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Modulo

The document provides an overview of modular arithmetic, including how to calculate values, add, and multiply numbers within a given modulo. It explains the concept of remainders, the treatment of negative numbers, and provides examples of addition and multiplication tables for different moduli. Additionally, it includes exercises for practice and problem-solving involving modular equations.

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11 views16 pages

Modulo

The document provides an overview of modular arithmetic, including how to calculate values, add, and multiply numbers within a given modulo. It explains the concept of remainders, the treatment of negative numbers, and provides examples of addition and multiplication tables for different moduli. Additionally, it includes exercises for practice and problem-solving involving modular equations.

Uploaded by

kpatsajohn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CORE

MATHEMATICS

MODULAR ARITHMETIC
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lesson the student will be able to;
1. Calculate the value of numbers for a given modulo.
2. Add and multiply numbers in a given modulo.
Calculation of a number for a given modulo
• Modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic where we are only interested in the
remainder after dividing a number by another number.
• The number used to the divide the number is called modulo
• Modulo(mod) is a mathematical operation that find the remainder when one
number is divided by another.
𝑥
• Example, 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑟 is the same as = 𝑟, where 𝑥 is the dividend, 𝑦 is the
𝑦
divisor and 𝑟 is the remainder.
The face of a clock

• We have 24 hours within a day but the numbers on the clock in our homes
ranges from 1 to 12.
• This means that is it design in 12 hours which is in mod 12
• When its get to the 14th hour, we have 14 mod 12 = 2. 14pm on the 24 hour
clock is the same as 2pm on the 12 hour clock
The idea of remainder to find the modulus of numbers
• Modular arithmetic is related to the remainder theory in division
• Any number in a given modulo is found by dividing the number by the modulo
and the remainder is the value we are interested in.
• Example, 5 in modulo 2 (5 𝑚𝑜𝑑 2) is 1, since when 5 is divided by 2 the
remainder is 1
Example
1. 2 = 2 in mod 5
2. 25 = 1 in mod 4
3. 13 = 3 in mod 10
4. 5 = 5 in mod 13
Modulo of negative numbers
• The modulo of negative numbers is obtained by adding multiples of the modulo
to the number until we get the first positive number
• Example, -9 mod 5 = -9 + 5 = -4
−4 + 5 = 1
Since we have a positive answer, -9 mod 5 = 1
Example
1. -2 = 3 in mod 5
2. -12 = 0 in mod 6
3. -5 = 1 in mod 2
Addition ⊕ and Multiplication ⊗ table in a given
modulo
The sum or product of two or more numbers in a given modulo is found by first
adding or multiplying the numbers before converting the given modulo.
Example
1. 4 + 5 (mod 5) = 9 (mod 5) = 4
2. -10 + 4 (mod 5) = -6 (mod 5) = 4
3. 5 × 9 (mod 12) = 45 (mod 12) = 9
Note: subtraction is also performed in the same way as addition and multiplication.
Examples
1. Draw an addition and multiplication table for modulo 12 on the set 𝑃 =
{1,4,9,11}.
Use your table to find the truth set of
i. 9⨂𝑛 = 0
ii. 𝑛⨂𝑛 = 1
iii. 4⨁9 = 𝑛
iv. 11⨁(1 ⨂ 4)
addition mod 12 multiplication mod 12
⨁ 1 4 9 11 ⨁ 1 4 9 11
1 2 5 10 0 1 1 4 9 11
4 5 8 1 3 4 4 4 0 8
9 10 1 6 8 9 9 0 9 3
11 0 3 8 10 11 11 8 3 1

From the table, the truth set of


i. 9⨂𝑛 = 0 is {𝑛: 𝑛 = 4}
ii. 𝑛⨂𝑛 = 1 is {𝑛: 𝑛 = 1 𝑜𝑟 11}
iii. 4⨁9 = 𝑛 is {𝑛: 𝑛 = 1}
iv. 11⨁ 1 ⨂ 4 = 11 ⊕ 4 = 3
Examples
2. a. Draw an addition and multiplication table for arithmetic modulo 6
b. Use your table to evaluate
i. (2 ⊕ 3) ⊕ 4 iii. 4 ⊕ (3 ⊗ 5)
ii. 3 ⊗ (4 ⊗ 5) iv. (1 ⊕ 3) ⊗ (2 ⊕ 1)
c. Use your table to find the truth sets of:
i. 𝑛⊗𝑛 =1 iii. 𝑛 ⊕ 4 = 1
ii. 5 ⊕ 2 ⊕ 𝑛 = 4
⨁ 0 1 2 3 4 5 ⊗ 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 0 2 4 0 2 4
3 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 0 3 0 3 0 3
4 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 0 4 2 0 4 2
5 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 4 3 2 1
b. From the table
i. 2 ⊕ 3 ⊕ 4 = 5 ⊕ 4 = 3
ii. 3 ⊗ 4 ⊗ 5 = 3 ⨂ 2 = 0
iii. 4 ⊕ 3 ⊗ 5 = 4 ⊕ 3 = 1
iv. 1 ⊕ 3 ⊗ 2 ⊕ 1 = 4 ⊗ 3 = 0
c. From the table the truth set of
i. 𝑛 ⊗ 𝑛 = 1 is {𝑛: 𝑛 = 1 𝑜𝑟 5}
ii. 𝑛 ⊕ 4 = 1 is {𝑛: 𝑛 = 3}
iii. 5 ⊕ 2 ⊕ 𝑛 = 4 is {𝑛: 𝑛 = 3}
Note: if a set of numbers is not given, then we start from 0 and end at the number that
comes before the mod.

Combination of binary operation and modular arithmetic


Example
The operation ∗ is defined by 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 in arithmetic modulo 6. find:
i. 3 ∗ 4 ii. 4 ∗ 3
iii. 3 ∗ (2 ∗ 5) iv. (3 ∗ 2) ∗ 5
Solution
𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥2
i. 3 ∗ 4 = 3 + 4 + 32
= 7 + 9 = 16 = 4(𝑚𝑜𝑑 6)
ii. 4 ∗ 3 = 4 + 3 + 42
= 7 + 16 = 23 = 5(𝑚𝑜𝑑 6)
iii. 3 ∗ 2 ∗ 5 = 3 ∗ (2 + 5 + 22 )
= 3 ∗ 11 = 3 + 11 + 32
= 14 + 9 = 23 = 5(𝑚𝑜𝑑 6)
iv. 3 ∗ 2 ∗ 5 = (3 + 2 + 32 ) ∗ 5
= 14 ∗ 5 = 14 + 5 + 142
= 19 + 196 = 215 = 5(𝑚𝑜𝑑 6)
Equations Involving Modulo
Examples
Find the value of 𝑥 in the following
i. 24 = 3 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑥
ii. 2𝑥 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 3
Solution
i. 24 = 3 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑥 means 3 is the remainder
24 − 3 = 21
We now find the factors of 21, factors of 21 are 1, 3, 7, 21.
From this factors, 7 and 21 satisfies the statement.
∴ 𝑥 = 7 𝑜𝑟 21
ii. 2𝑥 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 3 means 1 is the remainder
And 3 is a factor of 2𝑥 − 1
Therefore the least positive value of 𝑥 for which 3 is a factor of 2𝑥 − 1 is 2
Note: when 𝑥 = 2, 2𝑥 − 1 = 3 which 3 is a factor of 3
∴𝑥=2
Try
1. If it is 12 o’clock now 3. a. Construct multiplication and addition
What time will it be in table for modulo 5
i. 39 hours b. use your table to evaluate
ii. 45 hours i. (4 ⊗ 3) ⊕ 2 ii. (1 ⊗ 4)⨁(3 ⨂ 4)
iii. 17 hours c. use your table to find the truth set of
2. Simplify the following i. 𝑛⨁𝑛 = 1 ii. 𝑛 ⊗ 𝑛 = 1
i. 57 (mod 7) iii. 2 ⊗ 1 ⊕ 𝑛 = 4
ii. 14 (mod 4) 4. find the value of 𝑥 in the following
iii. 13 (mod 23) i. 26 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑥 ii. 5𝑥 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 3

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