along GIFT City.

Overall Vision: GIFT Project is zero discharge city; water will be drinkable from any tap. Storage of
surface run-off & rain water will be done and the water infrastructure will consist of next classWater
Treatment Plants (WTP) and Sewerage Treatment Plants (STP).
Current Status: Construction of Raw Water Pumping Station (RWPS) and water supply transmission
main pipeline to GIFT Zone from Narmada Canal — Completed. Works for WTP and STP have been
assigned to M/s Voltas Limited. WTP Work has been commissioned while work for STP is in
advance stages of completion.

Actual Site Photo

3.2.2. DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM

Overall Vision: District Cooling System is introduced for the first time in India for any commercial
use.
The chilled water will be supplied till building level and it will reduce
energy & maintenance cost, reduce noise & vibrations, improves air quality.
Current Status: Work assigned to ETA Engineers a reputed international
agency from Dubai and construction work is in progress.
First plant for Phase—1 development to be commissioned shortly.
Actual Site Photo

 VISION
• To provide Uninterrupted, Energy efficient and Sustainable District cooling air conditioning
system to occupant of GIFT city.
 DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM
• District cooling system is an Energy Efficient and Sustainable air conditioning system as it
conserves up to 30% energy as compared to traditional air conditioning systems.
 HIGHLIGHTS OF DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM
• Total Planned District Cooling Capacity: 1,80,000 TR
• First Phase District Cooling System is operational since March 2015
• State of the art technology, Series Counter Flow Chillers with Thermal Storage Tank
• Chilled water distribution piping network through underground Utility Tunnel
• Energy metering and Control through SCADA
 SALIENT FEATURES OF DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM
• Energy conservation up to 30%
• Reduce Global Warming Potential (GWP)
• Reduce CO¬2 Emission
• Reduce Heat Island effect
• Lower Operation & Maintenance cost
• Improve Aesthetic of the Buildings
3.2.3. UTILITY TUNNEL

• Overall Vision: All utility services except gas and sewerage from plants to various buildings
will be routed through utility tunnel only. GIFT is planned to develop Utility Tunnel
throughout city including DTA&SEZ areas.
• Current Status: For first phase, work is awarded for construction of Utility Tunnel of 2.2 k.m.
length in DTA and will be operational shortly.

3.2.4. UTILITY TUNNEL IN GIFT CITY

• GIFT City is being developed as a state-of-the-art financial hub which shall require huge
infrastructure with excellent planning, designing and engineering with latest technologies.
• In respect to vast infrastructure systems, GIFT developed the vision of “DIGGING FREE
CITY” by placing all the utilities in a TUNNEL across the city so that there is no need to
excavate the roads in future for repair/maintenance /renovation/up gradation of any utility.
• The provisions are made in the tunnel for smooth access, separation of utilities, proper
drainage, lighting, and other long-term concerns, such as maintenance and security.
• The Utility Tunnel will accommodate all the utilities including Power Cables, Raw Water
supply pipe line to Water Treatment Plant (WTP) as well as treated water supply pipe line
from WTP to various developments, chilled water supply from District Cooling Pipe (DCP)
to various developments and return pipe line to DCP, ICT cables, Automated Waste
Collection pipe line, Fire hydrant water pipe line, etc.
• From safety point of view the tunnel is divided into WET and DRY sections which are
physically separated with each other.
• Wet section is carrying utilities related to water, ICT and others while dry section carries
power cables and have access from top.
• The wet section has been designed in such a manner that material handling can be done
efficiently and maintenance trolley may be used for material movement.
• Total length of the Tunnel within GIFT City shall be approx.
• 16 Km and shall be provided with Ventilation system, Rodent Repellent System and Fire &
Smoke Detection System for the purpose of safety.
• The size of the Tunnel shall vary depending on the no and size of the Utilities and may go up
to as large as 8 M wide X 11M deep.
3.2.5. AUTOMATED WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM
• Automated Wate Collection System (AWCS) is one of the unique next class infrastructures
planned in GIFT Project. It will Maximize resource recovery/ Minimal emissions, Minimize
impact
• on environment, human intervention, space requirement, impact on health hazard and no
waste visibility which will make city clean, green and healthy.
• Current Status: Work assigned to Envac a reputed international agency from Sweden and
construction work for Phase— I development is in advance stages of completion.
• Automated Waste Collection System (AWS) through chute system
• Minimum Human Intervention
• Minimize space requirement
• Minimize impact on health
• Waste sucked through pipes at a speed of 90 km/hr
• Waste Treatment through Plasma Technology
3.2.6. POWER
• Overall Vision: GIFT Project ensures 99.999% power reliability, which means outage of 5.3
minutes per annum.
• Current Status: Construction power arrangement and street lighting on access road to GIFT
Project - Completed. LED Street lighting on Sub- arterial road for the stretch of 1 k.m. is
completed and for the remaining stretch bids are invited from reputed agencies. 66/33 kv
substation work awarded to M/s Blue Star and the work is in progress.
• Consultancy Services for the technoeconomic feasibility study for setting up Gas Based
Power Plant in GIFT City has been awarded to Steage Energies.
•

z
0
3.2.7. FIRE STATION & EMERGENCY RESPONSE CENTRE

Overall Vision: It is designed as state of art unique building with provision for five fire tender bays,
two emergency response vehicles, administration, training and residential facilities, which makes it
unique in the region.
Current Status: Works is in progress and will be operational shortly.
3.2.8. SERVICES PHOTOGRAPHS
3.2.9. 3D MODEL
3.2.10. SITE PHOTOGRAPHS
3.3. MASDAR HEADQUATER CASE STUDY
ONLINE CASE STUDY

3.3.1. PROJECT DETAILS

• PROJECT NAME: Masdar Headquarters

• LOCATION: Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
• ARCHITECT :(Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture)
• CLIENT/OWNER: The Masdar Initiative
• SIZE:1,500,000 sq. feet
• SHARED BY:Xululabs LLC, Xululabs
• CONSULTANTST :(hornton Tomasetti, Environmental Systems Design, Environmental
Systems Design,Environmental Systems Design)
• PROJECT STATUS: Built
• COST: $22,000,000,000
3.3.2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

IF THINGS GO ACCORDING TO PLAN, it won't be long before Masdar City in Abu Dhabi is the
undisputed pacesetter for sustainable design practices. The desert city—with its highly publicized
master plan by Foster + Partners of London—broke ground on Feb. 9. Developed by the Masdar
Initiative, a government program for “energy security, climate change and truly sustainable human
development,” the project boasts a $22 billion budget and the goal of being zero-carbon, zero-waste,
and zero-energy.

Near the city center, the Masdar Initiative plans to build itself a headquarters that will be the world's
first large-scale, mixed-use, “positive-energy” building. In other words, the 1.5-million-square-foot
complex will aim to produce more energy than it consumes. The schematic design emerged from a
two-stage international competition conducted at breakneck speed (about six weeks from start to
finish) and won by Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture (AS+GG)—a Chicago architecture firm
launched just 19 months ago by seasoned SOM alumni Smith, Gill, and partner Robert Forest.

The project brief laid out square footage requirements, a mix of office and residential uses, and an
ambitious sustainability mandate. Beyond that, the competitors were given a height limitation of eight
stories, an outline of infrastructure and mass transit concepts, and a site plan indicating where
surrounding open space is planned. Gill maintains that the headquarters will change the way buildings
are designed, constructed, and inhabited. “Philosophically,” he says, “we are seeking to absorb the
environment and use it to its best advantage.”
wind cones

ELEVEN TOWERING, glass-enclosed wind cones perform many critical functions. At the top, they
provide the structural support for the building's curvilinear roof. At the ground plane, they delineate
courtyards that serve as entrances, orientation points, and giant intakes to bring ground-source cool air
into the building. In between, they siphon warm air up and out of the building and allow diffused
daylight from the rooftop into the office floors below.

To aid pedestrian movement, the cones are placed at strategic locations connecting with paths
penetrating the site. Some cones serve as entries or gardens on the grand plaza to the west. Others are
cut into the building, forming negative space on the east façade. Interior courtyards vary— some are
landscaped, some have water features, others have suspended artwork or pedestrian bridges overhead.
“We want to make each one memorable, to not be confusing or disorienting as one moves through,”
says Gill. The overall layout is regularized to move people efficiently through the building.

While the exact number of cones may vary in the final design, the choice of 11 during the competition
phase was based on pragmatic concerns, such as spacing, structure, and projected volume of air
movement. The geometry resembles that of a nuclear plant cooling tower, promoting wind movement
while preventing sunlight from shining directly on the interior glass surfaces below the narrow neck
of the cone. Cones are organized in the core to optimize the penetration of diffused daylight into the
office interiors. Workers adjacent to a cone will enjoy views into the courtyard, and operable windows
would allow for cross-ventilation.
The design team is exploring the use of operable louvers at the top of the cones to close off the neck
during dust storms. Caps on the top of the cones could also help in balancing horizontal air movement
through the office space, says Gill, because one cone could be closed off and the next one opened to
shift the pattern of air flow. Engineers tested different orientations and forms for the tops of the cones,
settling on a chamfered top with the high point facing toward the prevailing wind. This resulted in the
most negative pressure at the top of the cone, promoting the greatest draw.roof and garden

AS+GG COLLABORATED CLOSELY with its consulting engineers from the early stages of the
competition. Gill says the fundamental idea of wind cones supporting a broad roof was no more
than “a simple little section drawn on a piece of paper about three inches square” before the
M/E/P and structural engineers were brought in to react. “With the idea of the cones and the roof,
the structural engineers were important,” says Gill. “And that curve in the roof provides structural
integrity.”

Likewise, Masdar's floating roof literally translates that idea by shading the building and creating
a cool environment beneath, reducing the demand for air conditioning. Plans call for the roof to be
covered with a 290,000-square-foot photovoltaic array that will harvest the intense solar energy in
the Abu Dhabi desert and convert it to power for the building. Beneath the curving roof, which
articulates and promotes the pattern of air movement, is a vast garden space—what Gill refers to
as “a displaced ground plane.” Residential units with human-scale massing are organized around
the perimeter of the garden. Residents will enjoy views of the shaded courtyard or the city, which
is limited to a height of six stories (two less than the Masdar headquarters). “It gives one a very
unique perspective,” Gill says.

Gill likens the project to an oasis—a fragile microclimate in which a pool of water provides
nourishment to palm trees, which in turn shade the water and keep it from evaporating too
quickly. “So you end up with a canopy structure there that's protecting the very source that allows
the canopy to exist in the first place,” he muses. “It's totally symbiotic—they coexist in this kind
of equilibrium.”

In keeping with its desire to build humane environments, AS+GG has already asked the client to
consider the possibility of building the roof and cones first, which would allow the photovoltaics
to provide energy for constructing the rest of the building while at the same time shading the
construction site so that the workers aren't toiling in the hot sun. The proposal's practicality is still
being evaluated.
sustainable systems and materials

THE BIG IDEAS AT WORK in the building won't succeed without a nexus of sustainable
systems and materials. “It's a tightly woven relationship between environmental systems, building
performance, and usability,” says Gill. If properly implemented, the latent systems and new
technologies should produce 3 percent more energy than the building will use. And because of
Masdar's central political control, excess energy can be transferred to the grid.
In addition to generating its own power with photovoltaics—envisioned now as polycrystalline
cells on the roof surface— the building uses solar vacuum tubes for air conditioning. Plus a
 geothermal system is being explored for additional coolin
The architects also are proposing the use of wind turbines for power generation, a technology they
used in a Chicago high-rise. Gill says the inclusion of wind turbines is conjectural at this point,
awaiting further analysis of economic feasibility. But if the turbines become a demonstration
project, they may be justifiable simply for data collection, he adds.

As the project moves forward, a key area for research and development will be the exterior wall, a
critical component in minimizing the building's thermal load. “During the competition, we were
thinking in terms of a masonry wall, eight stories tall and solid, with maybe 30 percent open,” Gill
recalls. The ultimate goal is to thermally shield the building while allowing controlled daylight in
to reduce the lighting load, and the design team is working with a manufacturer to develop a high-
performance wall system.
Building materials will be evaluated with respect to what Gill calls “global environmental
contextualism”—a phrase he uses to describe how a building should relate to its local
environmental context while respecting its global context in terms of developing and available
technologies. “What we are finding in terms of the sustainable performance of buildings is there
can be a much greater global influence on the building,” he asserts. “It can be winds. It can be
solar patterns. But, especially in today's market, it can also be materials. One can look at a bigger
pattern of access to material or at sustainable processes and bring those to the project in order to
increase performance.” In the case of Masdar, the client is demanding cradle-to-cradle office
interiors. But Gill says that seemingly simple performance standard raises a host of other
questions. Where do the products and raw materials come from? What manufacturing processes
are involved? And how do those factors impact zero-carbon and zero-waste goals?toolboxdesign
and presentation

3.3.3. MASDAR HEADQUARTERS

3.3.4. MASDAR HEADQUARTERS DESIGN
  KEY POINTS INCLUDE:
• Masdar on the world’s first ‘positive energy’ building to be built in the zero-carbon, zero-
waste Masdar city in Abu Dhabi.
• The headquarters will be the world’s first large-scale, mixed-use “positive energy” building,
producing more energy than it consumes.
The HQ will be in the world’s first zero-carbon, zero-waste city in Abu Dhabi.
Design plans for the headquarters include numerous systems that will generate a surplus of
the building’s energy, eliminate carbon emissions and reduce liquid and solid waste.
• Masdar Headquarters to be Located in World’s First “Positive Energy” Mixed-Use Building
• Chicago Architecture Firm Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture win global competition
to design Masdar’s Headquarters in first zero-carbon, zero-waste city
• Abu Dhabi, February 20, 2008 – Masdar announced today that it has chosen Chicago
architecture firm Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture (AS + GG) to design its
headquarters in Abu Dhabi’s Masdar City, the world’s first zero-carbon, zero-waste city fully
powered by renewable energy. The headquarters will be the world’s first large-scale, mixed-
use “positive energy” building, producing more energy than it consumes.
• In addition to being the location of Masdar HQ, the building will accommodate private
residences and ‘early bird’ businesses starting up in the city.

3.3.5. MASDAR HEADQUARTERS PLANING

• The Masdar Headquarters building -which is part of the first phase in the city’s phased
development and is due for completion at the end of 2010- is also meant to set an example to
following development in the city by raising the bar above the Masdar City’s goals for
individual buildings. These goals can be summarized as reducing energy use and waste
production in each building to appropriate levels so that they can be handled by the city’s
clean renewable energy systems and its waste-to-energy plants.
• For Masdar Headquarters (Masdar HQ henceforth) to become this example, an international
design competition was held in 2008, challenging architects to produce the highest level of
sustainable design. The competition, which was managed by the Louis Berger Group – the
project manager- drew more than 150 design proposals, which narrowed down to 15
architecture and design firms. The criteria for selection of the 15 included building
functionality, water and wastewater efficiency, indoor environmental quality, zero carbon
emission, carbon footprint reduction and firm experience. A jury of world renowned experts
on sustainable design selected four global leaders to submit final proposals, of which the
scheme designed by the architecture office of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill was ultimately
chosen.
• The winning design of the Masdar HQ is a seven-story, 135,000 square meter building
(including landscaped areas) which will include commercial and residential spaces, retail and
public gardens, as well as a prayer hall and direct access to the city’s transportation systems
(Figure 2).
• The design is also set to become the world’s first mixed-use, positive-energy building. A
number of sustainable design strategies and systems would be integrated into the very form of
the structure to create a building that would achieve the lowest impact in terms of energy,
water, and waste, while maintaining occupant comfort. The building is designed to have a
record-low energy intensity for its class in hot/humid climates, produce more energy than it
consumes, produce zero solid and liquid wastes, and reduces its water needs by 70%

.
MASDAR HEADQUARTERS PLAN
MASDARHEADQUARTERS SECTION

MASDAR HEADQUART ERS INSIDE VIEW

Below Ground, Ground, First and Roof floor plans
 Sectional perspective noting the building's zoning and the different sustainability strategies
including the wind towers and the roof canopy.

3.3.6. PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES

 • The design of the Masdar HQ follows the successful formula of combining passive design
strategies with active systems strategies and renewable energy to achieve its energy savings
goals. But unlike other projects where sustainable strategies appear to be an afterthought, the
building’s basic forms appear to have been derived from these strategies.
• One of the main form-making strategies is a ventilation strategy derived from the region’s
traditional ventilation elements. Before the recent discovery of oil in the gulf regions, its hot
and humid climate led to the development of a traditional architecture that encourages air
movement in order to improve comfort conditions. One of the ventilation elements used in
this environmentally responsive architecture was the wind tower.
• The design of Masdar HQ is dominated by 11 cone-shaped adaptations of traditional wind
towers which act as outlet wind towers drawing hot air upwards during the day. The
optimized form of these cones (also called wind cones) uses stack ventilation as well as the
wind above the building to create a negative pressure at the top of the cones, which in turn
creates air movement in the interior courtyard spaces at the base of the cone and draws cooler
air up through the subterranean levels of the city below. At night, the wind cones reverse roles
acting as inlet wind towers drawing cool night air downwards to cool the building structure
(Figure 3). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies were used to analyze the effect of
outside wind on air movement inside the wind cones and to optimize the location of the air
inlets for more uniform ventilation

Wind cones and their integration into the aerodynamic roof to form a super structure
The concept of the shading canopy is arguably inspired by local and regional traditional buildings
where screens and shading played a dominant role. And while the building’s super structure appears
to be a novel design idea developed exclusively for the project, the ‘oasis-like’ interior courtyards at
the base of each cone -which benefit from controlled daylighting through the opening at the top and
serve as flexible outdoor assembly spaces- resonates with the role and comfort conditions provided by
the traditional courtyards of the Middle East

Images 2,3, and 4. Different uses of the indoor open spaces at the base of the wind vents
In addition to these form-giving passive strategies, the building also features many passive strategies
that are less obvious to the casual observer, such as the use of high-thermal-mass exterior glass
cladding to reduce heat gain while keeping transparency to preserve views. Under the building, earth
ducts were also used to reduce the building temperature through contact with the almost constant
temperature of the earth below. The ducts also act as underground pedestrian passages that connect
the building with the proposed mass transit system. Like local traditional architecture and except for
exterior curtain walls, the buildings walls are to have a heavy construction of masonry with a 30%
glazing ratio to achieve a high thermal mass and reduce the indoor heat gain.
3.3.7. ACTIVE SYSTEMS

• In addition to passive strategies integrated into the building design, the design also employed
a number of efficient active systems to cool and ventilate the building, including ground
source cooling, an efficient underfloor air distribution system integrated into office furniture,
and the world’s largest solar thermal driven cooling and dehumidification system on the roof
canopy ( Figure 8).
• The design also features the use of integrated renewable energy generation, such as integrated
wind turbines and the world’s largest integrated Photovoltaic systems, both mounted on the
roof canopy. The installation of these renewables would help bring the building from a net
energy user to a net energy producer that produces 3% more than it consumes, thus creating a
building that is not only carbon neutral but carbon negative (Figure 7).

(left) Accumulative energy savings from the integration of passive strategies, active systems, and
renewables. FIgure 8. (right) detail diagram showing integration of active strategies into building.
3.3.7. WATER CONSERVATION

The roof canopy water collection strategy and its integration with grey water recycling

• As previously noted on Carboun, the Middle East’s water scarcity makes the need to
implement water conservation strategies just as important as energy conservation. At Masdar
HQ, a water conservation strategy is employed to save 70% of the building’s water use
compared to a typical mixed use building of the same size. This reduction in water demand
consequently reduces the city’s energy demand, since most of the Emirate’s potable water
comes from energy -intensive desalination plants.
• Rainwater and condensation are collected, stored, and used -together with grey water from
showers, laundries, and lavatories- to irrigate the shaded roof garden. Grey water is also used
to flush toilets. Black water from toilets and kitchens is also used as a biofuel for diesel
engines after treatment at the city’s black water treatment center
3.3.8. MATERIALS.

• Masdar HQ’s designers plans to reduce the building’s foot print were not limited to reducing
its use of energy and water, but also extended to addressing the energy embodied in the
materials used to construct it.
• Materials used in the building were considered in terms of their environmental impact.
Recycled materials and rapidly renewable materials were specified around the building.
Materials were also to be sourced from locations no further than 800km from the building
site. Flexible, modular, prefabricated materials and furniture were also specified to make the
process of recycling them easier, and in many cases the structure was used as the finish
material to reduce the use of finish materials.
• In addition, project team calculated the embodied energy of the different building elements.
According to the architects, the exterior walls were calculated to constitute 22% of the
building’s embodied CO2, the frame and upper floors 39%, and the roof canopy and cones
superstructure 17%. It is unclear as to how these values where obtained and whether a full
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was carried out for each building element to establish these ratios.
• Furthermore, assembly alternatives were also compared in terms of their embodied CO2. For
example, the external facade assembly was determined by analyzing 6 facade alternatives in
terms of their embodied CO2 as well as theirtheir U-value and thermal performance. The
embodied energy (or CO2) score of each alternative was weighed against its use performance
score to determine the most sustainable assembly. Likewise, the feasibility of the canopy roof
and its incorporated photovoltaics was also analyzed not in terms of their financial payback
but in terms of their CO2 emissions payback, given the energy and CO2 embodied in their
manufacturing process. The analysis showed that the CO2 payback of the canopy and PV was
rather short, at approximately 5 years, which can be attributed to the high solar insolation in
Abu Dhabi.
3.3.9. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

• The Masdar HQ building is designed to be a highly sustainable, energy and water efficient
building not only after occupancy but also during its construction phase. For example, the
building’s super structure of cones and overhanging canopy roof would be built first, to create
a cooler shaded environment underneath for the remainder of the construction to take place
within.
• The roof canopy will also be covered with solar photovoltaic panels from the outset so as to
serve as a source of electricity providing energy for the construction of the rest of the
building. This simple phasing strategy has the potential to substantially reduce the carbon
footprint of construction by using clean energy while having minimal implications on
construction costs.
• This sequence of phasing corresponds with the structural phasing, where the nature of the the
superstructure makes it most logical that the cones and canopy roof get built first (Image 5.
shows the early stages of construction with the cones bases the first to get built).

The bases of the wind cones under construction

3.3.10. REFLECTIONS

• The first interesting thing about the Masdar HQ project is the design integration of passive
sustainable design strategies into the fabric and form of the Masdar HQ building. But perhaps
more interestingly is the role that these passive strategies’ play and their significant
contribution to the building’s energy use as a percentage of the total energy saving.
• In many green buildings in Europe and the United States, the role of passive design strategies
is shadowed by that of efficient energy systems. This is partly caused by the climatic
conditions in many european and american cities where buildings have considerably more
heating loads than inhe Middle East. This has resulted in the growth of the scope of
mechanical and electrical engineers in the design process which came at the expense of the
architect whose role has been relegated to a coordinator of these active systems.
• In the Middle East, for climatic and socio-economic reasons, the role of passive design
becomes substantially larger. With much of the sustainable design process geared towards
blocking heat away rather than generate it efficiently, and without the a large industrial base
to support complicated mechanical and electrical systems, the contribution of passive
strategies into overall energy saving in Middle Eastern green buildings is larger than its
contribution to energy savings in European and American green building practices.
• At Masdar HQ, passive design strategies alone are estimated to contribute 52% of energy
savings. The remaining portion of the 103% in energy savings (including the 3% of positive
energy generation) is achieved through efficient active systems (20%) and renewable energy
generation (31%).
• The designers’ attempts to balance embodied energy (or CO2) in materials with their
associated use energy is commendable as it reflects an increased sophistication in the design
process. By weighing the simulated energy savings of using a material or an assembly to its
assumed embodied energy, designers can make design decisions that are informed with the
true emvironmental impact of their decisions.
3.3.11. MASDAR HEADQUARTERS SECTION
 3.3.12. HIGHLIGHTS

• The winner of an international design competition with 159 participants, the project is the
centerpiece of Masdar City, a zero-waste, zero-carbon-emission development outside Abu
Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates.
• The AS+GG design will also anchor the Masdar City master plan by Foster + Partners.
• The Masdar Headquarters building will go beyond zero net energy; it will be the world’s fi rst
mixed-use,large-scale positive-energy building. The building will utilize pioneering, never-
before-seen technology in the creation of the aesthetically astounding, functionally proficient
and experientially superior development that will represent the city.
• The seven-story, 134,662-square-meter structure (which includes landscaped areas) will
accommodate commercial, retail and cultural uses. The building’s form, sculpted in response
to extensive environmental analysis, adapts the ancient science and aesthetics of Arabic wind
towers, screens and other vernacular architecture, which emphasize natural ventilation, sun
shading, high thermal mass, courtyards and vegetation.
• Masdar HQ’s signature architectural feature is a collection of eleven wind cones which
provide natural ventilation and cooling (drawing warm air up to roof level, where wind moves
it away) and form oasislike interior courtyards and/or flexible spaces, each with its own
theme, at ground level. The cones also provide soft daylighting for the building’s interiors.
• Other key sustainability design features, systems and strategies include a vast roof canopy,
which provides natural shading and incorporates one of the world’s largest photovoltaic and
solar-panel arrays.
• The roof’s undulating understructure facilitates the roof pier’s structural performance.
• High-thermal-mass exterior glass cladding provides solar heat blocking while remaining
transparent for views.
• Thermal technology in the project also includes earth ducts which reduce temperature of
outside air and provide underground pedestrian passages that connect public garden space
with the proposed mass transit system. And a lush sky garden on roof level creates a
microclimate that includes water features and restful community spaces landscaped with
indigenous vegetation.
• Masdar HQ will be the world’s greenest mixed-use building, yielding zero carbon emissions
and zero waste (both liquid and solid) and a sustainable measure beyond LEED platinum. It
will consume 70 percent less water than typical mixed-use buildings of the same size, and be
the lowest energy consumer per square meter for a modern Class A office building in a
hot/humid climate.
• It will also be the fi rst building in history to generate power for its own assembly via one of
the world’s largest arrays of photovoltaics on its roof canopy, which will also provide shade
for workers during construction of the structure’s lower levels.
 3.4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.

SMART BUILDINGS ABCD BUILDING DHOLERA ABSD BUILDING DHOLERA WORLD TRADE CENTER GIFT MASDAR HEADQUATERS MASDAR,
CITY,GANDHINAGAR ABU DHABI U.A.E.

Selection Criteria To understand the working of automation To understand the current scenario of the To understand the all functional inlet and outlet To understand the world class smart city.
building and administration of smart cities. administration building of dholera smart lines of smart cities and connection between And how its work.
city. them.

Location Dholera, Gujarat Dholera, Gujarat Gandhinagar, Gujarat Masdar,Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.

ABCD Building ,Dhandhuka dholera main Opp. ABCD Building ,Dhandhuka dholera Block No 51, Road 5E, Gyan Marg, Gujarat Masdar City is a planned city project in Abu
road, Dholera,Ahmedabad Gujarat. main road, Dholera,Ahmedabad Gujarat. International Finance Tec-City, Gujarat 382355 Dhabi, in the United Arab Emirates.

Year of completion 2020 Proposed Still Running Still Running

Architect SmartHomes Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd Proposed by krunal solanki viridian red / wtc Noida company ltd Mingfei Sun

Ownership DICDL india pvt.ltd Proposed viridian red / wtc Noida company ltd Abu Dhabi government's Mubadala
Investment Company

Site area 36,000 sq m 1,43,759 sq m 38,671 sq m 60,00,000 sq m

Ground coverage 8,500 sq m 70,800 sq m 2,18,125 sq m 3,000 sq m

Climate Hot and dry Hot and dry Hot and dry Warm and dry

Function Administrative building Automation aministrative building Administrative and residencial building City

Facade Exterior wall paint Exterior wall paint Exterior wall paint Various

Connectivity Not well connected to the city transport Very well connected to the city transport Very well connected to the city transport Very well connected to the city transport
network. Utilized by the local people. network. Utilized by every section of the network. Utilized by every section of the network.
population. population.
 CHAPTER 04
SITE ANALYSIS
4.1 LOCATION

VILLEGE: DHOLERA
DISTRICT: AHMEDABAD
22°15'38.4"N 72°11'06.6"E
22.260678, 72.185169
How far is the major junction?
DHOLERA IS 103 KM FAR FROM AHMEDABAD 50 KM FROM LIMBDI AND 28 KM FROM
DHANDHUKA

Landmarks:
ABCD BUILDING
(ADMINISTRATIVE CUM BUSINESS CENTRE FOR DHOLERA SMART CITY)
IS JUST BESIDE THE SITE
4.2 HUMAN & CULTURAL COMPONENTS

CENSUS STATISTICS OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD VILLEGE DHOELRA

Dholera is a large village located in Dhandhuka Taluka of Ahmadabad district, Gujarat with total 576
families residing. The Dholera village has population of 2779 of which 1420 are males while 1359 are
females as per Population Census 2011.

In Dholera village population of children with age 0-6 is 323 which makes up 11.62 % of total population
of village. Average Sex Ratio of Dholera village is 957 which is higher than Gujarat state average of 919.
Child Sex Ratio for the Dholera as per census is 970, higher than Gujarat average of 890.

Dholera village has higher literacy rate compared to Gujarat. In 2011, literacy rate of Dholera village was
80.29 % compared to 78.03 % of Gujarat. In Dholera Male literacy stands at 89.17 % while female
literacy rate was 71.00 %.

As per constitution of India and PanchyatiRaaj Act, Dholera village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head
of Village) who is elected representative of village. Our website, don't have information about schools
and hospital in Dholera village.
4.3 SITE CONTEXT CITIES

100KM 50KM 25KM

AHMEDABAD
LIMBDI DHANDHUKA
AANAND BAGODARA

NADIAD

BHAVNAGAR

SURENDRANAGAR
4.4 SITE BOUNDRIES
4.5 ZONING CLASSIFICATION

4.6 PHOTOGRAPHS OF SITE

4.7 NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT

IMMEDIATE SURROUNDINGS OF THE SITE:

abcd building (administrative cum business centre for dholera smart city)

ANALYZE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AROUND THE SITE:

farmer’s land and farming activity near by site direct approch to dholera village road so, many people
passing for work pupose many people come for visit new dholera smart city by this road also

LOCALLY AVAILABLE RESOURCES:

l&t plant for road infrastucture water tanks for water storage small villeges for daily needs bus and
transport services
4.8 LEGEL ELEMANTS

Property description
SITE IS GOVERNMENT LAND , IT IS UNDER AUTHORITY OF DICDL (Dholera Industrial City
Development Limited).

“Business building”
Any building or part thereof used for transaction of record, offices, banks, all professional
establishments, court houses classified as business buildings if their principal function is transaction
of business and/or keeping of books and records.

Built‐Up Area
Means the area covered by a building on all floors including cantilevered portion, if any, except the
areas excluded specifically under these Regulations.

Building Line
The line up to which the plinth of a building adjoining a street or an extension of a street or on a
future street may lawfully extend and includes the lines prescribed, in any Town Planning scheme
and/or Draft Development Plan.

Building Unit
Shall mean a land/plot or part of a land/plot or combination of more than one land/plot as approved by
the DSIRDA. Provided however where an alignment has been fixed on any road by any DSIRDA, the
building unit shall mean and refer to the land excluding the portion falling in alignment.

DGDCR (Draft General Development Control Regulations)

4.9 MAN-MADE FEATURES
DOCUMENTATION OF EXISTING HISTORICAL DISTRICTS/BUILDINGS/FEATURES
DHOLERA SMART CITY INSPIRED BY LOTHAL CIVILIZATION

4.10 A PLANTED CITY

4.11 CIRCULATION
ACTIVITIES HAPPEN ON THESE CIRCULATION GATEWAYS

 SITE IS DIRECTLY APPROCH TO MAIN ROAD SO TRANSPOTATION AND

VEHICULER PASSING ACTIVITY DONE NEAR BY SITE ON ROAD.
 SITE WHOLE PLANE LAND ONLY ELECTRIC POLL YOU FOUND ON SITE ONLY
NEAR BY ROAD.
 FARMER’S LAND IS BEHIND THE SITE

4.12 UTILITIES
4.12.1 POTABLE WATER SUPPLY
(NARMADA WATER PIPELINE TOWARDS DHOLERA)
4.12.2 WATER HYDRANTS/FIRE STATIONS
(THIS TYPE OF WATER TANKS CONSTRUCTED IN ALL OVER DHOLERA SMART CITY)

4.12.3 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

EXISTING POWER STATION WHICH PROVIDE NOW POWER TO ALL OVER DHOLERA
UNDERGOING WORK AND UNDERGROUND TUNNEL WORK IS GOING ON SITE.
4.13 CLIMATIC COMPONENTS
SUN PATH ORIENTATION WIND DIRECTION WIND FLOW

EVERAGE WIND FLOW ON SITE IS 16 TO 18 KM/H AND ITS MAJORITY COME FROM SW
SIDE
EVERAGE TEMPRATURE ON SITE IS 30’C
 CHAPTER 5
DESIGN PROGRAM EVOLUTION

5.1 BASIC FORM FOR LAYOUT

PENTA

• WASTE/REUSE/COLLECTION/STP/DECOMPOSE
• POWER/GERATION/CIRCULATION/HVAC WITH
WATER
• WATER/CLEANING/POTABLE/HARVESTING/
CIRCILATION/RECYCLE
• AUTOMATION CONTROLL TO ALL BUILDINGS
• SEFTY/CCTV/FIRE/DRONE/SPEAKER
CONTROLL/BARRIER
• IT/DATA/TECHNOLOGY/STORAGE
5.2 DESIGN EVOLUTION

5.3 DESIGN DEVLOPEMNT

5.4 FINAL DESIGN LAYOUT
5.5 SECTIONAL ELEVATION
 CHAPTER 6
BIBILOGRAPHY

 https://www.researchgate.net
 https://www.worldweatheronline.com
 https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/511931-dholera-gujarat.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholera
 https://dicdl.gujarat.gov.in
 https://www.google.com/maps
 http://www.carboun.com/sustainable-design/masdar-headquarters-the-first-positive-energy-
building-in-the-middle-east/
 https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/masdar-headquarters
 https://www.meta-landscapearchitecture.com/portfolio/masdar-headquarters
 http://smithgill.com/work/masdar_headquarters/
 http://www.carboun.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Masdar-HQ-Sustainability-strategies-
section2.jpg
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Masdar-City-master-plan-in-2018-Source-
33_fig2_340353651
 http://smithgill.com/media/pdfs/masdar_portfolio_website_8.pdf
 https://www.archdaily.com/tag/masdar-city
 https://www.multiplex.global/projects/masdar-headquaters-dubai-uae/
 https://www.arch2o.com/siemens-hq-masdar-city-sheppard-robson/
• https://www.wtcgiftcity.org/
• https://www.gujaratproperty.com/gift-city/wtc/project-plan.html
• http://iniinfraengineering.com/webcontroller/subproject/world-trade-center-at-gift-city
• http://www.giftgujarat.in/district-cooling-system
• http://www.giftgujarat.in/