STUDY MATERIAL

MATHEMATICS

CLASS X

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

REGIONAL OFFICE NEW DELHI

SESSION 2022-23

1 X-Maths
 CHIEF PATRON
Mr. Nagendra Goyal, Deputy Commissioner ,Delhi Region

PATRON
Mr. Sanjeet Kumar, Assistant Commissioner, Delhi Region
Ms. Shilbala Singh , Assistant Commissioner, Delhi Region
Ms. Poonam Mallik, Assistant Commissioner, Delhi Region

CONVENER
Mr.Vivek Kumar, Vice Principal, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Kendriya Vidyalaya

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

Name Designation Kendriya Vidyalaya
S P Yadav PGT(Maths) No. 3 Delhi Cantt
Aditya Narayan Mishra TGT (Maths) Tagore garden
Jeetendra Bhatia TGT (Maths) Khichripur
Indu TGT (Maths) AGCR (Shift-II)
Anju Dua TGT (Maths) NFC Vigyan Vihar
Harish Arora TGT (Maths) Tagore Garden
Deepak TGT (Maths) Narela
Vishal Mahajan TGT (Maths) NFC Vigyan Vihar (Shift-II)

MODERATION COMMIITTEE
Name Designation Kendriya Vidyalaya
Indu TGT (Maths) AGCR (Shift-II)
Vishal Mahajan TGT (Maths) NFC Vigyan Vihar (Shift-II)
Tripti TGT (Maths) Sec 2 R.K.Puram
Aditya Narayan Mishra TGT (Maths) Tagore Garden

X-Maths 2
 PREFACE

Mathematics develops logic and skills of reasoning among students. Focus of

this material is to strengthen the mind to absorb the concepts and bring in
the students the required self-confidence while learning the subject.
Mathematics should be learnt with interest and it is made simple and
approachable.

This material is developed keeping in mind the latest CBSE curriculum and
will definitely provide the students all essential components that are required
for effective revision of the subject. This material contains all types of possible
questions viz. Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQ), Very Short Answers (VSA),
Case Study Based Questions (CSBQ), Long Answer Type Questions (LATQ)
etc.

Hoping this material will serve the purpose of enhancing students’ confidence
level to help them perform better.

BEST OF LUCK!

3 X-Maths
 REVISED COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS –X (2023)
Units Unit Name Marks
I NUMBER SYSTEMS 06
II ALGEBRA 20
III COORDINATE GEOMETRY 06
IV GEOMETRY 15
V TRIGONOMETRY 12
VI MENSURATION 10
VII STATISTICS & PROBABILTY 11
Total 80

UNIT I: NUMBER SYSTEMS

1. REAL NUMBER
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic - statements after reviewing work done
earlier and after illustrating and motivating through examples, Proofs of
irrationality of 2, 3 5
UNIT II: ALGEBRA
1. POLYNOMIALS
Zeros of a polynomial. Relationship between zeros and coefficients of quadratic
polynomials.
2. PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
Pair of linear equations in two variables and graphical method of their solution,
consistency/inconsistency.
Algebraic conditions for number of solutions. Solution of a pair of linear
equations in two variables algebraically - by substitution, by elimination. Simple
situational problems.
3. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Standard form of a quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0, ( a  0) . Solutions of
quadratic equations (only real roots) by factorization, and by using quadratic
formula. Relationship between discriminant and nature of roots.
Situational problems based on quadratic equations related to day to day
activities to be incorporated.
X-Maths 4
4. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
Motivation for studying Arithmetic Progression Derivation of the nth term and
sum of the first n terms of A.P. and their application in solving daily life
problems.

UNIT III: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Coordinate Geometry
Review: Concepts of coordinate geometry, graphs of linear equations.
Distance formula. Section formula (internal division).

UNIT IV: GEOMETRY

1. TRIANGLES
Definitions, examples, counter examples of similar triangles.
1. (Prove) If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect
the other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided
in the same ratio.
2. (Motivate) If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, the
line is parallel to the third side.
3. (Motivate) If in two triangles, the corresponding angles are equal, their
corresponding sides are proportional and the triangles are similar.
4. (Motivate) If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional,
their corresponding angles are equal and the two triangles are similar.
5. (Motivate) If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another
triangle and the sides including these angles are proportional, the two
triangles are similar.
2. CIRCLES
Tangent to a circle at, point of contact
1. (Prove) The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius
through the point of contact.
2. (Prove) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are
equal.

UNIT V: TRIGONOMETRY
1. INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
5 X-Maths
 Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle of a right-angled triangle. Proof of their
existence (well defined); motivate the ratios whichever are defined at 0° and
90°. Values of the trigonometric ratios of 30°, 45° and 60°. Relationships
between the ratios.
2. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

Proof and applications of the identity sin 2 A  cos 2 A  I . . Only simple

identities to be given.
3. HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES: Angle of elevation, Angle of Depression.
(10)Periods
Simple problems on heights and distances. Problems should not involve more
than two right triangles. Angles of elevation / depression should be only 30°,
45°, and 60°.

UNIT VI: MENSURATION

1. AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES
Area of sectors and segments of a circle. Problems based on areas and
perimeter / circumference of the above said plane figures. (In calculating area
of segment of a circle, problems should be restricted to central angle of 60°,
90° and 120° only.
2. SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES
Surface areas and volumes of combinations of any two of the following:
cubes, cuboids, spheres, hemispheres and right circular cylinders/cones.

UNIT VII: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

1. STATISTICS
Mean, median and mode of grouped data (bimodal situation to be avoided).
2. PROBABILITY
Classical definition of probability. Simple problems on finding the probability
of an event.

X-Maths 6
 INDEX

S.NO CHAPTER PAGE NUMBER

1 REAL NUMBERS 7

2 POLYNOMIALS 16

3 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 26

4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 38

5 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 45

6 TRIANGLES 52

7 COORDINATE GEOMETRY 70

8 TRIGONOMETRY & TRIGNOMETRIC IDENTITIES 80

9 HEIGHTS AND DISTANCE 93

10 CIRCLES 105

12 AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES 121

13 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUMES 136

14 STATISTICS 148

15 PROBABILITY 161

SAMPLE PAPER STANDARD -1 173

SAMPLE PAPER STANDARD -2 183

SAMPLE PAPER BASIC-1 193

SAMPLE PAPER BASIC-2 211

7 X-Maths
Chapter
01 Real Numbers
KEY CONCEPTS
Concept :The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Every composite number can be expressed (factorised) as a product of
primes, and this factorisation is unique, apart from the order in which the
prime factors occur.
The prime factorisation of a natural number is unique, except for the order
of its factors.
For any two positive integers a and b, HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) = a × b.
HCF(a, b) = Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor in
the numbers.
LCM(a, b) = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor, involved in
the numbers
Concept: Irrational Numbers
Rational number ± irrational number = irrational numbers
Rational number x irrational number = irrational number
Rational number ÷ irrational number = irrational number
Concept : Revisiting Rational Numbers and Their Decimal Expansions
To Test Whether a Given Rational Number is a Terminating or Repeating
Decimal

p
Let x be a rational number whose simplest form is , where p and q are
q
integers q and q  0. Then,
• x is a terminating decimal only when q is of the form (2 m X 5n ) for some
non-negative integers m and n and number of decimal places will be
max(m,n).
• x is a nonterminating repeating decimal, if q  (2m X 5n ),
Where m and n are whole numbers.

X-Maths 8
 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)

1. Let a and b be two positive integers such that n  p 3 q 2 and b  p 2 q 3 . , where

p and q are prime numbers. If HCF ( a, b)  p m q n , , then (m+n)

(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 2
2. LCM of the given numbers ‘x’ and ‘y’, where y is a multiple of ‘x’ is given
by -
(a) x (b) y (c) xy (d) x/y
3. If two positive integers p and q can be expressed as p = ab2 and
q = a3b; a, b being prime numbers, then LCM (p, q) is
(a) ab (b) a2b2 (c) a3b2 (d) a3b3
4. The least number that is divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 5 (both
inclusive) is
(a) 5 (b) 60 (c) 20 (d) 100
5. Express 98 as a product of its primes
(a) 22 × 7 (b) 22x72 (c) 2 × 72 (d) 23 × 7
6. The product of two consecutive natural numbers is always:
(a) prime number (b) even number (c) odd number (d) it may not be decided.
7. If HCF (16, y) = 8 and LCM (16, y) = 48, then the value of y is
(a) 24 (b) 16 (c) 8 (d) 48
8. The product of two different irrational numbers is always
(a) rational (b) irrational (c) both of above (d) none of above
9. The HCF of two consecutive natural numbers is always:
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 10 (d) 2 .

10 16  9  3 27 is a
(a) rational Number (b) irrational number (c) both of above (d) none of above
11. HCF (a,b) =k and LCM(a,b) = m , which of the following is true
(a) m is factor of k (b) k is factor of m (c) m & k are coprime numbers
12. For what value of n , 4n will end with a zero ?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these
9 X-Maths
 ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)
DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is
followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option

13 Assertion (A): 5 is an irrartional number..

Reason(R): Square root of any prime number is irrational.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
14 Assertion (A): For any two positive integers a and b, HCF(a,b)=a and
LCM(a,b) = b
Reason(R): if m is multiple of n, HCF(m,n)=n and LCM(m,n)=m.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
15. Assertion (A): 30n ends with a digit zero for any value of n , where n is
natural number
Reason(R): Any number ends with the digit zero if its prime factors are in
the form 2n.5m, where m and n are natural numbers
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
16. Assertion (A): LCM of two numbers is 4 and HCF is 73, the product of the
two numbers is 292.
X-Maths 10
 Reason(R): The product of LCM and HCF of two numbers is equal to the
product of the two numbers.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
17. Assertion (A): 3 × 5 × 7 + 7 is a composite number
Reason(R): Composite numbers are numbers with more than two factors
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

18. Given that LCM (26, 169) = 338, Find HCF (26, 169).
19. What is the HCF of smallest prime number and the smallest composite
number?
20. What is the HCF of smallest odd prime number and the smallest odd composite
number?
21. Draw factor tree for following (i) 36 (ii) 72 .
22. Find LCM and HCF of (I) 96 and 128 (ii) 33 and 121
23. Find the LCM (26,91) and HCF(26,91) of the following pairs of integers and
verify that LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers.
24. Find the largest number which divides 70 and 125, leaving remainders 5 and
8, respectively.
25. Prove that 8n does not end with zero for any value of n, where n is a natural
number.
26. Find the LCM and HCF of the following where a & b are prime numbers.
11 X-Maths
 (1) a 2 b 3 and a 4 b 2 (2) a 2 b 5 and ab 3

27. State fundamental theorem of Arithmetic.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

28. Find the largest number which divides 70 and 125, leaving remainders 5 and
8, respectively.
29. Find the least number that is divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 10 (both
inclusive).
30. Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime
factorisation method. (i) 12, 15 and 21 (ii) 17, 23 and 29 (iii) 6, 72 and 120
31. There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive
one round of the field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose
they both start at the same point and at the same time, and go in the same
direction. After how many minutes will they meet again at the starting point?
32. On a morning walk, three persons step off together and their steps measure
40 cm, 42 cm and 45 cm, respectively. What is the minimum distance each
should walk so that each can cover the same distance in complete steps?
33. In a seminar, the number of participants in Hindi , English and Mathematics
are 60 , 84 and 108 respectively .Find the minimum number of rooms
required if in each room the same number of participants are to be seated
and all of them being the same subject.
34. Four ribbons measuring 14m, 18m, 22m and 26m respectively are to be cut
into least number of pieces of equal length. What is the length of each piece?

35. Prove that 2 is irrational.

36. Prove that 3 is irrational.

37. Given that 2 is irrational, prove that (5 + 3 2 ) is an irrational number..

38. Given that 2 & 5 is irrational Prove irrationality of following :

1 1
(a) (b)
5 3 2

X-Maths 12
 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
39. Prove that 5 is irrational using this result Prove that 3 -2   is irrational.
40. Find the LCM and HCF of a5b3c4 and a2b4c5 and also verify the result HCF
x LCM = Product of two expressions

CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

(4 MARKS)
Question-01
41. Prabhjot is class teacher of class –X. Number of chairs allotted to a class
is equal to number of students enrolled in class. Students were allowed to sit
in 2’s, 3’s, 4’s, 5’s and 6’s. Prabhjot found that he can arrange chairs for
sitting in 2’s, 3’s, 6’s and 7’s. When he tried arranging chairs in 4’s ,he
found 02 chairs left.
Now answer the following questions (1+2+1=4 Marks)
(A) How many students are in class X?
(B) Prabhjot tried arranging chairs in 5’s how many chairs will be left ?
(C) If 2 more students get admission, now can students sit in 5’s without leaving
any chair ?
Question-02
42. There are four houses in Bal Bhavan Vidyalaya Shivaji,Tagore ,Ashoka and
Raman. School is preparing for a march past programme on occasion of 26th
January. Strength of various participants are as below:
Shivaji Tagore Ashoka Raman P.T.Drill The Scouts and
House House House House Guides
24 30 36 30 32 28
Now answer the following questions (1+2+1=4 Marks)
(A) What is the maximum number of columns in which the students of all
houses can march?
(B) How many students will be left out if The Scouts and Guides student
follow houses in march past?

13 X-Maths
 (C) What is the maximum number of columns in which the students of The
Scouts and Guides and Pt Drill students can march?
Question-03
43. A seminar is being conducted by an Educational Organization, where the
participants will be educators of different subjects. The number of participants
in Hindi, English and Mathematics are 60, 84 and 108 respectively.

Based on information given Now answer the following questions

(1+2+1=4 Marks)
(i) In each room the same number of participants are to be seated and
all of them being in the same subject, hence find maximum number
participants that can accommodated in each room.
(ii) Find the product of HCF and LCM of 60,84 and 108.
(iii) What is the minimum number of rooms required during the event?
Question-04
44. To enhance the reading skills of grade X students, School has nominated you
and two of your best friends to set up a well maintained class library for class
X only. There are four sections in each class named as A, B, C and D.
Section A has 32 students, B has 36 students, section C has 40 students and
section D has 36 students. By using above information’s select the correct
answer from the following questions-
(a) What is the minimum number of books required in class library for
equal distribution?
(b) How can total students of class X be expressed in the form of product
of prime numbers?

X-Maths 14
(c) What is the HCF of students of each section of grade X?

ANSWERS
1 a) 4 13 A 26 1-HCF-a2b2 LCM-a4b3
2- HCF-ab3 LCM-a2b5
2 b) y 14 A 28 13
3 (c) a3b2 15 A 30 1) HCF-3 LCM-420
2) HCF-1 LCM-11339
3) HCF-6 LCM- 360
4 (b) 60 16 D 31 36 MIN
5 (c) 2 × 7² 17 A 32 2520 CM
6 b –even
number 18 13 33 20 ROOMS
7 a-24 19 2 34 2 M EACH
8 b-irrational 20 3 40 LCM= a5b4c5
HCF= a2b3c4
9 a-1 22 32 & 384
11 & 363 41 A-42, B-2 C- NO
10 a-rational
number 23 HCF=13 LCM=182 42 A-6, B-4, C-4
3x182=26 x 91
11 b- k is factor 24 13 43 A-12, B-540,C-20
of m
12 d-None of 44 A-2880,B-2432 C-4
these

15 X-Maths
Chapter POLYNOMIALS
2
KEY CONCEPTS
Concept : Meaning of the zero of Polynomial
If p(x) is a polynomial in x, the highest power of x in p(x) is called the
degree of the polynomial p(x).
Types of polynomial:
(i) Constant polynomial: A polynomial of degree zero is called a constant
polynomial and it is of the form p (x) = k.
(ii) Linear polynomial: A polynomial of degree one is called linear
polynomial and it is of the form p (x) = ax + b, where a, b are real
numbers and a  0.
(iii) Quadratic polynomial: A polynomial of degree two is called quadratic
polynomial and it is of the form p (x) = ax 2 + bx + c, where a, b,
c are real numbers and a  0.
(iv) Cubic polynomial: A polynomial of degree three is called cubic
polynomial and it is of the form p (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where
a, b, c, d are real numbers and a  0.
If p(x) is a polynomial in x, and if k is any real number, then the value
obtained by replacing x by k in p(x), is called the value of p(x) at x = k,
A real number k is said to be a zero of a polynomial p(x), if p(k) = 0.
Geometrical meaning of zeroes of a polynomial: The zeroes of a polynomial
p(x) are precisely the x-coordinates of the points where the graph of y = p(x)
intersects
In general, for a linear polynomial ax + b, a  0, the graph of
y = ax + b is a straight line which intersects the x-axis at exactly one point,
namely (x,0) Therefore, the linear polynomial ax + b, a  0, has exactly one
zero, namely, the x-coordinate of the point where the graph of y = ax + b
intersects the x-axis.

X-Maths 16
 Y

7 (2,7)
6

3
2x+
5

y=
4
3 (0,3)
( 3, 0) 2
2
1
X' X
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1
(-2, -1)
Y'

The zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, a  0, are precisely

the x-coordinates of the points where the parabola representing
y = ax2 + bx + c intersects the x-axis.
In fact, for any quadratic polynomial , a  0, the graph of the corresponding
equation has one of the two shapes either open upwards like or open
downwards like depending on whether a > 0 or a < 0. (These curves are
called parabolas.)
By observation about the shape of the graph of, the following three cases can
happen.
Case (i) : Here, the graph cuts x-axis at two distinct points A and A' . The
x-coordinates of A and A2 are the two zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
in this case.

Y Y

X' A A' X A' A X

X'
o o

Y' Y'

Case (ii) : Here, the graph cuts the x-axis at exactly one point, i.e., at two
17 X-Maths
 coincident points. So, the two points A and A2 of Case (i) coincide here
to become one point A. The x-coordinate of A is the only zero for the
quadratic polynomial in this case.

Y
Y

X' X X' X
o O

Y'
Y'

Case (iii) : Here, the graph is either completely above the x-axis or completely
below the x-axis. So, it does not cut the x- axis at any point. So, the
quadratic polynomial has no zero in this case.

Y Y

X' X X' X
o o

Y' Y'

Concept : Relationship between zeroes and coefficients of a polynomial

b
For a quadratic polynomial ax 2  bx  c, sum of zeroes = and product
a
c
of zeroes=
a
A quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are  and  is given by
p(x) = {x2 - (  +  )x +  }
X-Maths 18
 COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)
1. The graph of a quadratic polynomial is
a) Straight line b) A circle c) A spiral d) A parabola
2. Number of zeroes of a polynomial of degree n is
(a) Equal to n (b) Less than n (c) Greater than n (d) Less than or equal
to n
3. Which of the following is quadratic polynomial?
a) x+4 b) x2+4x+5 c) x3+2x2+x+1 d) None of these
4. The graph of y=p(x) is given below. Find the number of zeroes of p(x).

a) One b) Three c) Two d) No zero

5. If one of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial (k – 1)x2 + kx + 1 is –3,
then the value of k is
(a) 4/3 (b) -4/3 (c) -3/4 (d) 3/4
6. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + (a + 1) x + b are 2 and –
3, then
(a) a = –7, b = –1
(b) a = 5, b = –1
(c) a = 2, b = –6
(d) a = 0, b = –6
7. The number of polynomials having zeroes as –2 and 5 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) many
8. If one of the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial of the form x2 + ax + b is
the negative of the other, then it
(a) has no linear term and the constant term is negative.
(b) has no linear term and the constant term is positive.
(c) can have a linear term but the constant term is negative.
(d) can have a linear term but the constant term is positive.
19 X-Maths
9. The quadratic polynomial, the sum of whose zeroes is –5 and their product
is 6,is
(a) x2 + 5x + 6
(b) x2 – 5x + 6
(c) x2 – 5x – 6
(d) –x2 + 5x + 6
10. p(x) = ax2 + bx + c. If a + b + c = 0, then find one of its zero.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
11. If the product of the zeroes of x2 – 3kx + 2k2 – 1 is 7, then values of k
are _____ and ____.
(a) +2,-2 (b) + 1,-1 (c) +4,-4 (d) +3,-3
12. If zeroes of p(x) = 2x2 – 7x + k are reciprocal of each other, then value
of k is __________.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)

DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is
followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option
13. : Assertion (A) : The sum and product of the zeroes of the quadratic
polynomial are 4 and 3 respectively.
Reason (R) : The quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of zeros are
given as x2 - (sum of zeros)x + (product of zeros) = 0.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
( b ) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
( c ) A is true but R is false.
( d ) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion (A) : If one root of the equation  k  1 x 2  10 x  3 is the

reciprocal of the other, then the value of k is 4.
Reason (R) : If (x - a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.
( a ) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. .
( b ) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
X-Maths 20
 ( c ) A is true but R is false.
( d ) A is false but R is true.
15. Assertion: A quadratic polynomial can have at the most two zeroes.

Reason: x 2  7 x  12 has no real zeroes

( a ) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. .
( b ) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
( c ) A is true but R is false.
( d ) A is false but R is true.
16. Assertion: the graph of quadratic polynomial P(x) intersect x-axis at two point
Reason: degree of quadratic polynomial is 2.
( a ) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
( b ) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
( c ) A is true but R is false.
( d ) A is false but R is true.

17. Assertion: -1 & -4 are the zeroes of polynomial x 2  5 x  4

Reason: a real number k is said to be a zero of polynomial P(x) if P(K)= 0.

( a ) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
( b ) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
( c ) A is true but R is false.
( d ) A is false but R is true.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

18. Find the zeroes of the polynomial x 2  5 x  4 and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients.
19. If the sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ky2 + 2y – 3k is equal
to twice their product, find the value of k..
20. If the product of the zeroes of the polynomial ax2 – 6x – 6 is 4, then find
the value of a. Also find the sum of zeroes of the polynomial..
21. k is a zero of the polynomial p(x) = x2 – 11x + 24. If k is a prime number,
then find the value of k.
21 X-Maths
22. Find the quadratic polynomial whose sum of zeroes is 8 and their
product is 12.

23. If  ,  are the zeroes of a polynomial, such that     6 and   4,

= 4, then write the polynomial.
24. If one root of the polynomial f(x)=5x2+13x+k is reciprocal of the other, then
find the value of k.

25. If  ,  are zeroes/roots of polynomial x2 – 6x + 5, find the value of

   
2
 2

26. Find a quadratic polynomial if the product and sum of its zeroes are
3/4, 1/4
27. If the two zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 7x2 – 15x – k are reciprocals
of each other, then find the value of k.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

28 If one root of the quadratic polynomial 2x2 – 3x + p is 3, find the other root.
Also, find the value of p.
29. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial 2x2 + px + 4 is 2, find the other
zero. Also, find the value of p.
30. If 2 and 3 are zeroes of polynomial 3x2 – 2kx + 2m, find the values of k
and m.
31. Find the value of k such that the polynomial x2 – (k + 6)x + 2(2k – 1) has
sum of its zeroes equal to half of their product.
32. If x + a is a factor of the polynomial x2 + px + q and x2 + mx + n prove
nq
that a 
m p

33. If  ,  are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = 5x2 + 5x + 1 then find the value
of 2  2.
34. If  ,  are zeroes/roots of polynomial x2 – 6x + k, find the value of k such
   
2
that  2  40
X-Maths 22
35. A group consists of 12 honest people and 8 dishonest people. Write a
quadratic polynomial whose roots are equal to number of honest people and
number of dishonest people.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

36. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = 4x2 – 8kx + 8x – 9 is negative
of the other, then find zeroes of kx2 + 3kx + 2.
37. If product of the zeroes of the polynomial kx2 + 41x + 42 is 7 then find the
zeroes of the polynomial (k – 4)x2 + (k + 1)x + 5.
38. If sum of the zeroes of the polynomial 5x2 – (3 + k)x + 7 is zero, then find
the zeroes of the polynomial 2x2 – 2(k + 11)x + 30.

CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED

QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)
Question-01

39. Arc Bridge

Harsh an engineer , was designing an arc bridge which can be seen above.
For this he worked with a quadratic polynomial a. The zeroes of a quadratic
polynomial ax2 + bx + c, a  0, are precisely the x-coordinates of the points
where the parabola representing y = ax2 + bx + c intersects the x-axis.
In fact, for any quadratic polynomial , a  0, the graph of the corresponding
equation has one of the two shapes either open upwards like or open
downwards like depending on whether a > 0 or a < 0. (These curves are
called parabolas.)
Based on information given Now answer the following questions
(1+2+1=4 Marks)

23 X-Maths
 (a) What is shape of this curved structure is known as ?
(b) Which coefficient of a quadratic polynomial decides that parabola will
be either open upwards or open downwards also Which coefficient of
polynomial a can never be zero ?
(c) If two zeroes of a polynomial have opposite signs which coefficient of
polynomial will become zero?
Question-02

40. The above picture is examples of parabolic shape which is represented by

a quadratic polynomial. A parabolic arch is an arch in the shape of a
parabola. In structures, their curve represents an efficient method of load, and
so can be found in bridges and in architecture in a variety of forms.Now
answer the following questions (1+2+1 marks)
(a) In the standard form of quadratic polynomial, ax2 + bx + c, a, b and
c are_ _ _ _ ( Real Numbers / Rational Numbers.)

1
(b) If  and are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 2x2 – x + 8k,

then find the value of k.
(c) The graph of y = x2 + 1 Intersects the x-axis at___________.( two distinct
point /Touches the x-axis at a point./ Neither touches nor intersects the x-axis)
Question-03
41. In Maths activity period, Roma’s Maths teacher told her to draw the graph of
a polynomial having at most two zeroes. She draws the graph as shown
below:

X-Maths 24
 O
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
y

Now answer the following questions (1+2+1 marks)

(a) Name the shape drawn by Roma.
(b) Write Coordinates of A and B these are also known as________.
(c) Find the Zeroes of the polynomial represented by the graph

ANSWERS
1 d 16 d 31 k=7
2 a 17 a 32
3 b 18 -1,-4 33 3/5
4 c 19 1/3 34 k=-2
5 a 20 a=-3/2 sum of zeroes= -4 35 x2-20x+96
6 d 21 3 36 -2,-1
7 d 22 x2-8x+12 37 -5/2,-1
8 a 23 x2-6x+4 38 3,5
9 a 24 K=5 39 a-parabola
b- coefficient of
x2
c- coefficient of
x
10 b 25 26 40 A- real number
B- k=1/4
C- neither touches nor intersect
2
11 a 26 4x -3x+1 41 a-parabola
b- A(-2,0), B(4,0), Zeroes
c- -2,-4
12 c 27 K=-7 42
13 b 28 P=-9, OTHER ROOT =-3/2 43
14 b 29 P=-6, OTHER ROOT = 1 44
15 c 30 M=9, K=15/2
25 X-Maths
Chapter Pair Of Linear Equations in Two Variables
03
KEY CONCEPTS

An equation of the form ax  by  c  0, where a, b, c are real nos. and

a 2  b 2  0 is called a linear equation in two variables x and y..
o Ex: (i) x-5y= 3 (ii) x-y = 1
The general form for a pair of linear equations in two variables x and y .
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Where a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 are all real numbers and a1  0, b10, a2 0,
b2 0. Examples
Graphical representation of a pair of linear equations in two variables:
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
• Will represent intersecting lines if -

a1 b1

az bz

i.e. unique solution. And these types of equations are called consistent pair
of linear equations.

Ex: x  2 y  0;3 x  4 y  20  0
• will represent overlapping or coincident lines if

a1 b1 c1
 
a2 b2 c2

i.e. Infinitely many solutions, consistent or dependent pair of linear equations

X-Maths 26
 Ex: 2 x  3 y  9  0; 4 x  6 y  18  0

The graph is Coincident lines,

• will represent parallel lines if

a1 b1 c1
 
az bz cz

i.e. no solution and called inconsistent pair of linear equations.

Ex: x  2 y  4  0; 2 x  4 y  12  0

Parallel lines, no solution.

• Algebraic methods of solving a pair of linear equations:
o Substitution method
o Elimination Method
o Cross multiplication method

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)

1 The pair of equations 5x – 15y = 8 and 3x – 9y = 24/5 has
(A) one solution (B) two solutions (C) infinitely many solutions (D) no solution
2 If a pair of linear equations is consistent, then the lines will be
(A) parallel (B) always coincident
(C) intersecting or coincident (D) always intersecting
3 The pair of equations y = 0 and y = –7 has
(A) one solution (B) two solutions (C) infinitely many solutions (D) no solution

27 X-Maths
4 One equation of a pair of dependent linear equations is –5x + 7y = 2. The
second equation can be
(A) 10x + 14y + 4 = 0
(B) –10x – 14y + 4 = 0
(C) –10x + 14y - 4 = 0
(D) 10x – 14y = –4
5 The point of intersection of line -3x + 7y = 3 with x-axis is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) -1 (D) 3/7
6 The number of solution(s) of the following system of linear equations x + 3y
– 4 = 0 and 2x + 6y =7 is/are –
(A) Unique Sol. (B) No Sol. (C) Infinite Many Sol. (D) None
7 If a pair of linear equations is consistent, then the lines will be:
(A) Parallel (B) Always coincident
(C) Intersecting or coincident (D) Always intersecting
8 If the lines given by
3x + 2ky = 2 AND 2x + 5y + 1 = 0 are parallel, then the value of k is
(A) 5/4 (B) 2/5 (C) 15/4 (D) 3/2
9 One equation of a pair of dependent linear equations is 5x + 7y + 2 = 0.
The second equation can be
(A) 10x + 14y + 4 = 0 (B) –10x – 14y + 4 = 0
(C) –10x + 14y + 4 =0 (D) 10x – 14y = –4
10 Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 6. If 8 is subtracted from each of the
numbers, the ratio becomes 4 : 5. Then the numbers are:
(A) 40, 42 (B) 42, 48 (C) 40, 48 (D) 44, 50
11 The solution of the equations x – y = 2 and x + y = 4 is:
(A) 3 and 5 (B) 5 and 3 (C) 3 and 1 (D) –1 and –3
12 The sum of prices of an box and a chair is Rs. 2340 and their difference
in price is Rs. 140. The algebraic representation of the situation is –
(A) x+y=2340 , x-y=140 (B) x-y=2340 , x+y=140
(C) x-y=2340, y-x=140 (D) x+y=2340, 2y-x=140

X-Maths 28
 ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)
DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is
followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
13 Assertion : The pair of equations 3x – 4y – 1 = 0 and 2x – 8/3y + 5 =
0 is inconsistent.
Reason : The pair of equations 3x – 4y – 1 = 0 and 2x – 8/3y + 5 = 0
has no solution.
14 Assertion : In the system of equations 3x + ky = 0 and 2x - y = 0, the value
of k is every real value except -1.5.
Reason : The pair of linear equations 3x + ky = 0 and 2x - y = 0 has a
unique solution.
15 Assertion : 3x - y + 7 = 0 and 7x + y = 3 are linear equations in two
variables x and y.
Reason : An equation is said to be linear equation in two variables if it is
written in the form of ax + by + c = 0, where a, b & c are real numbers
and the coefficients of x and y, i.e. a and b respectively, are not equal to
zero.
16 Assertion (A): If the pair of lines is consistent, then they are coincident or
intersecting.
Reason (R): If a pair of lines is consistent, then it has at least one solution.
17 Assertion (A): If two linear equations x - 3y = 4 & 4x - 12y = m are
dependent, then m = 16.
Reason (R): If a1/a2=b1/b2 = c1/c2, then the pair of equations is dependent.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

18 For the pair of equations  x + 3y = –7 , 2x + 6y = -14 to have infinitely
29 X-Maths
 many solutions, the value of  should be 1. Is the statement true? Give
reasons.
19 For all real values of c, the pair of equations x – 2y = 8 , 5x – 10y = c
have a unique solution. Justify whether it is true or false.
20 For which values of p and q, will the following pair of linear equations have
infinitely many solutions? 4x + 5y = 2 and (2p + 7q) x + (p + 8q) y = 2q
– p + 1.
21 For what value of k if the equations (k-3)x+3y=k and K (x + y) =12 has
infinite number of solutions.
22 Given linear equation 2x+3y – 8 = 0, write another linear equation such that
the geometrical representation of the pairs of lines are (i) intersecting lines,(ii)
Parallel Lines.
23 Solve the equation using the method of substitution: 3x – 5y = -1 and
x – y = - 1
24 If 51x+23y=116 and 23x+51y=106, then find the value of (x-y).
25 Find whether the lines representing the following pair of linear equations
intersect at a point, are parallel or coincident: 2x – 3y + 6 = 0 ;
4x – 5y + 2 = 0
26 For what value of k, the system of equations kx – 3y + 6 = 0,
4x – 6y + 15 = 0 represents parallel lines?
27 Find the fraction which becomes to 2/3 when the numerator is increased by
2 and equal to 4/7 when the denominator is increased by 4.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

28 Find the values of x and y in the following rectangle [see Fig.]

x+3y

3x+y 7

13

X-Maths 30
29 Write an equation of a line passing through the point representing solution
of the pair of linear equations x+y = 2 and 2x–y = 1. How many such lines
can we find?
30 If x+1 is a factor of 2x3 + ax2 + 2bx + 1, then find the values of a and
b given that 2a–3b = 4.
31 The angles of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD are A = (6x + 10)°, B =
(5x)° , C = (x + y)°, D = (3y – 10)° . Find x and y, and hence
the values of the four angles.
32 Solve the pair of linear equations : px + qy = p – q and
q x – py = p + q.
33 Find the value of K for which the system of linear equations 2x + 5y = 3,
(k+1)x + 2(k+2)y = 2 K will have infinite number of solutions.

34 Solve for x and y : x + y = a + b and ax – by = a 2  b 2

35 Solve 2 x + 3 y = 11 and 2 x – 4 y = -24, then find m for which

y = mx + 3.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

36 Draw the graphs of the pair of linear equations x – y + 2 = 0 and 4x –
y – 4 = 0. Calculate the area of the triangle formed by the lines so drawn
and the x-axis.
37 The age of the father is twice the sum of the ages of his two children. After
20 years, his age will be equal to the sum of the ages of his children. Find
the age of the father.
38 Solve Graphically x – y = –1 and 3x + 2y = 12. Calculate the area bounded
by these lines and the x- axis.
39 1. Students of a class are made to stand in rows. If one student is extra
in a row, there would be 2 rows less. If one student is less in a row there
would be 3 rows more. Find the number of the students in the class.
40 Solve for x and y : (a-b)x +(a +b)y = a2 - 2ab – b2 and (a+b)(x+y) =
a 2 + b2
41 5 years hence the age of Meena will be 3 times the age of her daughter.
A year ago age of Meena was 6 times the age of her daughter. Find their
present ages.
31 X-Maths
42 The difference of two numbers is 25. If one number is 6 times the other, find
the numbers.
43 The sum of two digit number and the number obtained by reversing the digits
is 66, if the digits differ by 2, find the number.

CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

(4 MARKS)
44 A pair of linear equations which has no solution, is called an inconsistent pair
of linear equations. A pair of linear equations in two variables, which has a
solution, is called a consistent pair of linear equations. A pair of linear
equations which are equivalent has infinitely many distinct common solutions.
Such a pair is called a dependent pair of linear equations in two variables.
A dependent pair of linear equations is always consistent.
Q (i): How many solution does a pair of linear equations 2x+3y=7 and 4x+6y=10
has?
Q (ii): A pair of linear equations in two variables, which has a solution, is called
a _______ pair of linear equations.
Q (iii): Check whether x+2y=4 and x+2y=6 are consistent or inconsistent.
45 Deepak bought 3 notebooks and 2 pens for Rs. 80. His friend Ram said that
price of each notebook could be Rs. 25. Then three notebooks would cost
Rs.75, the two pens would cost Rs.5 and each pen could be for Rs. 2.50.
Another friend Ajay felt that Rs. 2.50 for one pen was too little. It should be
at least Rs. 16. Then the price of each notebook would also be Rs.16.
Lohith also bought the same types of notebooks and pens as Aditya. He paid
110 for 4 notebooks and 3 pens.
Based on the above layout and situation, answer the following questions:
(i) Form the pair of linear equations in two variables from this situation.
(ii) Find whether the estimation of Ram and Ajay is applicable for Lohith?
(iii) Find the exact cost of the notebook and the pen?

OR
Find the total cost if they will purchase the same type of 15 notebooks
and 12 pens.
46 When I was travelling from New York to California, I met Yogi from Indian
origin and we talked a lot about the diversity of culture of that country. On
X-Maths 32
 my visit to India, I went to Kedaranath Shrine, India. I found the rents of
horses and Chopper (helicopter) to carry the pilgrims to from the foot of the
hill to shrine, which is on the mountain. . During one day the business has
a total of 25 rentals and collects $ 225 for the rentals. There was a board
of showing the cost of the ride
RIDE PRICE in $
Horse 5
Chopper (Helicopter) 10
Based on the above situation, answer the following questions:
(i) Form the pair of linear equations in two variables from this situation.
(ii) Find the number of horses rented and tourists travelled in helicopter
(chopper).
(iii) In the peak period on the demand, if the rental of horse is increased
by 3 times of the actual and rental for chopper (Helicopter) is 2 times
of the actual then how much the total rent collected for 75 travellers?
47 FINDING THE PASSWORD
Ruhi, Amisha and Ravi are friends. They share the same locker in school.
Ruhi said to them I forgot the password of the locker that we are using but
remember that it’s a 4 digit number and the digit in hundreds place is twice
the digit in thousands place. Amisha said sum of digits in tens and thousands
place is equal to difference of digits .In hundreds place and ones place and
is equal to 5. Ravi said I remember that digit in ones place is half of the
digit in tens place

Based on the above situation, answer the following questions:

(i) Below are three statements about the equations. Are the statements correct?
Circle “ YES “ or “ NO “ for each statement.

33 X-Maths
 Statement Is the statement correct ?
Ravi says the equations are YES / NO
x +y = 5 and
2x- y = 5
Amisha says its YES / NO
x + y = 5 and
2x – y = 10
Ruhi says its YES / NO
x + y = 5 and
4x – y = 10
(ii) Find the Password.
(iii) Amisha tells that the average of the digits of password is 3 times the
digit in ones place
Is she right? Justify your answer.

ANSWERS
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
ANS. C C D C B C C C A C Cx+y=2340 ,
x-y = 140
Q. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
ANS. A a a a a True False P = -1 K=6 --- x = -2
q = 2 y = -1 5/14

Q. 25 26 27
ANS. Intersect
at a
point K=2 28/45

X-Maths 34
 ANSWERS
28 x+3y=13 , 3x+y=7 ; x=1 and y=4
29 We can find Infinite such lines.
30 2(-1)3+a(-1)2+2b(-1)+1=0  a-2b=1 . Also 2a-3b=4. After solving a=5 , b=2
31 6x+10+x+y=180°  7x+y=170° and 5x+3y-10=180°  5x+3y=190° After
solving x=20 & y=30 A = 130°, B = 100° , C = 50°, D = 80°

32 pqx+q2y=pq-q2 y = -1 and x = 1
pqx-p2y=pq+p2
- + - - (p2+q2)y = - (p2+q2)

z 5
33  k 3
k  1 2k  4
34 ax+ay = a2 + ab y = b and x = a
ax-by = a2 - b2
- + - + (a+b)y = b (a+b)
35 x = -2 & y = 5 ; m = -1
36 The vertices of the required triangle are (–2, 0), (1, 0) and (2, 4). Area of
the triangle = 6 sq. units.
37 Let age of father = x & Sum of the ages of two children = y x = 2y and
x + 20 = y + 40 . After solving x = 40 , y = 20. Age of father = 40 years
39 Let no. of students in a row = x & No. of rows = y . Total no. of students
= xy (x+1)(y-2) = xy  -2x+y=2 and (x-1)(y+3) = xy  3x-y = 3
After solving x = 5 , y = 12. Total no. of students in class = 12×5 = 60

2ab
40 (a-b)x+(a+b)y = a2 -2ab - b2 x = (a+b) and y =
ab
(a+b)x+(a+b)y = a2 + b2
- - - - (a-b-a-b)x = -2b (a+b)
-2bx = -2b(a+b)

35 X-Maths
41 Let present age of Meena=x & daughter=y
X+5=3(y+5)  x=3y+10 After solving x=25 and y=5
x-1=6(y-1)  x=6y-5
42 Let two numbers are x & y where x > y
x – y =25 and x = 6y After solving x = 30 , y = 5
43 Let ones place digit = x & tens place digit = y ; Number = 10y+x No.
obtained by reversing the digits = 10x+y
10y+x+10x+y = 66  11x + 11y = 66  x+y = 6 ……..(1)
And x-y = 2 ……….(2) or y-x = 2 ………(3)
After solving (1) & (2) , x=4 , y = 2
After solving (1) & (3) , x=2 , y = 4
Required numbr = 24 or 42
44 (i) No Solution (ii) Consistent (iii) Inconsistent
45 (i) 3x + 2y = 80 and 4x + 3y = 110
(ii) Lohith should have paid Rs. 100 + Rs.7.50 = Rs.107.50 but he paid Rs.
110.Therefore, Ram’s estimation is wrong. Lohith should have paid Rs.64 +
Rs.48 = Rs.112 but this is more than the price he paid.
Therefore, Ajay’s estimation is also wrong.
(iii) Cost of 1 notebook = Rs. 20 and Cost of 1 pen = Rs. 10 OR Rs. 420
46 (i) Let x be the number of horses hired and y be the number of passengers
travelled in helicopter (chopper) then we have x + y = 25, 5x + 10y = 225
(ii) Number of horses rented = 5
Number of tourists travelled in helicopter (chopper) = 20
Number of horses rented = 5
Number of tourists travelled in helicopter (chopper) = 20
(iii) For horse riding rental = Rs. 15 x 75 = Rs. 1125
For helicopter rental = Rs. 20 x 75 = Rs. 1500
Total Rental = Rs. 2625.
X-Maths 36
47 (i) NO , NO , YES
(ii) Password (4-digit number) = 3621

3  6  2 1
(iii) Average = 3
4
3 times the digit in ones place = 3 x 1= 3

37 X-Maths
Chapter QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
4
KEY CONCEPTS
• The general form of a quadratic equation is a x2+b x + c=0, a  o. a, b
and c are real numbers.
• A real number  is said to be a root of quadratic equation
a x2 + b x + c = 0 where a  0 if a 2  b  c  0 . The zeroes of the
quadratic polynomial a x2 + b x + c and the roots of the corresponding
quadratic equation a x2 + b x+ c = 0 are the same.
• Discriminant: - The expression b2-4ac is called Discriminant of the equation
a x2+b x+ c=0 and is usually denoted by D. Thus Discriminant D=b2-4ac.
• Every quadratic equation has utmost two roots which may be real, coincident
or no real roots .

• IF  and  are the roots of the equation a x2+b x+ c=0 then

b  b 2  4ac b  b 2  4ac
 
2a 2a

b
• Sum of the roots Product of roots  
a

a
 
x
• Forming quadratic equation, when the roots  and  are given by

x 2  (   ) x   .  0
• Nature of roots of a x2+b x+ c=0
o If D> 0, then roots are real and unequal.
o D= 0, then the equation has equal and real roots.
o D< 0, then the equation has no real roots
• If D > 0 and D is a perfect square, then roots are rational and unequal.

X-Maths 38
 • If D> 0 and D is not a perfect square then roots are irrational and unequal.

• Irrational roots always occur in conjugate pairs. If 2+   is one of the roots

of the quadratic equation then other root is 2-   .

• If a. b > 0 then a > 0 and b >0 or a < 0 and b < 0 If a .b < 0 then
a > 0 and b < 0 or a < 0 and b>0

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)

2
(1) D is the discriminant of the equation x + 2x – 4, then 2D is:
(a) 20 (b) 40 (c) 60 (d) 80
(2) If the quadratic equation x2 – 2x + k = 0 has equal roots, then value of k is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
(3) Which of the following equations has 2 as a root?
(a) x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 (b) x2 + 3x – 12 = 0
(c) 2x2 – 7x + 6 = 0 (d) 3x2 – 6x – 2 = 0
(4) The roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 0.04 = 0 are
(a) ± 0.2 (b) ± 0.02 (c) 0.4 (d) 2
(5) The degree of quadratic equation is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 5
2
(6) The required solutions of 4x – 25x = 0 are
(a) x = 0, x = 12/7 (b) x = 0, x = 25/4
(c) x = 1, x = 5/9 (d) x = 1, x = 12/7
(7) For what value of k, the equation 9x2 – 24x + k = 0 has equal roots?
(a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 18 (d) 20
(8) The values of k for which the quadratic equation (k + 1)x2 + 2(k – 1)x +
(k – 2) = 0 has equal roots, is:
(a) k = 2 (b) k = 3 (c) k = 0 (d) None of these
(9) The value(s) of k for which the quadratic equation 2x2 + kx + 2 = 0 has equal
roots, is
(a) 4 (b) ± 4 (c) – 4 (d) 0

39 X-Maths
(10) The value(s) of k, for which the roots of the equation 3x2 + 2k + 27 = 0 are
real and equal are
(a) k = 9 (b) k = ± 9 (c) k = –9 (d) k = 0
(11) If one root of the equation (k - 1)x2 – 10x + 3 = 0 is the reciprocal of the
other, then the value of k is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(12) Which of the following quadratic equations has -1 as a root?
2 2
(a) x – 4x - 5 = 0 (b) x + 3x – 12 = 0
2 2
(c) 2x – 7x + 6 = 0 (d) 3x – 6x – 2 = 0

ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)

DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is
followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Question (1)
Assertion (A): The values of x are a/2 and -a for a quadratic equation
2x2 + ax – a2 = 0.

b  b 2  4ac
Reason (R): For quadratic equation ax  bx  c  0, x 
2

2a
Question (2)
Assertion (A): When the quadratic equation 6x 2 – x – 2 = 0 is factorised
, we get its roots as 2/3 and – 1/2 Reason (R): 6x2 – x – 2 = 0  2x
(3x – 2) + (3x – 2) = 0  (3x – 2) (2x + 1) = 0  x = 2/3 , - 1/2
Question (3)
2
Assertion (A): The equation x + 3x + 1 = (x – 2)2 is a quadratic equation.
2
Reason (R): Any equation of the form ax + bx + c = 0 where a is not
equal to 0, is a quadratic equation.
X-Maths 40
Question (4)
Assertion (A): (2x – 1)2 – 4x2 + 5 = 0 is not a quadratic equation.
Reason (R): x = 0, 3 are the roots of the equation 2x2 – 6x = 0.
Question (5)
Assertion (A): (x+2)2-x2 = 0 is not a quadratic equation.
Reason (R): Degree of the quadratic equation is 1.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
1. The product of two consecutive odd numbers is 63.Find the numbers.
2. If D > 0, then write the roots of a quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0
3. Find the Discriminant of : x2+ 5x+ 5 = 0
2
4. Find the sum of roots of a quadratic equation x + 4x- 32 = 0
5. Find the product of the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + 7x – 4 = 0
6. Find the values of K for which the equation 9x2 + 2kx +1 = 0 have real roots.
7. Find the value of K if the equation x2 - 2(k+1)x + 1 = 0 has equal roots.
8. For what value of k, x = a is a solution of equation x2 -(a+ b)x+ k=0?
9. Represent the situation in the form of Quadratic equation: The Product of
Raman’s age (in years) 5 years ago with his age 9 years later is 15. Solve
it also.
10. Find the roots of x2 - 3x -10 = 0
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
1. In a class test , the sum of Sealy’s marks in math’s and English is 30. Had
she got 2 marks more in math’s and 3 marks less in English, the product
of their marks would have been 210. Find her marks in the two subjects.
2. A two digit number is such that the product of its digit is 35.When18 is added
to the number, the digits interchange the places. Find the number.
3. Solve the equation 2x2 – 5 x + 3= 0 by factorisation.
4. Using quadratic formula, solve the equation: p2 x2 + (p2– q2 ) x – q2 = 0
5. 300 apples are distributed equally among a certain number of student’s .Had
41 X-Maths
 there been 10 more Students, each would have received one apple less. Find
the number of students.
6. Find the roots of Quadratic equation 16x2–6x –1= 0 by using the quadratic
formula.
7. Find the Discriminant of the Quadratic equation 2x2 -4x+3=0and hence find
the nature of its roots.
8. Solve 3x2 -23x-110 = 0

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

1. Find the value of ‘p’ so that the equation 3x2 – 5x – 2p = 0has equal roots.
Also find the roots.
2. The sum of two numbers is15.If the sum of their reciprocals is 3/10 . Find
the two numbers.

3. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 +   and 2 -   .

4. A person on tour hasRs.360 for his daily expenses. If he exceeds his tour
Programme by four days, he must cut down his daily expenses, by Rs 3 per
day. Find the number of days of his tour Programme.
5. Divide29 into two parts so that the sum of squares of the parts is 425.
6. Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m2. If the difference of their
perimeters is 24 m, find the sides of the two squares.
7. If the equation (1 + m2 ) x2 – 2mcx – c2 – a2 = 0 has equal roots. Show
that c2 = a2 (1 + m2 ).
8. If the price of petrol is increased by Rs.2 per litre, a person had to buy 1
litre less petrol for Rs.1740. Find the Original price of the petrol at that time.
a) Why do you think the price of petrol is increasing day by day?
b) What should we do to save petrol?

CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

(4 MARKS)
Q1. Raj and Ajay are very close friends. Both the families decide to go to
Ranikhet by their own cars. Raj’s car travels at a speed of x km/h while Ajay’s
car travels 5 km/h faster than Raj’s car. Raj took 4 hours more than Ajay to
complete the journey of 400 km.
X-Maths 42
1. What will be the distance covered by Ajay’s car in two hours? [1]
2. What is the quadratic equations describes the speed of Raj’s car? [2]
3. Find the roots of the quadratic equation which describe the speed of Raj’s
car. [1]

400 400
ANSWER: HINT :  1
x x5
Q2. A motorboat, speedboat or powerboat is a boat that is exclusively powered by
an engine. Some motorboats are fitted with inboard engines, others have an
outboard motor installed on the rear, containing the internal combustion engine,
the gearbox and the propeller in one portable unit .Geet is driving a motor
boat. The speed of a motor boat is 20 km/hr. For covering the distance of
15 km the boat took 1 hour more for upstream than downstream.
1. Find the quadratic equation for the speed of the stream? [1]
2. What is the speed of stream? [2]
3. How much time boat took in downstream? [1]

15 15
ANSWER: HINT :  1
20  x 20  x
Q3. Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main
intention is to increase physical fitness with less stress on the body than from
faster running but more than walking, or to maintain a steady speed for longer
periods of time .Rajesh wants to design a rectangular park of perimeter 80m
and area 400m2 for jogging and morning walk for the people of his colony.
1. Find the quadratic equation for the given situation? [1]
2. Find the length and breadth of the rectangle. [2]
3. What is the special name of the rectangular park. [1]
ANSWER: L= 20 m , B=20 m
Q4. Raghav wants to purchase a plot. The area of a rectangular plot is 528 m2.
The length of the plot (in metres) is one more than twice its breadth.
1. If its breadth is x m , find its length. [1]
2. Find the quadratic equation for the given situation? [2]
3. Find the length and breadth of the rectangle. [1]

43 X-Maths
ANSWER: HINT: 2x2+x-528=0

ANSWERS
MCQ ASSER & VSA SA LA
RES
1. B 1. A 1. 7,9 HINT: (x+2)(27-x)=210 1. p = -25/24
2. A 2. A 2. USE FORMULA 2. 57 2. 5 , 10
3. C 3. D 3. 5 3. 1 , 3/2 3. x2-4x+1=0

360
4. A 4. B 4. -4 4. -1 , q2/p2 4.HINT :
x

360
5. C 5. C 5. -2 5. 50 3
x4
6. B 6. >±3 6. HINT: D=100 5.HINT : x 2 

7. B 7. 0, -2 7. D=-8 , NO REAL ROOTS (29-x)2=425

8. B 8. ab 8. 11 , -10/3 6.HINT:4x-4y=24

9. B 9. -10 , 6 x 2  y 2  468
10. B 10. 5 , -2 7.HINT:PUT D=0

1740 1740
11. D 8. HINT:  1
x x2
12. A

X-Maths 44
Chapter
5 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
KEY CONCEPTS
• An AP is a list of number in which difference of a term to its
preceding term is always constant. The constant is called common
difference (d) of AP. d  an1  an
• If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common difference of an AP, then
the AP is a, a + d, a+2d, a+3d…..
• The nth term of an AP is denoted by an
An= a+ (n-1) d
Where a=first term and d= common difference n= number of term
• nth term from the end an’=l - (n-1)d Where l=last term
• Various terms in an AP can be chosen in following manner.
No. of Terms common
terms
3 a-d ,a ,a+ d d
4 a-3d,a-d,a+d,a+3d 2d
5 a-2d,a-d,a,a+d,a+2d d
• Sum of first n natural number is : n(n+1)/2
• The sum of n terms of an AP with first term a and common
difference d is represented as : sn

• Sn  n / 2[2a   n  1 d ]  n / 2[a  1]

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)

(1) In an AP, if d = – 4, n = 7, an = 4, then a is
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 20 (d) 28
(2) The n th term of the AP: a, 3a, 5a, …is
(a) na (b) (2n – 1)a (c) (2n + 1)a (d) 2na
(3) The first term of an AP is p and the common difference is q, then its 10th
term is

45 X-Maths
 (a) q + 9p (b) p – 9q (c) p + 9q (d) 2p + 9p
(4) If 54, a, 2 are three consecutive terms of an AP, then the value of a is
(a) 25 (b) 27 (c) 57 (d) 28
(5) If an = 5n – 4 is a sequence, then a12 is
(a) 48 (b) 52 (c) 56 (d) 62
(6) If an = 3n – 2, then the value of a7 + a8 is
(a) 39 (b) 41 (c) 47 (d) 53
(7) The sum of first five terms of the AP: 3, 7, 11, 15, ... is:
(a) 44 (b) 55 (c) 22 (d) 11
(8) If the first term of an AP is 1 and the common difference is 2, then the sum
of first 26 terms is
(a) 484 (b) 576 (c) 676 (d) 625
(9) If the sum to n terms of an AP is 3n2 + 4n, then the common difference
of the AP is
(a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 6
(10) If a, b, c are in AP then ab + bc =
(a) b (b) b2 (c) 2b2 (d) 1 b
(11) The sum of all natural numbers which are less than 100 and divisible by 6
is
(a) 412 (b) 510 (c) 672 (d) 816
(12) .Find the common difference of an AP whose first term is 5 and the sum of
its first four terms is half the sum of the next four terms.
(a) d=2 (b) d=1 (c) d=6 (d) d=8

ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)

DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is
followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
X-Maths 46
 (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
(1) Assertion (A): Sum of the first 10 terms of the arithmetic progression –0.5,
–1.0, –1.5 ,... is 27.5.
Reason (R): Sum of first n terms of an AP is given as Sn = n/2 [2a + (n
– 1)d] where a = first term, d = common difference.
(2) Assertion (A): The sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by Sn = 3n2
– 4n. Then its n th term, an = 6n – 7.
Reason (R): n th term of an AP, whose sum of n terms is Sn, is given by
an = Sn – Sn–1.
(3) Assertion (A): Sum of first hundred even natural numbers divisible by 5 is
500.
Reason (R): Sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by Sn = n/2 [a +
l] where l = last term.
(4) Assertion (A): Common difference of the AP: –5, –1, 3, 7, ... is 4.
Reason (R): Common difference of the AP : a, a + d, a + 2d, ... is given
by d = 2nd term – 1st term.
(5) Assertion (A): If n th term of an AP is 7 – 4n, then its common difference
is – 4.

Reason (R): Common difference of an AP is given by d = an1  an .

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. Find the sum of first 8 multiples of 3.
2. Find the number of terms of the AP: 54, 51, 48, ... so that their sum is 513.
3. In an AP, the first term is –4, the last term is 29 and the sum of all its terms
is 150. Find its common difference.
4. Find the sum of all three digit natural numbers, which are multiples of 11.
5. The first and the last terms of an AP are 8 and 65 respectively. If sum of
all its terms is 730, find its common difference.
6. The sum of the first n terms of an AP is 4n2 + 2n. Find the n th term of
this AP.

47 X-Maths
7. How many terms of the AP: 18, 16, 14, ... be taken so that their sum is zero?
8. In an AP, if S5 + S7 = 167 and S10 = 235, then find the AP, where Sn
denotes the sum of its first n terms.
9. The sum of first n terms of an AP is given by Sn = 2n2 + 3n. Find the
sixteenth term of the AP.
10. How many multiples of 4 lie between 10 and 250? Also find their sum.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

1. Find the sum of first n terms of an AP whose n th term is 5n – 1. Hence
find the sum of first 20 terms.
2. The sum of first six terms of an AP is 42. The ratio of its 10th term to its
30th term is 1 : 3. Calculate the first and the thirteenth terms of the AP.
3. Find the sum of all multiples of 7 lying between 500 and 900.
4. In an AP, if the 6th and 13th terms are 35 and 70 respectively, find the sum
of its first 20 terms.
5. The sum of the 2nd and the 7th terms of an AP is 30. If its 15th term is
1 less than twice its 8th term, find the AP.
6. If the ratio of the sum of first n terms of two AP’s is (7n + 1) : (4n + 27),
find the ratio of their m th terms.
7. The digits of a positive number of three digits are in AP and their sum is
15. The number obtained by reversing the digits is 594 less than the original
number. Find the number.
8. How many three-digit numbers are divisible by 7? Also find their sum.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

1. The sum of the first three numbers in an arithmetic progression is 18. If the
product of the first and the third terms is 5 times the common difference, find
the three numbers.
2. The first and the last term of an AP are 8 and 350 respectively. If its common
difference is 9, how many terms are there and what is their sum?
3. The ratio of the 11th term to the 18th term of an AP is 2 : 3. Find the ratio
of the 5th term to the 21st term, and also the ratio of the sum of the first
five terms to the sum of the first 21 terms.
X-Maths 48
5. The sum of the first five terms of an AP is 55 and sum of the first ten terms
of this AP is 235, find the sum of its first 20 terms.
6. If the sum of first 14 terms of an AP is 1050 and its first term is 10, find
the 20th term.
7. The first term of an AP is 5, the last term is 45 and sum is 400. Find the
number of terms and the common difference.
8. How many terms of the AP: 24, 21, 18, ... must be taken so that their sum
is 78?

CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

(4 MARKS)
Q1. Your elder brother wants to buy a car and plans to take loan from a bank
for his car. He repays his total loan of rs 1,18,000 by paying every month
starting with the first instalment of rs 1000. If he increases the instalment by
rs 100 every month , answer the following:
1. Find the amount paid by him in 30th installment . [1]
2. Find the total amount paid by him upto 30 installments. [2]
3. What amount does he still have to pay after 30th installment? [1]
Q2. Pollution—A Major Problem: One of the major serious problems that the world
is facing today is the environmental pollution. Common types of pollution
include light, noise, water and air pollution. In a school, students thoughts of
planting trees in and around the school to reduce noise pollution and air
pollution. It was decided that the number of trees that each section of each
class will plant be the same as the class in which they are studying, e.g. a
section of class I will plant 1 tree a section of class II will plant 2 trees and
so on a section of class XII will plant 12 trees.
1. If there are two sections of each class, then find the AP. [1]
2. If there are two sections of each class, how many trees will be planted
by the students? [2]
3. If there are three sections of each class, how many trees will be
planted by the students? [1]
Q3. Your friend Veer wants to participate in a 200 m race. Presently, he can run
200 m in 51 seconds and during each day practice it takes him 2 seconds
less. He wants to do in 31 seconds.

49 X-Maths
1. Find the 10th term of the given AP. [1]
2. What is the number of days he needs to practice till his goal is achieved?[2]
3. Find the value of x, for which 2x, x + 10, 3x + 2 are three consecutive terms
of an AP. [1]
Q4. India is competitive manufacturing location due to the low cost of manpower
and strong technical and engineering capabilities contributing to higher quality
production runs. The production of TV sets in a factory increases uniformly
by a fixed number every year. It produced 16000 sets in 6th year and 22600
in 9th year.
1 . Find the production during 8th year. [1]
2 . Find the production during first 3 years. [2]
3. In which year, the production is 29,200? [1]
ANSWERS
1) 108
2)- 19,18
3)- 12
4)- 44550
5)- 3
6)- 8n-2
7)- 19
8)- 1,6,11,16..
9)- 65
10)- 60, 7800
SAT Short Answer Type Questions
1)- n(3+5n)/2, 1030
2)- 2,26
3)- 39900
4)- 1150
5)- 1,5,9,13..
6)- (14m-6)/(8m+23)
7)- 852
8)- 128,70336
X-Maths 50
LAT Long Answer Type Questions
1)- 2,6,10
2)- 39,681
3)- a5:a21=1:3
S5:S21= 5:49
5)- 970
6)-200
7)- n=16, d=8/3
8)- 13,4
CSB Case Study Based Questions
1)-
1)-3900
2)-73500
3)-44500
2)-
1)-2,4,6,8
2)-156
3)-234
3)-
1)-33
2)-11
3)-6
4)-
1)-20400
2)-21600
3)-12 years

51 X-Maths
Chapter Triangles
06
Similarity of Triangles:
Two triangles are said to be similar, if
a.Their respective angles are equal and
b.Their corresponding sides are in the same proportion.
Criterion of similarity:
In  ABC and  PQR, if

a. If A  P , B  Q , C  Rand

b. If AB/CQ=BC/QR=CA/RP, then the two triangles will be termed as similar.

SSS Criterion of Similarity:
If the sides of one triangle are proportional to (that is, in the same ratio as)
the sides of the second triangle, their corresponding angles are equal, and
the two triangles are comparable.
For two triangles, this criteria is known as the SSS (Side-Side-Side) similarity
criterion.
This theorem may be shown by taking two triangles and arranging them in
such a way that
AB/PQ=BC/QR=CA/RP
SAS Criterion of Similarity:
The triangles are comparable if one of their angles is equal to one of the
other triangle’s angles, and the sides that include these angles are
proportionate.
For two triangles, this criteria is known as the SAS (Side-Angle-Side) similarity
criterion.
This theorem may be proved, as previously, by selecting two triangles and
X-Maths 52
 arranging them in such a way that AB/PQ=AC/PR) and A  P
AA Criterion of Similarity:
If any two angles of a triangle are equal to any two angles of another triangle,
then the two triangles are similar to each other. This criteria is known as the
AA (Angle-Angle) similarity criterion.
Basic Proportionality Theorem
Basic Proportionality Theorem was first stated by Thales, a Greek
mathematician. Hence it is also known as Thales Theorem.
Basic Proportionality Theorem (can be abbreviated as BPT) states that, If a
line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting the other two
sides in distinct points, then the other two sides are divided in the same
ratio.

A
G F

D E

B C

In the figure alongside, if we consider DE is parallel to BC, then according

to the theorem,
AD/BD=AE/CE
PROOF OF BPT
Given: In  ABC, DE is parallel to BC

LineDE intersects sides AB and AC in points D and E respectively.

To Prove: ADBD=AECE
Construction: Draw EF  AD and DG  AE and join the segments BE and CD.

Proof: Area of Triangle= ½ × base × height

In  ADE and  BDE,

53 X-Maths
 Ar(ADE)/Ar(DBE)=(1/2×AD×EF)/(1/2×DB×EF)=AD/DB(1)
In  ADE and  CDE,

Ar(ADE)/Ar(ECD)=(1/2×AE×DG)/(1/2×EC×DG)=AE/EC(2)
Note that  DBE and  ECD have a common base DE and lie between the
same parallels DE and BC. Also, we know that triangles having the same base
and lying between the same parallels are equal in area.
So, we can say that
Ar(  DBE) =Ar(  ECD)

Therefore,
Ar(  ADE)/Ar(  BDE) = Ar(  ADE)/Ar(  CDE)

Therefore,
AD/BD=AE/CE
Hence Proved.
The BPT also has a converse which states, if a line divides any two sides of
a triangle in the same ratio then the line is parallel to the third side

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)

Q1. Rashi of height 135 cm is walking away from the base of a lamp post at a
speed of 1.2 m/s. If the lamp is 3.6 m above the ground. What will be the
length of her shadow after 4 seconds?
a) 1.44 m
b) 2.80 m
c) 2.88 m
d) 1.35 m

Q2. D and E are the midpoints of side AB and AC of a triangle ABC, respectively
and BC = 6 cm. If DE || BC, then the length (in cm) of DE is:
(a) 2.5
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 6
X-Maths 54
Q3. If triangles ABC and DEF are similar and AB=4 cm, DE=6 cm, EF=9 cm and
FD=12 cm, the perimeter of triangle is:
(a) 22 cm
(b) 20 cm
(c) 21 cm
(d) 18 cm
Q4. If ABC and DEF are two triangles and AB/DE=BC/FD, then the two triangles
are similar if
(a) A  F
(b) B  D
(c) A  D
(d) B  E
Q5. Which of the following are not similar figures?
(a) Circles
(b) Squares
(c) Equilateral triangles
(d) Isosceles triangles
Q6. If in two triangles ABC and PQR, AB/QR = BC/PR = CA/PQ, then
(a)  PQR ~  CAB
(b)  PQR ~  ABC
(c)  CBA ~  PQR
(d)  BCA ~  PQR

Q7. In triangles ABC and DEF, B  E , F  C and AB = 3 DE. Then,

the two triangles are
(a) congruent but not similar
(b) similar but not congruent
(c) neither congruent nor similar
(d) congruent as well as similar
Q8. It is given that  ABC ~  DFE, A = 30°, C = 50°, AB = 5 cm,
AC = 8 cm and DF = 7.5 cm. Then, the following is true:

55 X-Maths
 (a) DE = 12 cm, F = 50°
(b) DE = 12 cm, F = 100°
(c) EF = 12 cm, D = 100°
(d) EF = 12 cm, D = 30°
Q9. Which of the following is not a similarity criterion for two triangles?
(a) AAA
(b) SAS
(c) SSS
(d) ASA
Q10. If triangle ABC is similar to triangle DEF, then,
(a) AB/FD = BC/EF = CA/DE
(b) AB/DE = BC/DF = CA/EF
(c) AB/DE = BC/EF = CA/FD
(d) AB/BC = CA/DE = EF/FD
Q11. D and E are respectively the points on the sides AB and AC of a triangle
ABC such that AD = 2 cm, BD = 3 cm, BC = 7.5 cm and DE || BC. Then,
length of DE (in cm) is
(a) 2.5cm
(b) 3cm
(c) 5cm
(d) 6cm
Q12. If in two As ABC and DEF, ABDF=BCFE=CAED, then
(a)  ABC ~  DEF
(b)  ABC ~  EDF
(c)  ABC ~  EFD
(d)  ABC ~  DFE

ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed
by a statement of Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
X-Maths 56
 (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
Q1. Assertion (A): If  ABC and  PQR are congruent triangles, then they are
also similar triangles.
Reason (R): All congruent triangles are similar but the similar triangles need
not be congruent.
Q2. Assertion (A): If in the triangles  ABC and  GHI, AB/GH=BC/HI=CA/IG,,
then  ABC ~  GHI.

Reason (R): If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then
they are similar.
Q3. Assertion (A): In the given figure, PA || QB || RC || SD.
Reason (R): If three or more line segments are perpendiculars to one line,
then they are parallel to each other.

R S
Q
P

A B C D

Q4. Assertion (A): In  ABC , DE|| BC such that AD = (7x - 4)cm, AE = (5 -

2)cm, DB = (3 + 4) cm and EC = 3 cm than x equal to 5.
Reason (R): If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect
the other two sides in distinct points, than the other two sides are divided in
the same ratio.
Q5. Assertion (A): The diagonal of a trapezium divides each other in same ratio.
Reason (R): This can be proved using SAS similarity criterion.

VERY SHORT ANSWER (2 MARKS)

Q1. A vertical pole of length 6 m casts a shadow 4 m long on the ground and
at the same time a tower casts a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the
tower

57 X-Maths
Q2. Two right triangles ABC and DBC are drawn on the same hypotenuse BC and
on the same side of BC. If AC and BD intersect at P, prove that
AP × PC = BP × DP.
Q3. If in the given figure, DE || BC, then find EC

A
m
4c 2.4 cm
D E
m
7c

B C

Q4. In the given figure, DE || BC. Find xy DE || BC

A
a
D x 1
E
b
y
B C
1

Q5. In the given figure, MN || QR. If PM = x cm, MQ = 10 cm, PN = (x – 2)

cm, NR = 6 cm, then find x.

x x-2

M N

0cm 6 cm
1
Q R

Q6. In the given figure, D  E and AD/DB=AE/EC prove that  BAC is an

isosceles triangle.

D E

B C
X-Maths 58
Q7. In the given figure, PA, QB, RC and SD are all perpendiculars to a line l,
AB = 6 cm, BC = 9 cm, CD = 12 cm and SP = 36 cm. Find PQ, QR and
RS.

R S
Q
P

A B C D

Q8. In  ABC, D and E are points on sides AB and AC respectively such that DE
|| BC and AD: DB = 3:1. If EA = 6.6 cm then find AC.
Q9. In the given figure. if LM || CB and LN || CD, prove that AM/AB=AN/AD

M
L
A C
N

Q10. In the given figure, prove that AD = BE if A  B and DE || AB

D E

A B

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

Q1. In the given figure, PS/SQ = PT/TR and PST  PRQ . Prove that PQR
is an isosceles triangle.

S T

Q R
59 X-Maths
Q2. In the figure, if PQ || RS, prove that  POQ ~  SOR.

R
P
O
Q S

Q3. Diagonals AC and BD of a trapezium ABCD with AB || DC intersect each

other at the point O. Using a similarity criterion for two triangles, show that
OA/OC = OB/OD.
Q4. P is the mid-point of side BC of AABC, Q is the mid-point of AP, BQ when
produced meets AC at L. Prove that AL = 1/3 AC.
Q5. The perimeters of two similar triangles are 25 cm and 15 cm respectively. If
one side of the first triangle is 9 cm, find the length of the corresponding
side of the second triangle.
Q6. If one diagonal of a trapezium divides the other diagonal in the ratio 1 : 2.
Prove that one of the parallel sides is double the other.
Q7. In the given figure, DE || AC and DF || AE. Prove that BF/FE = BE/EC.

B F E C

Q8. In the given figure,  ABC and  XYZ are shown. If AB = 3 cm, BC = 6 cm,
AC = 2   cm, A = 80°, B = 60°, XY = 4   cm, YZ = 12 cm and
XZ = 6 cm, then find similarity and the value of Y

A X
80º 2
cm

3
6
m

cm
cm
3c

43

60º
B C
6 cm Y 12 cm Z

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

Q1. If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two
X-Maths 60
 sides in distinct points, then prove that the other two sides are divided in the
same ratio.
In the figure, DE || BC. Find the length of side AD, given that AE = 1.8 cm,
BD = 7.2 cm and CE = 5.4 cm.

A
1.8 cm
D E
7.2 cm
5.4 cm
B
C

Q2. In the given figure, altitudes AD and CE of  ABC intersect each other at
the point P. Show that:
(i)  AEP ~  CDP (ii)  ABD ~  CBE
(iii)  AEP ~  ADB (iv)  PDC ~  BEC

D
P

A E B

Q3. In the given figure, ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC, D and E are points
on the sides AB and AC respectively, such that AD = AE. Show that the
points B, C, E and D are concylic

D E

B C

Q4. In the given figure, 1  3, 2  4 , DE = 4 units, CE = x + 1, AE =

2x + 4 and BE = 4x – 2. Find x.

D C
2 1

E
3 4
A B

61 X-Maths
Q5. ABCD is a trapezium with AB || DC. E and F are points on non-parallel sides
AD and BC respectively such that EF is parallel to AB (see figure). Show
that AE/ED=BF/FC.

Q6. In the given figure M  N = 46°, express x in terms of a, b and c,

where a, b and c are lengths of LM, MN and NK respectively.

Q7. In the given figure, AB || DE and BD || EF. Prove that DC2 = CF x AC

F
D
E
.

A B

Q8.  ABC ~  PQR. AD is the median to BC and PM is the median to QR. Prove
that ABPQ=ADPM.
Hint

P
A

1 2
B D C Q M R

X-Maths 62
 In given figure, EB  AC, BG  AE and CF  AE.

Prove that:
(a)  ABG ~  DCB

(b) BC/BD=BE/BA

' Hint:

E
F
G

2 D

3
1 6 54
A B C

Given: EB  AC, BG  AE and CF  AE.

To prove: (a)  ABG –  DCB,

(b) BCBD=BEBA
Proof: (a) In  ABG and  DCB,

2  5 … [each 90°
6  4 … [corresponding angles
 ABG ~  DCB … [By AA similarity
(Hence Proved)

1  3 …(CPCT … [In ~  s, corresponding angles are equal

(b) In  ABE and  DBC,

63 X-Maths
 1  3 …(proved above
ABE  5 … [each is 90°, EB  AC (Given)
 ABE ~  DBC …
[By AA similarity
BCBD=BEBA …
[In ~  s, corresponding sides are proportional

 BC/BD=BE/BA (Hence Proved)

CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS
(4 MARKS)
Case Study 1:

Vijay's House Tower Ajay's House

Height of tower
Vijay is trying to find the average height of a tower near his house. He is
using the properties of similar triangles.The height of Vijay’s house if 20m
when Vijay’s house casts a shadow 10m long on the ground. At the same
time, the tower casts a shadow 50m long on the ground and the house of
Ajay casts 20m shadow on the ground.
Q1. What is the height of the tower? (1)
Q2. What will be the length of the shadow of the tower when Vijay’s house casts
a shadow of 12m? (1)
Q3. When the tower casts a shadow of 40m, same time what will be the length
of the shadow of Ajay’s house? (2)
Case Study2:
X-Maths 64
Scale Factor
A scale drawing of an object is the same shape at the object but a different
size. The scale of a drawing is a comparison of the length used on a drawing
to the length it represents. The scale is written as a ratio. The ratio of two
corresponding sides in similar figures is called the scale factor
Scale factor= length in image / corresponding length in object
If one shape can become another using revising, then the shapes are similar.
Hence, two shapes are similar when one can become the other after a resize,
flip, slide or turn. In the photograph below showing the side view of a train
engine. Scale factor is 1:200

This means that a length of 1 cm on the photograph above corresponds to

a length of 200cm or 2 m, of the actual engine. The scale can also be written
as the ratio of two lengths.
Q1. If the length of the model is 11cm, then the overall length of the engine in
the photograph above, including the couplings (mechanism used to connect)
is. (1)
Q2. What is the actual width of the door if the width of the door in photograph
is 0.35cm?
Q3. If two similar triangles have a scale factor 5:3 which statement regarding the
two triangles is true? (2)
Case Study3:
Arranging pieces
In a classroom, students were playing with some cardboard pieces. All of a

65 X-Maths
 sudden teacher enters the class, and asks students to arrange all the pieces.

x cm

B C
3cm
4 cm

E
D 6cm

On seeing the image, she observed that  ADE is right angled triangle, which
contains right  ABC.

After observation, she asks certain questions from students.

Q1. If ABC  90 and B, C are mid points of sides AD and AE respectively
and BC // DE, then prove that: (2)
(i)  ABC ~  ADE
(ii) AB/AD = AC/AE
Q2. Which similarity criteria is used here to prove  ABC ~  ADE.

and which theorem is used to prove AB/BD = AC/CE. (1)

Q3. Find the length of AB(x) in the given figure. (1)
Case Study4:
Pyramid Attic
Here you see a cottage of Island which is in the shape of pyramid:

X-Maths 66
 Below is the student’s mathematical model of cottage roof with measurements
added (1)

G 14m
H a

E F

D C
N M

K L 14m

A 14m B

The attic floor, ABCD in the model is a square. The beams that support the
roof are the edges of block (rectangular prism) FGHKLMN. E is the middle
of AT, F is the middle of BT, G is the middle of CT and H is the middle of
DT. All the edges of the pyramid in the model have length 14 m.
Q1. Find the area of the attic floor ABCD. (1)
Q2. Ratio of the side TE to TA. (1)
Q3. What is the length of EF? Which theorem is applied to calculate EF? (2)
Case study5:
A Frame House
A frame-house is a house constructed from a wooden skeleton, typically
covered with timber board. The concept of similar triangles is used to construct
it. Look at the following picture:

D
P

B
Q R
House (i) House (ii)

67 X-Maths
 Refer to House (i)
Q1. The front view of house (i) is shown below in which point P on AB is joined
with point Q

x x-2

P Q
10m 6m

B C

If PQ || BC, AP = x m PB = 10 m. AQ = (x – 2) m, QC = 6 m, then find

the value of x. (2)
Q2. The side view of house (i) is shown below in which point F on AC is joined
with point G on DE. (1)

If ACED is a trapezium with AD || CE, F and G are points on non-parallel

sides AC and DE respectively such that FG is parallel to AD, then, AF/FC=
Q3. The front view of house (ii) is shown below in which point S on PQ is joined
with point T on PR. PS/QS=PT/TR and PST  70 QPR  50 then find
the angle QRP . (1)

ANSWERS
X-Maths 68
MCQ Answers (1 Marks)
Q1) (c) 2.88 m Q2) (b) 3 Q3) (d) 18 cm Q4) (b) B  D Q5) (d) Isosceles
triangles Q6) (a)  PQR ~  CAB Q7) (b) similar but not congruent Q8) (b)
DE = 12 cm, F = 100° Q9) (d) ASA Q10) (c) AB/DE = BC/EF = CA/
FD Q11) (b)3cm Q12) (d)  ABC ~  DFE

Assertion and Reason Answers (1 Marks)

Q1) (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
Q2) (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
Q3) (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
Q4) (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
Q5) (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
Very Short Answers (2 Marks)
Q1) 42cm Q3) 4.2cm Q4) a/(a+b) Q5) x = 5cm Q7) PQ = 8cm, QR = 12cm, RS
= 16cm Q8) 8.8 cm.
Short Answers (3 Marks)
Q5) 5.4cm Q8)  ACB ~  XYZ. Y = 40°
Long Answers (5 Marks)
Q1) 2.4 cm Q4) x = 3 units Q6) x = ac/(b+c)
Case Study Answers
Case Study 1: Q1. 100m Q2. 60m Q3. 16
Case study 2: Q1. 22m Q2. 0.7m Q3. Their altitudes have a ratio 25:15.
Case study 3: Q1. Correct prove Q2. AA criterion and BPT Q3. 4cm.

Case study 4: Q1. 196 m 2 Q2. 1:2 Q3. 7 m, MPT or BPT..

Case study 5: Q1. 5m. Q2. DG/GE Q3. 60°.

69 X-Maths
 CHAPTER 07
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Distance Formula
• the distance between the points A( x1, y1) and B( x1, y1) is

AB  d  x2 – x1 ) 2  ( y2 – y1 ) 2
o the distance of a point A( x, y ) from the origin O(0, 0) is given by

OA  x 2  y 2

Section Formula - the coordinates of point R(x, y) which divides the two points
P(x1, y1) and Q(x|1, y1) internally in the ratio m1 :m2 are

• Mid - point Formula – Coordinates of midpoint R of the join of the points

P ( x1 . y1 ) )and Q ( x1 , y1 ) are

 x  x y  y2 
R 1 2 , 1 
 2 2 

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)

1 If the distance between the points (2, –2) and (–1, x) is 5, one of the values
of x is
(A) –2 (B) 2
(C) –1 (D) 1
2 The points A (9, 0), B (9, 6), C (–9, 6) and D (–9, 0) are the vertices of
a
(A) square (B) rectangle
(C) rhombus (D) trapezium
3 The distance of the point P (2, 3) from the x-axis is
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 1 (D) 5
4 The distance of the point P (–6, 8) from the origin is

X-Maths 70
 (A) 8 (B) 2 7
(C) 10 (D) 6
5 AOBC is a rectangle whose three vertices are vertices A (0, 3),O (0, 0)
and B (5, 0). The length of its diagonal is
(A) 5 (B) 3
(C) 34 (D) 4

6 The perimeter of a triangle with vertices (0, 4), (0, 0) and (3, 0) is
(A) 5 (B) 12
(C) 11 (D) 7+ 5

7 The points (–4, 0), (4, 0), (0, 3) are the vertices of a
(A) right triangle (B) isosceles triangle
(C) equilateral triangle (D) scalene triangle
8 The point which lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining
the points A (–2, –5) and B (2, 5) is
(A) (0, 0) (B) (0, 2)
(C) (2, 0) (D) (–2, 0)
9 The fourth vertex D of a parallelogram ABCD whose three vertices are
A (–2, 3), B (6, 7) and C (8, 3) is
(A) (0, 1) (B) (0, –1)
(C) (–1, 0) (D) (1, 0)
10 The mid point of the line segment joining the points (-2,8) and (-6,-4) is
(A) (2,6) (B) (-4 , -6)
(C) (-4 , 2) (D) (4 , 2)

a
11 If P ( , 4 ) is the mid-point of the line segment joining the points
3
Q (– 6, 5) and R (– 2, 3), then the value of a is
(A) – 4 (B) – 12
(C) 12 (D) – 6
12 If the points A (1, 2), O (0, 0) and C (a, b) are collinear, then
(A) a = b (B) a = 2b

71 X-Maths
 (C) 2a = b (D) a = –b
ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 Marks)
DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by
a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
13 Assertion : The coordinates of the points which divide the line segment joining
A (4,-1) and B (-2,-3) into three equal parts are (2, -5/3) and (0, -7/3 ).
Reason : The points which divide AB in the ratio 1:3 and 3:1 are called points
of trisection of AB.
14 Assertion : The points (1, 5), (2, 3) and (– 2, – 11) are collinear.
Reason : Points A, B and C are collinear if they satisfy the relation AB +
BC = CA
15 Assertion : If the points A(4, 3) and B(x, 5) lies on a circle with the centre
O(2,3) then the value of x is 2.
Reason : The mid-point of the line segment joining the points (x1,y1) and
x1  x2 y1  y2
(x 2,y2) is ( , )
2 2
16 Assertion : The distance of a point from the y-axis is called its x-coordinate
or abscissa.
Reason : The distance of a point from the x-axis is called its y-coordinate
or ordinate
17 Assertion: The value of y is 5, for which the distance between the points A
(2 3) and C (10,y) is 20.
Reason : Distance between two given points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is
( ( x2 – x1 ) 2  ( y2 – y1 ) 2 )

X-Maths 72
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
18 A line intersects the y-axis and x-axis at the points P and Q, respectively. If
(2, –5) is the mid-point of PQ, then what are the coordinates of P and Q?
19 Point P (0, –7) is the point of intersection of y-axis and perpendicular
bisector of line segment joining the points A (–1, 0) and B (7, –6). True or
False ? Justify.
20 A circle has its centre at the origin and a point P (5, 0) lies on it. Tell
whether the point Q (6, 8) lies outside the circle or not?
21 Points A (3, 1), B (12, –2) and C (0, 2) cannot be the vertices of a triangle.
True or False ? Explain ?

22 Name the type of triangle PQR formed by the points P ( 2 , 2 ), Q (– 2 ,

– 2 ) and R (– 6 , 6 ).
23 If A (-2,4), B(0,0), C(4,2) are the vertices of a  ABC, then find the length
of median through the vertex A.
24 If the point C (-1 , 2) divides internally the line segment joining A(2,5) and
B in the ratio3:4. Find the Coordinates of B.
25 Find the value of k, if the point P (2, 4) is equidistant from the points
(5, k) and (k, 7).

26 F i n d t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e p o i n t s ( (a cos   b sin ,0) a n d

(0a sin   b cos ,)
27 If P(x, y) is any point on the line joining the points A (a, 0) and B (0, b),
x y
then show that   1.
a b
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)

3 5
28 Find the ratio in which the point P ( , ) ,divides the line segment joining
4 12
1 3
the points A ( , ) and B (2, –5)
2 2
29 Show that (-1,0) , (3,1) , (2,2) and (-2 , 1) are the vertices of a parallelogram.

73 X-Maths
30 Find the ratio in which the line 2x + 3y – 5 = 0 divides the line segment
joining the points (8, –9) and (2, 1). Also find the coordinates of the point
of division.
31 Find the coordinates of the point R on the line segment joining the points
3
P (–1, 3) and Q (2, 5) such that PR = PQ.
5
32 The centre of a circle is (2a, a – 7). Find the values of a if the circle passes
through the point (11, –9) and has diameter 10 2 units.

33 Show that the points A (9, 0), B (9, 6), C (–9, 6) and D (–9, 0) are the
vertices of a Rectangle.

34 Show that the three points (a,a) ,(-a,-a) & (-a 3 , a 3 are the vertices of
an equilateral triangle.
Y
A
(0,2y)

B
X' 0 (2x,0) X
35.

Y'
What are the coordinates of the point which is equidistant from the three
vertices of the  AOB as shown in the figure?
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
36 The line segment joining the points A (3, 2) and B (5,1) is divided at the
point P in the ratio 1:2 and it lies on the line 3x – 18y + k = 0. Find the
value of k.
37 If the point A(0,2) is equidistant from the points B (3,p) and C(p,5),find p
.Also find the length of AB.
38 Show that points (1,1), (4,4) ,(4,8)and (1,5) are the vertices of a
parallelogram.
39 If A (5, 2), B (2, -2) and C (-2, t) are the vertices of right angled triangle
with B = 90°, then find the value of t.

X-Maths 74
40 Let A (4, 2), B(6, 5) and C(1, 4) be the vertices of  ABC.
(i) The median from A meets BC at D. Find the coordinates of the point D.
(ii) Find the coordinates of the point P on AD such that AP : PD = 2 : 1
(iii) Find the coordinates of points Q and R on medians BE and CF
respectively such that
BQ : QE = 2 : 1 and CR : RF = 2 : 1.
(iv) What is the point of intersection of medians called?
(v) In what ratio does this point of intersection divide each median?
41 The vertices of ABC are A (5, 5), B (1,5) and C (9,1). A line is drawn to
AP AQ 3
intersect side AB and AC at P and Q respectively, such that  
AB AC 4
. Find the length of the line segment PQ.
42 Find the coordinates of vertices of a triangle if the coordinates of midpoints
of the sides of a triangle are (1,2), (0,-1) and (2,-1).
43 The line segment joining the points A(2, 1) and B(5, –8) is trisected at the
points P and Q, where P is nearer to A. If P lies on the line 2x–y+k= 0,
find the value of k.
CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS (4 Marks)

B
A

D x

–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1

44.
C
E

75 X-Maths
A group of students named Ria, Emma, Anna, Krish and Sahil are gathered around
in the school library, in their library period. The coloured plot points on the
coordinate plane shown in the above image indicates the dots where each book is
available. Considering point O as the origin. The books with respect to colours are:
Science guide – Violet (Point A), Maths guide - Light Green(Point B), English guide
- Black(Point C), History guide - Orange(Point D) and Sanskrit guide - Dark
green(Point E).
(i): The distance between the location of History guide and Sahil’s starting
point (which is at origin) is ............
(ii): How far apart are the English and Sanskrit guide ?
(iii): How much distance does Emma has to walk to get the Science guide,
if her starting point is (0,2) ?

Y-axis A
4
B
3
C
2

1
X-axis

–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
–1
45
–2
D
–3
E
–4
F

Cartesian coordinate system is considered inside the area of a garden to

understand the heights, distances and various other mathematical measurement
parameters. The above positions A, B, C, D, E and F are for the plants grown
in the garden. Gardener’s position is at origin (0,0). He grows the plant A
first, then B, C, D, E and F, as according to the alphabetical manner.
Q (i): Write the coordinates of the plant E.
Q (ii): Are plants A, E and F collinear ?
Q (iii): Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment of
plant C and D in 1:1.
X-Maths 76
 4

L(–3, 15) 2
M(2, 15)
1

–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–1
46
–2

–3
N(–2,–3)
–4

The points shown in the image lies in the different coordinates of the cartesian
system. The intersecting x and y-axes divide the coordinate plane into four
sections. These four sections are called quadrants. Quadrants are named
using the Roman numerals I, II, III, and IV beginning with the top right
quadrant and moving counter clockwise. Refer to the image and information
given above and answer the following questions.
Q (i): Find the midpoint of line joining point L and M.
Q (ii): Find the distance of point L from the origin.
Q (iii): find the distance between point M and N.

10
8
R S(2, 6)
(–5, 7) 6
4
2

–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
V –2
47 (–4, 0) T
–4 (5, –3)
–6
–8
–10

77 X-Maths
 named R, S and T were planning to go there together. Now, a man named
V, who is the friend of T was bored by being alone at home. He contacted
his friend T and asked him to go out with him. Then T asked V to join them
in ice skating, but V was not well versed in skating. So, all of the three men
R, S and T planned to help V and teach him to skate. Above image shows
the position of four friends at a particular instance of the time . Refer to the
image and information given above and answer the following questions.
Q (i): find the midpoint of Vand T .
Q (ii): Find the distance between R and T.
Q (iii): Find the coordinates of the points which divides S and V in the ratio
2:1.
ANSWERS
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
ANS. B B B C C B B A B C B C
Q. 13 14 15 16 17
ANS. c d a b d
Q. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

ANS. P(0,-10) True Q lies sum of Equilateral (2,1) (-5,-2) K=3 a 2  b2

Q(4,0) PA=PB 50 outside two sides
the (AB+AC)
circle is not
greater
than BC
QNO. 28 30 31 32 35
Ans 1:5 8:1, (24/9,-1/9) R(4/5, 21/5) a=5 or 3 Mid point of AB i.e(x,y)
Q. 36 37 39 40 41 42 43

K=19 p=1 t=-22/3 (i) (7/2, 9/2)(ii) P(11/3, 11/3) PQ= 3 5 (1,-4), K=-8
AB= 10 (iii) Q(11/3,11/30),R(11/3,11/3) (3,2)
(iv) Centroid (v) 2:1 (-1,2)
Q.No. 44 45 46 47

X-Maths 78
(i) 85 (3,-3) (-1/2, 3/2) (1/2,-3/2)

3
(ii) Less than 2 units Yes 5 5 5
2

145
(iii) 5 units towards negative x (-1,0.5) (-2,2)
2
axis

79 X-Maths
 CHAPTER 8
INTRODUCTION OF TRIGONOMETRY
KEY CONCEPTS
Trigonometric Rations of an acute angle in a right angled triangle express the
relationship between the angle and the length of its sides.
C
In any right angled triangle

S id e o p p o s ite t o a n g le 
Side opposite to right angle = Hypotenuse
Hy
po
ten
Side opposite to acute angle in consideration = Perpendicular us
e

Adjacent side in the triangle = Base


• Trigonometric ratios B Side adjacent to angle 
A

Side opposite to BC perpendicular

sin    
Hypotenuse AC hypotenuse

side adjacent to AB base

cos    
Hypotenuse AC hypotenuse

Side opposite to BC perpendicular sin  1

tan      
sideadjacent to AB base cos  cot 

Hypotenuse Ac hypotenuse 1
cos ec    
Side opposite to BC perpendicular sin 

Hypotenuse Ac hypotenuse 1
s ec    
Side opposite to AB base cos 

Side Adjacent to AB base 1

cot     
Side opposite to BC perpendicular tan 

X-Maths 80
• Trigonometric Identities
• Pythagorean Identities
sin 2   cos 2   1
sin 2   tan 2   1 0º    90
cos ec 2  – cot 2   1 0º    90
Reciprocal Identities

1
sin  
cosec 

1
cos  
sec 
1
tan  
cot 
1
cos ec 
sin 
1
s ec 
cos 
1
cot  
tan 

81 X-Maths
 Quotient Identities

sin 
tan  
cos 
cos 
cot  
sin 
• The values of trigonometric ratios for angles 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°.
 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2

3 1
Cos 1 2 0
2 2

1
Tan 0 1 3 N.D
3

2
Cosec N.D 2 2 1
3

2
Sec 1 2 2 N.D
3

1
cot N.D 3 1 0
3

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)

1. The value of cos 0° + cos 90° is_____.

1
a) 0 b)
2
c) 1 d) 2
2. What is the minimum value of sin A, 0  A  90°

1
a) 0 b)
2

X-Maths 82
 3
c) d) 2
2
3. If in ABC C = 90°, then find sin ( A+B)

3
a) b) 1/2
2
c) 0 d) 1
4. Find the value of 7 tan2 A-7 sec2A+1
a) 7 b) 6
c) -7 d) -6
5. In ABC , right- angled at B. AB= 5 cm and ACB =30° then the length of
the side AC is

a) 5 3 b) 5 2

c) 10 d) 2 3

6. If sin  =cos  , find the value of 

a) 30° b) 45°
c) 60° d) 90°
7. Evaluate 2tan245°+cos230°-sin260°
a) 0 b) 1
c) 3/2 d) 2

sin   cos 
8. If tan  =4/3 then find the value of
sin   cos 
a) 7/3 b) -7/3
c) 7 d) -7

1  tan 2 
9. Evaluate
1  cos 2 
a) cos 2  b) tan 2 
c) 1 d) -1
10. If cos A= 7/25 , find the value of tanA+cotA

83 X-Maths
 a) 168/625 b) 625/168
c) 25/24 d) 24/7
11. In a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan A=1, then the value of 2sin
A cos A= _________
a) 0 b) 1/2
c) 1 d) none of these
12. The value of sin 60°cos30°-cos60°sin30°is
a) sin 30° b) sin45°
c) sin 60° d) sin90°

5sin   4cos 
13. If 5 tan  – 4 = 0, then value of If
5sin   4cos 
5
a) b) 1
3
5
c) d) 0
6

14. If cos ec  sin   5 ,then find the value of cos ec  sin 
a) 3 b) 5
c) 3 d) 5
15. If x tan 60°cos60°= sin60°cot60°, then x=
a) cos30° b) tan30°
c) sin30° d) cot30°
16. The minimum value of 2 sin2  +3cos2 
a) 0 b) 1
c) 2 d) 3

17. If sin  +cos  = 2, then tan  +cot  =

a) 1 b) 2
c) 3 d) 4
18 If tan  =cot  , then the value of sec  is
a)  2 b) 2/ 3

X-Maths 84
 c) 2 d) 1
19. sin 2A=2 sin A cosA is true when A=
a) 30° b) 45°
c) 60° d) any angle

1
20. If sin A= , then the value of 3cosA-4cos3A is
2
a) 0 b) 1
c) 1/2 d) -1

ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 MARKS)

DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by
a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option
21. Assertion: If x=3sin2  +1and y=3cos2  +1then the value of x+y=4
Reason : For any value of  sin2  +cos2  =1
a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
22. Assertion: In a right angled triangle ABC right angled at B, If AB is opposite
side, then BC is adjacent side.
Reason: Side opposite to right angle is hypotenuse
a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
23. Assertion: sin  is the product of sin and 
Reason: The value of sin  increases as  increases.
a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
85 X-Maths
 b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
24. Assertion: The value of sin60°cos30°+sin30°+cos60° is 1.
Reason: sin90°=1 and cos90°=0
a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
25. Assertion: sin(A+B)=sinA+sinB.
R eas o n : For any value of  , sin2  +cos2  =1
a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)

26. If sin  =cos  , find the value of  sin   cos  

27. If sin(A+B)=1and cos(A-B)=1, find A and B

1
28. If tan(A-B)= and tan(A+B)= 3 , find A and B
3
29. Find the value of cosec230°-sin245°-sec260°
30. If 3 cotA = 4 , find the value of cosecA+1
31. If tan(3x-15°)=1 then find the value of x.

1  sin 60
32. Show that : 2– 3
cos 60
X-Maths 86
 cos  cos 
33. Find the value of , if  4,   90 ,
1  sin 1  sin 
34. If sin  -cos  =0, find the value of sin 4  +cos4 
35. If sec  +tan  =7 , then evaluate sec  -tan  .
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)

36. Prove that: ( sin   cos ) 2  (sin   cos ) 2  2

sin 3   cos3 
37. Prove that  sin .cos   1
sin   cos 

2cos3   cos 
38. Prove that:  cot 
sin   2sin 3 

cos A cos A
39 Prove that   2tan A sec A
cos ecA  1 cos ecA  1

2 tan 
40. Prove that  2sin  cos 
1  tan 2 

2sin 2   cos 2 
41. Prove that  2 tan   cot 
sin  cos 

sec   tan  1  sin 

42. Prove that 
sec   tan  cos 
43. Evaluate: 2(sin430°+cos460°)-(tan260°+cot245°)+3cosec260°

sin 2 45  cos 4 60  tan 2 30

44. Evaluate:
3cos ec 2 30  2sec 2 60
45. Evaluate : 4(sin430°+cos 460°)-3(cos245°-sin290°)
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
46. Prove that (secA – cosA).(cotA + tanA) = tanA.secA
47. Prove (sinA + cosecA)2 + (cosA + secA)2 = 7 + tan2A + cot2A.

87 X-Maths
  1  tan 2 A   1  tan A 
   tan A
2
48. Prove that 
 1  cot A   1  cot A 
2

sin   cos   1 cos 

49. Prove that 
sin   cos   1 1  sin 

1 1 1 1
50 Prove that   
cos ecA  cot A sin A sin A cos ecA  cot A

sec   tan   1 cos 

51. Prove that 
tan   sec   1 1  sin 

cot Acot B  1
52. If A = 30° and B=60° , Prove that cot (A+B) =
cot A  cot B

1 1
53. If sec   x  , Prove that sec   tan   2 x or
4x 2x
54. If tan  + sin  = m, tan  - sin  = n then show that m2-n2 =4mn.

55. If x= a cos  - bsin  and y=a sin  +bcos  , then prove that a 2  b 2  x 2  y 2

CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS (4 Marks)

QUESTION -1
Two aero planes leave an airport, one after the other. After moving on runway,
one flies due North and other flies due South. The speed of two aero planes
is and respectively. Considering as runway and
and are any two points in the path followed by two planes, then answer
the following questions.

X-Maths 88
 1. Find the distance between A and P
2. If APQ   , Find cot B  tan 
3. Find PB - AP

QUESTION -2
Yogita, a student of class 10th, has to made a project. She decides to make a bird
house which is triangular in shape. She uses cardboard to make the bird house
as shown in the figure. Considering the front side of bird house as right angled
triangle PQR, right angled at R, answer the following questions.

1. Find the length of PR

1  tan 2 Q
2. Find the value of
1  cot 2 Q

3. Find the value of sinQ-cosP

QUESTION -3
Ritu’s daughter is feeling so hungry and so thought to eat something. She looked
into the fridge and found some bread pieces. She decided to make a sandwich.
She cut the piece of bread diagonally and found that it forms a right angled triangle,
with sides 4 cm, 8 cm.On the basis of above information, answer the following
questions

89 X-Maths
 1. Find sin M × cosK
2. Find the measure of KML and MKL
3. Evaluate cos (M+K)– tan K
QUESTION -4
Aanya and her father go to meet her friend Juhi for a party. When they reached
to Juhi’s place, Aanya saw the roof of the house, which is triangular in shape. If
she imagined the dimensions of the roof as given in the figure, If D is the midpoint
of AC then answer the following questions

1. The measure of A is ___

2. Find the value of tan 2 C  tan 2 A

3. Find the value of sin A  cos C

QUESTION -5
Three friends- Megha, Kristi and Joya are playing hide and seek in a park. Megha
and Kristi hide in the shrubs and Joya have to find both of them If Position of three
friend s are at A,B and C respectively as shown in the the figure and forms a right
angled triangle such that AB=9m, BC=3 3 m and B  90 ,then answer the
following questions:
X-Maths 90
1. Find measure of C

2. Evaluate tan2A+cot2C
3. Find the distance between the friends A and C.

ANSWERS
1. c) 1 2. a) 0
3. d) 90° 4. d) -6
5. c) 10 6. b) 45°
7. d) 2 8. c) 7
9. b) tan 2  10. b) 625/168
11. c) 1 12. a) sin30°
13. d) 0 14. a) 3
15. b) tan30° 16. c) 2

17. b) 2 18. a) 2
19. d) any angle 20. a) 0
21. a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A)

91 X-Maths
22. b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
23. d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
24. b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
25. d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
26.  2 27. A = 45°, B= 45°
28. A = 45°, B= 15° 29. - ½
30. 8/3 31. x=20°
33.  = 60° 34. 0

35. 1/7 43. ¼

44. 7/48 45. 2
ANSWERS - CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1
1. 2 Km 2. 9/8
3. 1.4 km
QUESTION 2
1. 5 cm 2. 0
3. 25/44
QUESTION 3
1. 16/64 2. 30°, 60°
3. - 2
QUESTION 4 QUESTION 5
1. 60° 1. 30°
2. 2 2. 0

3. 2 3. 108

X-Maths 92
 CHAPTER 9
APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRY
KEY CONCEPTS
LINE OF SIGHT
Line segment joining the object to the eye of the observer is called the line of sight.

ANGLE OF ELEVATION
When an observer looks at an object which is at a greater height than the observer,
the line the angle formed between the line of sight and the horizontal line from the
observer’s eye is called an angle of elevation.

ANGLE OF DEPRESSION
When an observer looks at an object which is at a lesser height than the observer,
the line the angle formed between the line of sight and the horizontal line from the
observer’s eye is called an angle of depression.

93 X-Maths
Steps in Solving Questions
Step 1In order to solve this problem, first write all the information given into the
problem
Step 2 Convert the above statements into the diagram using following
• Represent towers, poles, buildings and houses standing on ground by
vertical straight line segments.
· Represent ground, rivers, rocks, boy, men(if height not given), car, and
distances between two objects by horizontal straight line segments.
• The angle of elevation or the angle of depression is always the angle
between the line of sight and the horizontal line.
Step 3Solve the above problem using trigonometric ratios using thus right triangles
so formed.

1
tan30° = tan 45°=1 tan 60°= 3
3
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 Marks)
1. A pole high casts a shadow long on the ground, then the Sun’s
elevation is
a) 30° b) 45°
c) 60° d) 90°
2. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower is 30°. If the height of the tower
is doubled, then the angle of elevation of its top will
a) also get doubled b) will get halved
c) will be less than 60° d) none of these

3. The length of the shadow of a tower on the plane ground is 3 times the
height of the tower. The angle of elevation of sun is :
a) 30° b) 45°
c) 60° d) 90°
4. The tops of the poles of height 16 m and 10 m are connected by a wire
of length l metres. If the wire makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal, the
l=
a) 26m b) 16m

X-Maths 94
 c) 12m d) 10m
5. A tower is 50m high. When the sun’s altitude is 45° then what will be the
length of its shadow?

a) 50m b) 50 3m

50
c) 3m d) 100m
3
6. If a tower is 30m height, casts a shadow long on the ground, then the angle
of elevation of the sun is:
a) 30° b) 45°
c) 60° d) 90°
7. If the length of the shadow of a tower is increasing, then the angle of
elevation of the sun -
a) is also increasing b) is decreasing
c) remains unaffected d) Don’t have any relation
8. A ladder 15 metres long just reaches the top of a vertical wall. If the ladder
makes an angle of 60° with the wall, then the distance between foot of ladder
and wall is ( 2  1.414, 3  1.7 )-
a) 7.5m b) 7.7m
c) 10.60m d) 12.75m
9. If the height of a tower and the distance of the point of observation from its
foot, both, are increased by 10%, then the angle of elevation of its top -
a) increases b) decreased
c) remains same d) none of these
10. If the height and length of the shadow of a man are equal, then the angle
of elevation of the sun is,
a) 30° b) 45°
c) 60° d) 90°
ASSERTION and REASONING QUESTIONS (1 Marks)
DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by
a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option

95 X-Maths
11. Assertion: When we move towards the object, angle of elevation decreases.
Reason: As we move towards the object, it subtends large angle at our eye
than before
a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
12. Assertion: If the angle of elevation of Sun, above a perpendicular line (tower)
decreases, then the shadow of tower increases.
Reason: It is due to decrease in slope of the line of sight.
a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
13. Assertion: If the length of the shadow of a tower is increasing, then the
angle of elevation of the sun is decreasing.
Reason: The line the angle formed between the line of sight and the horizontal
line from the observer’s eye is called an angle of elevation
a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
14. Assertion: The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer
to the point in the object viewed by the observer.
Reason: Trigonometric ratios are used to find height or length of an object
or distance between two distant

X-Maths 96
 a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
15. Assertion: If the length of shadow of a vertical pole is equal to its height,
then the angle of elevation of the sun is
Reason: The angle of depression. of an object viewed, is the angle formed
by the line of sight with the horizontal when it is below the horizontal level.
a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
16. Two pillars of equal heights are on either side of a road, which is hundred
metres wide. The angles of elevation of the tops of the pillars are 60° and
30° at a point on the road between the pillars. Find the position of the point
between the pillars?

17. A kite is flying at a height of 50 3 from the horizontal. It is attached with

a string and makes an angle 60° with the horizontal. Find the length of the
string.
18. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground, which
is 30m away from the foot of the tower, is 30°. Find the height of the tower.
19. Two poles of height 6m and 11m stands vertically on the ground. If the
distance between their feet is 12m. Find the distance between their tops.
20. The length of the shadow of a pillar and its height are in the ratio 1:1. Find
the angle of elevation of the source of light
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
21. If the horizontal distance of the boat from the bridge is and the height

97 X-Maths
 of the bridge is 25 m, then find the angle of depression of the boat from
the bridge.
22. The angle of elevation of a tower at a point is 45°. After going towards
the foot of the tower, the angle of elevation of the tower becomes 60°. Find
the height of the tower
23. The shadow of a tower standing on a level plane is found to be 50 m longer
when Sun’s elevation is 30° than when it was 60°. Find the height of the
tower.
24. From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation of the bottom and the
top of a transmission tower fixed at the top of a 20 m high building are 45°
and 60° respectively. Find the height of the tower.
25. The upper part of a tree broken over by the wind makes an angle of 30°
with the ground and the distance of the root from the point where the top
touches the ground is 25 m. What was the total height of the tree?
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
26. Two ships are there in the sea on either side of a lighthouse in such a way
that the ships and the base of the lighthouse are in the same straight line.
The angles of depression of two ships as observed from the top of the
lighthouse are and . If the height of the lighthouse is 200m, find the
distance between the two ships.
27. From the top of a 300 metre hight light-house, the angles of depression of
two ships, which are due south of the observer and in a straight line with
its base, are 60° and 30° .Find their distance apart?
28. A Statue, 1.6 m tall, stands on the top of a pedestal. From a point on the
ground, the angle of elevation of the top of the statue is 60° and from the
same point, the angle of elevation of the top of the pedestal is 45° .Find the
height of the pedestal?
29. An aeroplane, at an altitude of1200m , finds that two ships are sailing towards
it in the same direction. The angles of depression of the ships as observed
from the aeroplane are 60° and 30° respectively. Find the distance between
the two ships?
30. The angles of depression of the top and bottom of an 8 m tall building from
top of a multistoried building are 30°and45° , respectively. Find the height of
multistoried building and distance between two buildings
X-Maths 98
31. A 1.5m tall boy is standing at some distance from a 30m tall building. The
angle of elevation from his eyes to the top of the building increases from 30°
to 60° as he walks towards the building. Find the distance he walked towards
the building.
32. An airplane, when high, passes vertically above another airplane at an instant
when the angle of elevation of two airplanes from the same point on the
ground are 60° and 45° respectively. Find the vertical distance between the
two planes.
33. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower 30m high from the foot of another
tower in the same plane is 60° and the angle of elevation of the top of the
second tower from the foot of the first tower is 30°. Find the distance between
the two towers and also the height of the other tower.
34. From the top of a 7m high building, the angle of elevation of the top of
a cable tower is 60°and the angle of depression of its foot is 45°. Determine
the height of the tower.
35. The angle of elevation of a cloud from a point h metres above the surface
of a lake is  and the angle of depression of its reflection in the lake is 
. Find the height of the cloud above the lake.
CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS (4 Marks)
QUESTION -1
Nazima is fly fishing in a stream. The tip of her fishing rod is above the
surface of the water and the fly at the end of the string rests on the water
away and from a point directly under the tip of the rod. She is pulling the
string at the rate of 5 cm per second. Nazima’s friend observe her position and
draw a rough sketch by using A, B, C and D positions of tip, point directly under
the tip of the rod, fish and Nazima’s position (see the below figure). Assuming that
her string (from the tip of her rod to the fly) is taut, answer the following questions:

99 X-Maths
1. What is the length AC?
2. What is the length of string after 12 seconds?
3. What will be the horizontal distance of the fly from her after 12 seconds?

QUESTION -2
Tower cranes are a common fixture at any major construction site. They’re pretty
hard to miss – they often rise hundreds of feet into the air, and can reach out
just as far. The construction crew uses the tower crane to lift steel, concrete, large
tools like acetylene torches and generators, and a wide variety of other building
materials

R
m
16 8m


S
B

24m

A crane stands on a level ground. It is represented by a tower AB, of height 24

m and a jib BR. The jib is of length 16 m and can rotate in a vertical plane about
B. A vertical cable, RS, carries a load S. The diagram shows current position of
the jib, cable and load.
On the basis of the above information, answer any four of the following questions:
1. What is the angle that the jib, BR, makes with the horizontal?
2. Now the jib BR, has been rotated and the length RS is increased. The
load is now on the ground at a point from A. What is the angle
through which the jib has been rotated ?
3. What is the length by which RS has been increased?

X-Maths 100
 QUESTION -3
A clinometer is a tool that is used to measure the angle of elevation, or angle from
the ground, in a right - angled triangle. We can use a clinometer to measure the
height of tall things that you can’t possibly reach to the top of, flag poles, buildings,
trees.
Shailesh got a clinometer from school lab and started the measuring elevation angle
in surrounding. He saw a building on which society logo is painted on wall of
building.
From a point P on the ground level, the angle of elevation of the roof of the
building is 45°. The angle of elevation of the center of logo is from same point.
The point P is at a distance of from the base of the building.

30º
45º

On the basis of the above information, answer any four of the following questions:
1. What is the height of the building logo from ground?
2. What is the aerial distance of the point P from the top of the building?
3. If the point of observation P is moved 16 m towards the base of the
building, find the angle of elevation  of the logo on building.

QUESTION -4
Radio towers are used for transmitting a range of communication services including
radio and television. The tower will either act as an antenna itself or support one
or more antennas on its structure, including microwave dishes. They are among the
tallest human-made structures. There are 2 main types: guyed and self-supporting
structures.

101 X-Maths
 A

30º
45º
36 m O

On a similar concept, a radio station tower was built in two sections A and B. Tower
is supported by wires from a point O. Distance between the base of the tower and
point O is 36 m. From point O, the angle of elevation of the top of section B is
and the angle of elevation of the top of section A is.
On the basis of the above information, answer any four of the following
questions:
1. What is the length of the wire structure from the point O to the top
of section A?
2. What is the height of the section A?
3. What is the angle of depression from top of tower to point O?

ANSWERS
1. c) 60°
2. c) will be less than
3. a) 30°
4. c) 12m
5. a) 50 m
6. c) 60°

X-Maths 102
7. b) is decreasing
8. a) 7.5m
9. c) remains same
10. b) 45°
11. d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
12. a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A)
13. b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
14. b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
15. b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
16. 25m
17. 100 m
18. 10 3m
19. 13 m
20. 45°
21. 45°
22. 94.8 m
23. 25 3m
24. 20( 3m -1)m
25. 43.3
26. 315.33

27. 200 3 m

28. 0.8( 3  1)m

103 X-Maths
29. 800 3m

30. 12+4 3 m, 12+4 3m ,

31. 19 3 m

32. 1268 m

33. 10 3 , 10 m

34. 2.5 m

h(tan   tan )
35.
tan   tan 

ANSWERS - CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

QUESTION 1
1. 3 m
2. 2.4 m
3. 2.78m
QUESTION 2
1 30°
2 30°

3 8( 3  2)m

QUESTION 3
1 8( 3 m
2 24 2 m
3. 60°
QUESTION 4
1 36 2 m
2. 12(3 – 3)m
3. 45°
X-Maths 104
 CHAPTER-10
CIRCLES
KEY CONCEPTS
Tangent Properties
• The tangent always touches the circle at a single point.
• It is perpendicular to the radius of the circle at the point of tangency
• It never intersects the circle at two points.
• The length of tangents from an external point to a circle are equal.
Theorem 1
Statement: The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius
through the point of contact.

A B

Given: AB is tangent to the circle C(O,r).

To Prove: OA is perpendicular to AB.
Proof:
OA=OC (Radii of circle)
Now OB=OC+BC

OB>OC (OC being radius and B any point on tangent)

 OA<OB
B is an arbitrary point on the tangent.
Thus, OA is shorter than any other line segment joining O to any point on tangent.
Shortest distance of a point from a given line is the perpendicular distance from
that line.

105 X-Maths
Hence, the tangent at any point of circle is perpendicular to the radius.
Theorem 2
Statement: The tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

T O

Given: PT and QT are two tangents drawn from an external point T to the circle C(O,r).
To Prove: PT=TQ
Construction: Join OT.
Proof: We know that a tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through
the point of contact.

  OPT=  OQT=90p
In  OPT and  OQT,,

 OPT=  OQT (90° )

OT=OT (common)
OP=OQ (Radius of the circle)

  OPT   OQT (By RHS criterion)

So, PT=QT (By CPCT)
Hence, the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 Marks)
Q1. The distance between two parallel tangents of a circle is 18 cm, then the
radius of the circle is
(a) 8 cm (b) 10 cm

X-Maths 106
 (c) 9 cm (d) 7.5 cm
Q2. Out of the two concentric circles, the radius of the outer circle is 5 cm and
the chord AC of length 8 cm is a tangent to the inner circle. The radius of
the inner circle will be
(a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm
(c) 2.5 cm (d) 2 cm
Q3. The tangent to a circle is ___________ to the radius through the point of
contact.
(a) parallel (b) perpendicular
(c) perpendicular bisector (d) bisector
Q4. If two tangents inclined at an angle 60° are drawn to a circle of radius 3
cm, then length of each tangent is equal to
(a) (3/2) 3 cm (b) 6 cm
(c) 3 cm (d) 3 3 cm
Hint: Join centre(O) to external point (P) to get two congruent  ’s A is point
of contact.
Therefore, 60°/2 = 30°
OA is perpendicular to AP.
In right triangle AOP,
tan 30° = OA/AP
1/ 3 = 3/AP
AP = 3 3
Hence, the length of the tangent is 3 3 cm.
Q5. A line intersecting a circle in two points is called a _______.
(a) Secant (b) Chord
(c) Diameter (d) Tangent
Q6. If angle between two radii of a circle is 130°, the angle between the tangents
at the ends of the radii is
(a) 90° (b) 50°
(c) 70° (d) 40°
Q7. Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. The length of the chord
of the larger circle which touches the smaller circle is:
107 X-Maths
 (a) 8 cm (b) 10 cm
(c) 12 cm (d) 18 cm
Q8. If a parallelogram circumscribes a circle, then it is a:
(a) Square (b) Rectangle
(c) Rhombus (d) None of the above
Q9. The length of a tangent from a point A at a distance 5 cm from the centre
of the circle is 4 cm. The radius of the circle is:
(a) 3 cm (b) 5 cm
(c) 7 cm (d) 10 cm
Q10. If TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with centre O so that  POQ
= 110°, then  PTQ is equal to
(a) 60° (b) 70°
(c) 80° (d) 90°
Q11. AB is a chord of the circle and AOC is its diameter such that angle ACB
= 50°. If AT is the tangent to the circle at the point A, then BAT is equal
to
(a) 65° (b) 60°
(c) 50° (d) 40°
Q12. If the angle between two radii of a circle is 110º, then the angle between
the tangents at the ends of the radii is:
(a) 90º (b) 50º
(c) 70º (c) 40º

ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 Marks)

DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by
a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
X-Maths 108
Q1. Assertion(A): If length of a tangent from an external point to a circle is 8
cm, then length of the other tangent from the same point is 8 cm.
Reason(R): length of the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are
equal.
Q2. Assertion(A): Perpendicular bisectors of two chords of a circle intersect
at its centre.
Reason(R): A line drawn through the centre of a circle to bisect a
chord is perpendicular to the chord.
Q3. Assertion(A): From a point Q, the length of the tangent to a circle is 24
cm and the distance of Q from the centre is 25 cm. Then radius of the circle
is 7cm.
Reason(R): Radius makes perpendicular from the centre to the point of
contact on the circle which is touching the tangent.
Q4. Assertion(A): A tangent is a line which meets the circle only at one point.
Reason(R): A secant is a line which meets the circle at two points while
intersecting it. These two points are always distinct.
Q5. Assertion(A): The tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a circle
are parallel.
Reason(R): A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle then
AB + CD = AD + BC.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
Q1. If the angle between two tangents drawn from an external point P to a circle
of radius a and centre O, is 60°, then find the length of OP.

Q2. In the given figure, PA and PB are tangents to the circle from an external
point P. CD is another tangent touching the circle at Q. If PA = 12 cm, QC
= QD = 3 cm, then find PC + PD.
109 X-Maths
Q3. In the figure, AB and CD are common tangents to two circles of unequal
radii. Prove that AB=CD.

Q4. Prove that the tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius
through the point of contact.
Q5. AP and BP are tangents to a circle with centre O, such that AP = 5 cm and
 APB = 60°. Find the length of chord AB.
Q6. In figure QR is common tangent to the given circles, touches externally at point
T. The tangent T meet QR at P. If PT = 3.8cm then find the length of QR.

Q
P
R

Q7. In figure,  ABC is circumscribing a circle. Find the length of BC.

X-Maths 110
Q8. In the given figure, CP and CQ are tangents from an external point C to a
circle with centre O. AB is another tangent which touches the circle at R. If CP
= 11 cm and BR = 4 cm, find the length of BC.

Q9. Draw a circle and two lines parallel to a given line such that one is a tangent
and the other a secant to the circle.
10. If two tangents inclined at an angle 60° are drawn to a circle of radius 5
cm, then find the length of each tangent.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)

Q1. In the figure, A, B and C are three points on the circle with centre O such
that  BOC=30° and  AOB=60° . If D is another point on the circle other
than the arc ABC, find  ADC.

111 X-Maths
 B
A C

60º 30º

Q2. Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle
are equal.
Q3. In the figure, PQ and RS are the common tangents to two circle intersecting
at O. prove that PQ = RS.

Q4. In Fig. PQ is a chord of length 8 cm of a circle of radius 5 cm and

centre O. The tangents at P and Q intersect at point T. Find the length
of TP.
P
5
8
T O

Hint:
Join OT, let it intersect PQ at the point R
Now,  TPQ is an isosceles triangle and TO is the angle bisector of  PTQ.
So, OT  PQ and therefore, OT bisects PQ
PR = RQ = 4 cm (and prove  TRP   ORP. using AA criterion.)
Q5. Prove that the tangents drawn at the endpoints of a chord of a circle make
equal angles with the chord.
Hint:
Given, a circle of radius OA and centred at O with chord AB and tangents
PQ & RS are drawn from point A and B respectively.
X-Maths 112
 Draw OM  AB, and join OA and OB.
In  OAM and  OMB,
OA = OB (Radii)
OM = OM (Common)
 OMA =  OMB (Each 90°)
 OAM =  OMB (By R.H.S. congruency)
 OAM =  OBM (C.PC.T.)
.)
Also,  OAP =  OBR = 90° (Line joining point of contact of tangent to
centre is perpendicular on it)
On addition,
 OAM +  OAP =  OBM +  OBR
  PAB =  RBA
  PAQ –  PAB =  RBS –  RBA
  QAB =  SBA
Q6. In the figure, quadrilateral ABCD is circumscribing a circle with centre O and
AD  AB. If radius of incircle is 10 cm, then find the value of x.

Q7. In the given figure, AB is a chord of the circle and AOC is its diameter such
that  ACB = 40°. If AT is a tangent to the circle at point A, find  BAT. T.
113 X-Maths
Q8. In the figure, if AB = AC, then prove that BE = EC.

Hint: Given: AB = AC
To Prove: BE = EC
Since, length of tangent from an external point are equal.
AD = AF …….. (i)
BE = BD …….. (ii)
EC = CF ……. (iii)
But, AB = AC
AD + BD = AF + FC (Given)
 AF + BD = AF + FC [from (i)]
 BD = CF
 BE = EC [From (ii) and (iii)] Hence, proved.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
Q1. Provide proof to the statement that the tangents drawn at the ends of a
diameter are parallel to each other.
Q2. Prove that the parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
Q3. In a right triangle ABC in which  B = 90°, a circle is drawn with AB as
diameter intersecting the hypotenuse AC and P. Prove that the tangent to the
X-Maths 114
 circle at P bisects BC.
Q4. If from an external point P of a circle with centre O, two tangents PQ and
PR are drawn such that  QPR = 120°, prove that 2PQ = PO.
Q5. In the given figure, two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with centre
O from an external point T

Prove that:  PTQ = 2  OPQ.

Q6. Let s denote the semi-perimeter of a triangle ABC in which BC = a, CA
= b, AB = c. If a circle touches the sides BC, CA, AB at D, E, F,
respectively, prove that BD = s – b.
Q7. In the given figure, tangents PQ and PR are drawn to a circle with centre
O, such that  RPQ = 30°. A chord RS is drawn parallel to the tangent PQ.
Find  RQS.

Hint: We have
 RPQ = 30°

115 X-Maths
 Join OR and OQ.
Then, in quadrilateral ORPQ
 ORP =  OQP = 90°
[" Tangent  ” Radius]
and  RPQ = 30°
  ROQ = 360° –  RPQ –  ORP –  OQP
= 360° – 30° – 90° – 90°
= 150°
Also,  ROQ = 2  RSQ
Ò!  RSQ = 12  ROQ = 12 x 150° = 75°
Also, PR=PQ
 PRQ =  PQR = 75°
SR//QP
 SRQ =  PQR = 75° (Alternate angles)
 SRQ =  QSR = 75°
So,  SQR = 30°
Q8. In Figure, PQ and RS are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and
another tangent AB with the point of contact C intersecting PQ at A and RS
at B. Prove that  AOB = 90°.

CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS (4 Marks)

Case study1:
Ferris Wheel
A Ferris wheel (or a big wheel in the United Kingdom) is an amusement ride
consisting of a rotating upright wheel with multiple passenger-carrying components
(commonly referred to as passenger cars, cabins, tubs, capsules, gondolas, or
pods) attached to the rim in such a way that as the wheel turns, they are kept
upright, usually by gravity.
X-Maths 116
After taking a ride in Ferris wheel, Aarti came out from the crowd and was
observing her friends who were enjoying the ride . She was curious about the
different angles and measures that the wheel will form. She forms the figure as
given below.

Q1. In the given figure, find  ROQ and  RQP.(2)

Q2. Find  RSQ.(1)
Q3. Find  ORQ.(1)
Case study2:
Logo design
Varun has been selected by his School to design logo for Sports Day T-shirts for
students and staff . The logo design is as given in the figure and he is working
on the fonts and different colours according to the theme. In given figure, a circle
with centre O is inscribed in a  ABC, such that it touches the sides AB, BC and
CA at points D, E and F respectively. The lengths of sides AB, BC and CA are
12 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm respectively.
A
B
C

117 X-Maths
Q1. Find the length of AD, BE and CF.(2)
Q2. If radius of the circle is 4cm, Find the area of  OAB.(1)

Q3. Find area of  ABC.(1)

Case study3:
Fun activity
A student draws two circles that touch each other externally at point K with
centres A and B and radii 6 cm and 4 cm, respectively as shown in the
figure.

Q1. Based on the above information, answer the following questions.(2)

(i) Find the value of PA =
(ii) The value of PK =
Q2. Find the value of QY.(1)
Q3. If two circles touch externally, then find the number of common tangents
can be drawn.(1)
Case Study-4
Decorative Fountain
A fountain is a decorative reservoir or a structure that jets water into the air for
X-Maths 118
a decorative effect. Now a days, LEDs of different colours are placed on their
bases and by controlling the pressure of water, various dancing fountain shows are
organized at different places. In a society garden, a boundary was constructed
around a circular fountain to restrict the children from playing with water.

Suppose the boundary was constructed in the shape of a quadrilateral ABCD, such
that the walls AB, BC, CD and DA touches the fountain at points P, Q, R and S
respectively.

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions.

Q1. If the LED’s are placed along the boundaries of the four walls, then prove that
AB + CD = BC + AD. (2)
Q2. Is AP = AS ? If yes, reason ? (1)
Q3. Let O be the centre of the fountain and  PAS = 90°, prove that ASOP is
a square. (1)
ANSWERS

119 X-Maths
MCQ (1 Marks)
Q1) (c) 9 cm Q2) (a) 3 cm Q3) (b) perpendicular Q4) (d) 3 3 cm Q5) (a)
Secant Q6) (b) 50° Q7) (a) 8 cm Q8) (c) Rhombus Q9) (a) 3 cm Q10)
(b) 70° Q11) (c) 50° Q12) (c) 70º
Assertion and Reason (1 Marks)
Q1) (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
Q2) (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Q3) (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
Q4) (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
Q5) (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
Very Short Answer (2 Marks)

Q1) OP= 2a Q2) 18 cm Q5) 5 cm Q6) 7.6cm Q7) 10 cm Q8) 7cm Q10) 5  cm.

Short Answer (3 Marks)

Q1) 45 Q6) 21 cm Q7) 40°
Long Answer (5 Marks)
All are proving questions hints are given for difficult questions.
Case Study Answers
Case Study 1: Q1. 150°, 75° Q2. 75° Q3. 15°.
Case study 2: Q1. 7cm,5cm,3cm Q2. Q3. .
Case study 3: Q1. (i)10cm, (ii)16cm Q2. 1cm Q3. 3.
Case study 4: Q1. Correct proof Q2. Yes, Correct reason Q3. Correct proof.

X-Maths 120
 CHAPTER 12
AREA RELATED TO CIRCLES
KEY CONCEPTS
• Circumference of a circle = 2 π r
• Area of a circle = π r2 …[where r is the radius of a circle]
• Area of a semi-circle= r 2 / 2
• Area of a circular path or ring:
Let ‘R’ and ‘r’ be radii of two circles
Then area of shaded part = π R2- π r2 = π (R2 – r2) = π (R + r)(R – r)

Minor arc and Major Arc: An arc length is called a major arc if the
arc length enclosed by the two radii is greater than a semi-circle.
If the arc subtends angle ‘  ’ at the centre, then the

Length of minor arc = 2r
360

Length of major arc = 2r  2r
360

Sector of a Circle and its Area

A region of a circle is enclosed by any two radii and the arc intercepted
between two radii is called the sector of a circle.

121 X-Maths
 (i) A sector is called a minor sector if the minor arc of the circle is part
of its boundary.
OAB is minor sector.

Area of minor sector = r 2
360
C

Major Sector
O


A B
Minor Sector

Minor Segment: The region enclosed by an arc and a chord is called a

segment of the circle. The region enclosed by the chord PQ & minor arc
PRQ is called the minor segment.
Area of Minor segment = Area of the corresponding sector – Area of the
corresponding triangle
Major Segment:The region enclosed by the chord PQ & major arc PSQ is
called the major segment.

Major
Segment
O
r r

P Q
R
Minor
Segment

TABLE FOR AREA AND PERIMETER

X-Maths 122
Figures Area Perimeter

d2
 r or
r 2
Circle O
2 r or  d
4
Diameter(d) = 2r

 r2
Semcircle  r  2r
r 2
 r2 r
Quadrant  2r
r 4 2

Ring r  (R2  r 2 ) 2  R (outer circumference

R= Outer Radius +
r= Inner Radius 2  r(Inner circumference)
r

r  
Sector  r2  2 r  2r
I 360 360
1
(ii) lr
2
 
Where l   2r  2r  2r
360 360
l  Arc Length

 1  r 
Segment r
O

r  r 2 – r 2 sin   2r sin
360 2 180 2
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 Marks)
1. What is the portion of the circular region enclosed by two radii and the
corresponding arc called
a) Minor Segment b) Major segment
c) Sector d) Major arc

123 X-Maths
2. The perimeter of a semicircular protractor whose radius is r is…..
a)  +2r b)  +r
c) r d)  r+2r
3. The perimeter of sector of a circle of radius r and central angle  is —.

 
a) 2r b) 2  r+r
360 360
 
c) 2  r+2r d) 2  r2+2r
360 360
4. Find the area of the major segment of a circle if the area of minor segment
is 25 cm 2and the area of the circle is 100 cm2
a) 25cm2 b) 100cm2
c) 75cm2 d) 50cm2
5. If the circumference of a circle increases from 2  to 4  then its area
is……..the original area
a) half b) double
c) three times d) four times
6. A wheel has diameter 84 cm. The number of complete revolutions it will take
to cover 792 m is
a) 100 b) 150
c) 200 d) 300
7. The minute hand of a clock is 84 cm long. The distance covered by the tip
of minute hand from 10:10 am to 10:25am is
a) 44 cm b) 88cm
c) 132 cm d) 176 cm
8. The length of an arc of a circle with radius 36cm is 30  cm. The central
angle of this arc is.
a) 1200 b) 60
c) 750 d) 1500
9. The area of a circle whose circumference is  cm is
a) 11/2 cm2
b)  /4 cm2
X-Maths 124
 c)  /2 cm2
d) None of these
10. If the difference between the circumference and the radius of a circle is
37cm the circumference of circle is.
a) 154 cm b) 44 cm
c) 14 cm d) 7cm
11. If the area of circle is 154 cm2,then its perimeter is
a) 14 cm b) 22 cm
c) 44 cm d) 55 cm
12. Two concentric circles are centered at O Find the area of shaded region if
outer and inner radii are 14 cm and 7 cm

a) 462 cm2 b) 154 cm2

c) 231cm2 d) 308 cm2

13. The diameter of a circle whose area is equal to the sum of the areas of the
two circles of radii 24 m and 7 m is
a) 62 m b) 31 m
c) 25 m d) 50 m
ASSERTION and REASONING QUESTIONS (1 Marks)
DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by
a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option
14. Assertion (A): The ratio of the circumference of the circle to its diameter
is constant.
Reason (R): The ratio of the circumference of the circle to its diameter is
2
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
125 X-Maths
 (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
15. Assertion (A): In a circle of radius 6 cm, the angle of a sector is 60°. Then
6 2
the area of the 18 cm
7
Reason (R): Sector is a part of circle and Area of the circle with radius r
is  r².
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
16. Assertion (A): The numerical value of the area of a circle is greater than
the numerical value of its circumference.
Reason (R): Area of the circle with radius r is r 2 and circumference is
2r
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
17. Assertion (A): If the outer and inner diameter of a circular path is 10 m
and 6m respectively, then area of the path is 16  m2.
Reason (R): If R and r be the radius of outer and inner circular path
respectively, then area of circular path =  (R2 - r2)
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
X-Maths 126
 (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
18. Assertion (A): If a wire of length 22 cm is bent in the shape of a circle,
then area of the circle so formed is 40 cm2.
Reason: Circumference of the circle = length of the wire
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
19. The short and the long hands are 4cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the sum
of distance travelled by their tips in two days.
20. The inner circumference of a circular track is 440m. The track is 14m wide.
Find the diameter of the outer circle of the track. [Take  =22/7]
21. Find the area of the shaded region.
B
D
m
3.5c
30º
Q
C
7cm
A

22. Find the area of minor segment of a circle with area of corresponding sector
4.19 cm2 and area of corresponding triangle is 3.2cm2 .Find radius of sector
if it is a right angled triangle.
23. In the given fig three sectors of a circle of radius 7 cm making angles 60°,
80° and 40° at the Centre are shaded. Find the area of the shaded region

127 X-Maths
24. A wire is looped in the form of a circle of radius 28cm. It is rebent into a
square form. Determine the side of the square [Take  =22/7]
25. To warn ships for underwater rocks, a lighthouse spreads a red coloured light
over a sector of angle 80° to a distance of 16.5 km. Find the area of the
sea over which the ships are warned. (Use  = 3.14)
26. Find the area of the square that can be inscribed in a circle of 8 cm?
27. Find the area of a circular path of uniform width of 3 meter surrounding a
circular region of radius 10 meter.
28. The circumference of a circle exceeds the diameter by 16.8 cm. Find the
radius of the circle.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
29. A copper wire when bent in the form of a square encloses an area of 121
cm2. If the same wire is bent into the form of a circle, find the area of the
circle [Take  =22/7]
30. In the fig a circle of diameter d is inscribed a square and another circle is
circumscribing the square .Show that area of outer circle is 2 times the area
of inner circle.

31. AB and CD are respectively arcs of two concentric circles of radii 21 cm

and 7 cm and centre O (see Fig. 12.32). If  AOB = 30°, find the perimeter
of the shaded region.

X-Maths 128
32. The length of a minute hand of a clock is 7 cm. What is the area swept
by it from 7:00am to 7:15 am?
33. Find the area of a quadrant of a circle whose circumference is 22 cm. Also
find the area of segment formed.

34. A car has two wipers which do not overlap .Each wiper has a blade of length
24 cm swapping through an angle of 120°.Find the total area cleaned at each
sweep of the blades.
35. If the perimeter of a sector of a circle of radius 5.2 cm is 16.4 cm. Find
the area of the sector.
36. If the circumference of two circles are in the ratio 2:3.Find the ratio of their
areas.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
37. A chord of a circle of radius 14 cm subtends an angle of 120° at the centre.
Find the area of the corresponding minor segment of the circle. (Use  = 22/
7 and  3 = 1.73]
38. A boy is cycling such that the wheels of the cycle are making 140 revolutions
per minute .If the diameter of the wheel is 60 cm calculate the speed per
hour with which the boy is cycling.
39. The wheels of a car are of diameter 80 cm each. How many complete
revolutions does each wheel make in 10 minutes when the car is travelling
at a speed of 66 km per hour?
40. A chord subtends an angle of 90°at the centre of a circle whose radius is
20 cm. Compute the area of the corresponding major segment of the circle.
41. The circumference of a circular park is 314 m. A 20 m wide concrete track

129 X-Maths
 runs round it. Calculate the cost of laying turf in the park at 1.25per sq m.
And the cost of concrete track at 30 per sq. m
42. An Umbrella frame is made with steel wire. It has 8 spokes which are equally
spaced. If these spokes are expanded fully they are in the form of a circle
with diameter of 4 meters. Steel wire is used in making the ribs and the outer
frame of the umbrella to which these ribs are attached.
(a) Find the area between the three consecutive spokes of the umbrella?
(b) Find the total length of steel wire used?

43. A cow is tied to a pole fixed at one corner of a 30mx30m square field of
grass by means of a 10 m long rope (use  = 3.14)
(a) Find the area of that part of the field in which the cow can graze.
(b) Find the increase in the grazing area if the rope were 20 m long
instead of being 10 m long.
(c) If the length of the rope is increased as per part (b) above, find the
cost of fencing around cow so that the owner leave the horse untied
inside the fenced area, if the cost per meter length of the fencing is
30.
CASE STUDY /SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS
CASE STUDY 1
JAPNESE FAN
Sara hold a Japanese folding fan in her hand as shown in the figure. It is shaped
like a sector of a circle and made of a thin material such as paper or feather .The
inner radii are 3 cm and 5 cm respectively. The fan has three colours red, blue
and green.

X-Maths 130
Q1 If the region containing blue colour makes an angle of 80 ° at the centre,
then find the area of the region having blue colour.
Q2 If the region containing green colour makes an angle of 60 ° at the centre,
then find the area of the region having radius 3 cm.
Q3 If the region containing red color makes an angle of 20 °at the centre, then
find the perimeter of the region having red colour.
CASE STUDY 2
SHRINIKA invited her best friends on her birthday. Her parents ordered a birthday
cake for the occasion. The diameter of the cake ordered is 21 inch and its 4 kg
700 grams in weight. She wanted to distribute this cake equally among all the
persons present in the party in such a way that cake will be used up completely.
1. What is the area of the top surface of the cake?
2. If each piece cut has an angle of 60 , how many persons are there
in the party, if each 60° piece cut is distributed among five persons?
3. What is the top perimeter of each 60° slice?

131 X-Maths
CASE STUDY 3
Application of arc of a circle: A parachute is in the shape of an arc of a circle.
Arc of a circle: The arc of a circle is defined as the part or segment of the
circumference of a circle. If the length of the arc is exactly half of a circle, it is
known as a semicircular arc. An arc is named based on its end points

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. If the length of the belts of parachute is 7m and make an angle of 45 ° at
the point of joining than what will be the length of parachute?
2. While landing the angle between the belts become 120° at the point of
joining.Find the area enclosed between belts and arc so formed.
3. Consider the statements below:
Statement1: All circles are similar.
Statement2: All squares are similar.
Statement 3: All right triangles are congruent
Statement4: All equilateral triangles are congruent.
Which statements is/are correct?
CASE STUDY 4
In a village, there was no playground for children. If a child had to practice
for any sports then the child had to go to the city stadium. But village has
a circular unused land and villagers decided to convert this unused land into
a football ground, with athletic track around it, so that children can practice
their choice of sports in village itself. Villagers also planned six seating Areas
with chairs (brown colour) and six seating area without chairs (grey colour)

X-Maths 132
 as shown in the Figure. Athletic track (light blue) is between the football
ground (light green) and seating area.
The distance between the centre of the ground and the boundary of the
stadium is 224 m, width of the athletic track is 40 m and AB is 30 m.( use
 = 3.14)
Based on the above case and figure, answer the following questions
1. What is the area of the football ground?
2. What is the length of the athletic track (inner boundary)?
3. What is the total area allocated for athletic track?

CASE STUDY 5
Meenakshi wants to make a pendant from a silver wire in the shape of a
circle of diameter 40mm .This wire is also used to make 5 other diameters
that divide the pendant into 10 equal sectors as shown. Use the information
above to give following answers.

1. What is the total length of the silver wire Meenakshi must buy?
2. What is the total area of the pendant?
3. What is the area of each sector of the pendant?
133 X-Maths
ANSWERS
1. c Sector 2. d
3. c 4. c 75 cm2
5. d four times 6. d 300
7. c 132 cm 8. d 150°

 2
9. b cm 10. b 44cm
4
11. c 44cm 12. a 462cm2
13. d 50m 14. c
15. a 16. d
17. d
18. a 19. 125.7cm
20. 84 m 21. 9.625cm2
22. 0.99cm2 ,2.52cm 23. 76.9cm 2
24. 44 cm 25. 189.97 cm2
26. 128cm2 27. 216.6 m2
28. 3.92cm 29. 154cm2
30. prove 31. 42.67 cm
32. 38.5 cm2 33. 9.625 cm 2,3.5 cm2
34. 1206.8 cm2 35. 15.6 cm2
36. 4:9 37. 120.53 cm2
38. 15.84km/hr 39. 4375
40. 1142 .94 cm2 41. 9812.50 ,226080
2
42. 38.5 m 28.571m, 43. 78.5m2 , 235.5m2 ,¹ 2142.60

X-Maths 134
Case study-1
1. 11.17 cm2 2. 4.714 cm2
3. 6.78m
Case study-2
1. 1386 inch2 2. 30
3. 32 inch
Case study-3
1. 5.5m 2. 51.3 m2
3. Statement 1 & 2
Case study-4
1. 74468.24m2 2. 967.2 m
3. 43708.8m2
Case study-5
1. 325.71mm 2. 1257.14 mm2
3. 125.71 mm2

135 X-Maths
 CHAPTER 13
SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME
KEY CONCEPTS
• CUBOID :
TOTAL SURFACE AREA OF A CUBOID = 2( LB + BH + HL ) sq units
Lateral Surface area = 2 H (L+ B)
Volume of a cuboid = L x B x H
• CUBE :
Total Surface Area of a Cube = 6a2 sq units
LSA of cube = 4a2 sq units
Volume of the Cube = a3 cubic units
• Right Circular Cylinder :
Curved Surface Area of cylinder = 2 π rh
Total Surface Area of cylinder = 2 π r ( h + r)
Volume of cylinder= π r2h
• Right Circular Hollow Cylinder :
Area of each end = π (R2 – r2) [ R and r be the external radius and internal
radius]
Curved Surface Area of Hollow Cylinder = 2 π h ( R + r)
Total Surface Area = π (R + r) [ 2h + R - r )
Volume of material = π h ( R2- r2 )
• Sphere :
Surface Area of sphere= 4 π r2
4
Volume of sphere = r 3
3
• Hemisphere
Curved Surface Area of hemisphere = 2 π r2
Total Surface Area of hemisphere =3 π r2
2
Volume of hemisphere= r 3
3
• Right Circular Cone :
Curved Surface Area of cone= π rl [ l = Slant Height , l2 = r2 + h2 ]
Total Surface Area of cone = π r ( l + r ) sq unitss
1
Volume = r
3

3
X-Maths 136
 Figure and LSA/CSA TSA Volume
Name
a
2(l+b)h 2(lb+bh+hl) 1×b×h
a

2 2
a3
Cube

4a 6a
2r (h  r )
h

2rh r 2 h
b
I
Cuboid

h 1 2
rl r (l  r ) r h
Cylinder
3
h I
r
4 3
Cone

4r 2 4r 2 r
3
Sphere
2 3
2r 2
3r 2 r
3
Hemisphere

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 Marks)

1. The volume and the surface area of a sphere are numerically equal, then the
radius of sphere is
(a) 0 units (b) 1 units
(c) 2 units (d) 3 units
2. A cylindrical pencil sharpened at one edge is the combination of ___________.
(a) two cylinders (b) a hemisphere and a cylinder
(c) a cone and a cylinder (d) sphere and a cylinder
3. The total surface area of a hemispherical solid having radius 7 cm is
(a) 308cm2 (b) 462cm2
(c) 616cm2
4. A solid formed on revolving a right angled triangle about its height is
(a) cylinder (b) sphere
(c) right circular cone (d) two cones
5. A sphere and a cube have equal surface areas. The ratio of the volume of
the sphere to that of cube is

(a)  : (b) 6 :

(c)  : (d) 3 :

137 X-Maths
6 If two solid hemispheres of same base radius are joined together along their
bases, then curved surface area of this new solid is
(a) 3  r² (b) 4  r²
(c) 5  r² (d) 6  r²
7. A maximum diameter of sphere is carved out from the cube of edge 6 cm.The
diameter of sphere is:
(a) 3 cm (b) 6 cm
(c) 12 cm (d) 9 cm
8. The volumes of two spheres are in the ratio 64:27.The ratio of their surface
areas is
(a) 4:3 (b) 16 :9
(c) 9:16 (d) 2:3
9. The shape of a gilli, in the gilli-danda game (see Fig.), is a combination of
(a) two cylinders
(b) a cone and a cylinder
(c) two cones and a cylinder
(d) two cylinders and a cone
10. A right circular cylinder of radius r cm and height h cm (h > 2r) just encloses
a sphere of diameter
(a) r cm (b) 2r cm
(c) h cm (d) 2h cm
11. A rectangular block 6 cm × 12 cm × 15 cm is cut into exact number of equal
cubes. The least possible number of cubes will be
(a) 6 (b) 11
(c) 33 (d) 40
12. The volume (in cm3) of the largest right circular cone that can be cut off from
a cube of edge 4.2 cm.
(a) 17.4cm3 (b) 20.3cm3
(c) 19.4cm3 (d) 58.2cm3
13. In a swimming pool measuring 90 m × 40 m, 150 men take a dip. If the
average displacement of water by a man is 8 m3, then rise in water level is
(a) 27.33 cm (b) 30 cm
(c) 31.33 cm (d) 33.33 cm
X-Maths 138
 ASSERTION and REASONING QUESTIONS (1 Marks)
DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by
a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option
8. Assertion (A):If the radius of a cone is halved and volume is not changed,
than height remains same
Reason(R): If the radius of a cone is halved and volume is not changed, than
height must become four times of the original height
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
9. Assertion (A):Area of sphere is 4 times the area of circle
Reason(R): Sphere is a 3D shape while circle is 2D shape.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
10. Assertion (A):Volume of right circular cylinder =area of base* height
Reason(R): CSA of right circular cylinder = perimeter of base * height
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
11. Assertion (A):Suppose two equal cubes of edge 4 cm are joined together
then the surface area of resulting cuboid is 160cm2
Reason(R): We combined two equal cubes of edge ‘a’ cm, then the length
of the resulting cuboid will be 2a cm
139 X-Maths
 (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
12. Assertion (A):The radii of two cones are in the ratio 2:3 and their volumes
are in the ratio 1:3 .Then the ratio of their heights is 3:2
1 3
Reason(R): Volume of the cone is r
3
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
13. A cube whose edge is 20 cm long, has circles on each of its faces painted
black. What is the total area of the unpainted surface of the cube if the
circles are of the largest possible areas?
14. The volume of a right circular cone is equal to that of a sphere, whose radius
is half the radius of the base of the cone. What is the ratio of the radius
of the base to the height of the cone?
15. A cylindrical glass tube with radius 10 cm has water up to a height of 9 cm.
A metal cube of 8 cm edge is immersed completely. By how much water level
will rise in the glass tube?
16. If the total surface area of a solid hemisphere is 462 cm2, find its volume.
17. The sum of the radius of base and height of a solid right circular cylinder
is 37 cm. If the total surface area of the solid cylinder is 1628 cm2, Find
the height of the cylinder.
18. A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere of radius 7 cm,
from each end of a solid cylinder of height 10 cm and diameter 14 cm. Find
the total surface area of the article.
19. From a solid right circular cylinder of height 14 cm and base radius 6 cm
X-Maths 140
 a right circular cone of same height and same base radius is removed. Find
the volume of the remaining solid.
20. Find the number of plates 1.5 cm in diameter and 0.2 cm thick can be fitted
completely inside a right circular cylinder of height 10 cm and diameter 4.5
cm.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
21. A petrol tank is a cylinder of base diameter 28cm and length 24cm filted
with conical ends each of axis length 9cm. Determine the capacity of the tank
22. The decorative block shown in figure 13.7, is made of two solids- a cube and
a hemisphere. The base of the block is a cube with edge 5 cm, and the
hemisphere fixed on the top has a diameter of 4.2 cm. find the total surface
area of the block.

4.2cm

5cm

5cm

5cm

23. A wire of the diameter 3 mm is wound about a cylinder whose height is 12

cm and radius 5 cm so as to cover the curved surface area completely. find
the length of wire.(use =3.14)
24. A cubical block of side 0.07 m is surmounted by a hemisphere. What is the
greatest diameter the hemisphere can have? Find the surface area of the
solid.
25. Reema has a container, of the form of an inverted cone, open at the top,
of height 11 cm and radius of top as 2.5 cm and is full of water. Metallic
spherical balls each of diameter 0.5 cm are put in the vessel due to which (2/
5)th of the water in the vessel flows out. Find how many balls were put in
the vessel.
26. A solid is composed of a cylinder with hemispherical ends. If the whole length
of the solid is 104 cm and the radius of each hemispherical end is 7 cm.
find the surface area of the solid.
141 X-Maths
27. A ware house is used as a granary .It is in the shape of a cuboid surmounted
by a half cylinder .The base of ware house is 14mx6m and its height is 8
m. find the surface area of the non-cuboidal part of the ware house.

28. A solid in the shape of a cone standing on a hemisphere with both radii being
equal to 7 cm and the height of the cone is equal to its diameter. Find the
volume of the solid.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
29. A solid wooden toy is in the form of a hemi-sphere surmounted by a cone
of same radius. The radius of hemi-sphere is 3.5cm and the total wood used
in the making of toy is 166 .56 cm3 Find the height of the toy. Also, find
the cost of painting the hemi-spherical part of the toy at the rate of 10 per
cm2.
30. If the length, breadth and height of a solid cube are in the ratio 4: 3: 2 and
total surface area is 832 cm2. Find its volume.
31. A solid toy is the form of a right circular cylinder with a hemispherical shape
at one end and a cone at the other end. Their diameter is 4.2 cm and the
heights of the cylindrical and conical portions are 12 cm and 7 cm
respectively. Find the volume of the toy.
32. Sumit made a bird-bath for his garden in the shape of a cylinder with a
hemispherical depression at one end (Fig). The height of the cylinder is 1.66
m and its radius is 30cm find the total surface area of the bird-bath.

fig 14.11
1

33. A wooden toy rocket is in the shape of a cone mounted on a cylinder, as

X-Maths 142
 shown in Fig. The height of the entire rocket is 26 cm, while the height of
the conical part is 6 cm. The base of the conical portion has a diameter
of 5 cm, while the base diameter of the cylindrical portion is 3 cm. If the
conical portion is to be painted orange and the cylindrical portion yellow, find
the area of the rocket painted with each of these colours. (Take  =3.14)

35. A metallic cylinder has radius 0.03cm and height 0.05cm. To reduce its weight
a conical hole is drilled in the cylinder. The conical hole has a radius of 3/
2cm and its depth is 8/ 9cm. calculate the ratio of the volume of metal left
in the cylinder to the volume of metal taken out in conical shape. . (Hint:
Don’t put the value of  )
36. The cost of painting the total outside surface of a closed cylindrical oil tank
at 60 paise per sq. dm is Rs. 237.60. The height of the tank is 6 times the
radius of the base of the tank. Find its volume correct to two decimal places.
37. In the given figure, from a cuboidal solid metallic block of dimensions 15 cm
× 10 cm × 5 cm a cylindrical hole of diameter 7cm is drilled out. Find the
surface area of the remaining block.

CASE STUDY /SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

CASE STUDY -01

143 X-Maths
38. An ‘ice-cream seller used to sell different kinds and different shapes of ice-
cream like rectangular shaped with one end hemispherical, cone-shaped and
rectangular brick, etc. One day a child came to his shop and purchased an
ice-cream which has the following shape: ice-cream cone as the union of a
right circular cone and a hemisphere that has the same (circular) base as
the cone. The height of the cone is 9 cm and the radius of its base is 2.5
cm: By reading the above-given information, find the following:

1. Find the Volume of only hemispherical end of the ice cream?

2. Volume of the ice-cream without hemispherical end?
3. Find the volume of whole ice cream.
CASE STUDY-2
39. A milkman was serving his customers using two types of mugs A and B of
inner diameter 5 cm to serve the customers. The height of the mugs is 10
cm. The height of the conical part of mug B is 1.5cm .He decided to serve
the customer in B type of mug.

1. Find the volume of mug A?

2. Find the volume of mug B?
3. Find difference in volume of two mugs. Why he uses mug B for serving
milk to his customers?
X-Maths 144
CASE STUDY-3
40. Teacher in his class brought a Rubix Cube. He wanted to explain surfaces
and volumes of the Rubix Cube. He explained that the Rubix cube is a
combination of smaller cubes. It contains cubes in 3 x 3 x 3 manner each
cube has 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm

1. What is the total surface area of Rubrix cube?

2. What is the surface area when only nine cubes are considered?
3. What is the total surface area when four Rubrix cubes are joined in
a row?
CASE STUDY-4
41. If you conduct a survey among Indians and ask about their favourite Indian
sweet dish, then the dessert that will top the list will certainly be the most
popular and loved ‘GULAB JAMUN’. This traditional dessert is the centre of
attraction in every festival and occasion in India. This delicious dessert is not
just loved in India but also overseas, especially in countries like Nepal,
Myanmar, Pakistan, Bangladesh and even Mauritius.

For preparing gulab jamun the dough is divided into small balls, deep fried
and then soaked in sugar syrup. A dough is made in the shape of a sphere
of radius 4.2cm. A gulab jamun contains sugar syrup up to about 70% of its
volume.
Based on the above given information answer the following questions

145 X-Maths
 1. What is total volume of gulabjamun?
2. How much sugar syrup will be left out after soaking the jamuns, if one
makes quarter liter syrup?
3. How much silver foil will we need to cover 15 Gulab jamun surface
ANSWERS
1. d 2. c
3. b 4. c
5. b 6. b
7. b 8. b
9. c 10. b
11. d 12. c
13. d 14. d
15. a 16. b
17. a 18. d
19. 514.28 cm². 20. 2:1
3
21. 1.629cm 22. 718.67 cm
23. 30 cm 24. Surface area = 1056 cm2
25. 1056cm3 26. 450
27. 18480 cm3 28. 163.86 cm2
29. 1256cm
30. Greatest diameter = 7 cm b) Surface area =332.5 cm2
31. 440 32. 4576cm2
33. 160.28m2 34. 1437.32cm3
35. 5.98 cm ,Rs 770 36. 1536 cm3
37. 218.06cm3 38. 36960cm 2

2
33. 195.465 cm 34. 133:2
35. 509.14dm3 36. 583 cm 2

X-Maths 146
37 Case study-1
1. 32.7 cm3 2. 58.92 cm3
3. 91.6 cm3
38. Case study-2
1. 163.54 cm3 2. 186.6 cm3
3. 22.9 cm3
39. Case study-3
1. 216 cm2 2. 120 cm2
3. 648 cm2
40. Case study-4
1. 310.464 cm3 2. 32.6 cm3
3. 831.6 cm2

147 X-Maths
 CHAPTER 14
STATISTICS
KEY CONCEPTS

Mean:
The arithmetic mean of a given data is the sum of the values of all the
observations divided by the total number of observations. There are two
different formulas for calculating the mean for ungrouped data and the mean
for grouped data.
Type 1 (Mean of raw data)
Suppose we have n values in a set of data namely as x1, x2, x3……… x n, then the
mean of data is given by using the formula

Sum of all observation

Mean 
Number of Observations

x1  x2  x3 ..................  xn
x
n
Type –2 Mean of grouped data (If Frequency and variable are given)
To calculate the mean of grouped data we have three different methods –
i. Direct method and
ii. Assumed mean method.
iii. Step deviation method
The mean of grouped data deals with the frequencies of different observations or
variables that are grouped together. If the values of the observations are x1,
x2, x3,............xn and their corresponding frequencies are f1, f2, f3,...........fn ,
then the mean of the data is given by,
Mean, x = (x1f1 + x2f2 + ... + xn fn) / (f1 + f2 + ... + fn)

x =  xi fi /  fi, where i = 1, 2, 3, 4 ...n

MEAN OF GROUPED DATA
Direct method

X-Maths 148
  f i xi
Mean x 
 fi

Assume mean method or Short- cut method

 fi di
Mean, x  A  Where d i  xi – A
 fi

Step Deviation method

 f i ui
Mean x  A   h where u  xi – A
 fi h
Median
Median for raw data: The middle most term of the data arranged in ascending or
descending order is called the Median of the data. After arranging the data in
ascending or descending order, the following method is applied:
If number of values or observations in the given data is odd, then the median is
  n  1 
th

given by   observation.
 2 

If the number of values or observations is even, then the median is given by the
th th
n n 
average of   and   1 observation.
2 2 

Cumulative Frequency: The cumulative frequency of a class is the frequency

obtained by adding the frequencies of all the classes preceding the given class
Median for grouped data:
The median for grouped data can be calculated by using the formula,

n 
 2 – cf 
Median  l   h
 f 
 
Where

l = lower limit of median class

149 X-Maths
 N= Sum of frequencies
cf= cumulative frequency of the precending class
f = frequency of Median class
h = class size
Steps to Find Median of Grouped Data
Median of grouped data is in the form of a frequency distribution arranged in
ascending order and is continuous. To find the median of any given data is simple
since the median is the middlemost value of the data. Since the data is grouped,
it is divided into class intervals. The steps to find the median of grouped data are.
Step 1: Construct the frequency distribution table with class intervals and
frequencies.
Step 2: Calculate the cumulative frequency of the data by adding the preceding
value of the frequency with the current value.
Step 3: Find the value of N by adding the values in frequency.
Step 4: Find the lower limit of the class interval and the cumulative frequency.

 n2  cf 
Step 5: Apply the formula for median for grouped data: Median = l    h
 f 

Mode
The mode for ungrouped data
The observation which occurs most is called the mode of the data.
The mode of the data 4, 5, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4, 5, 4, 4, 3, 4
As the observation 4 occurs seven times
Mode of the data is = 4
Mode: The mode for grouped data is given by the formula

 f1  f 0 
MODE = l h
 2 f1  f 0  f 2 
Where,
l = lower limit of median class

X-Maths 150
 h = class size
f1 = frequency of Median class
f0= Frequency of the class preceding of modal class
f2= Frequency of the class succeeding the modal calss
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 Marks)
1. For a frequency distribution, mean, median and mode are connected by the
relation
(a) mode = 3mean – 2median (b) mode = 2median – 3mean
(c) mode = 3median – 2mean (d) mode = 3median + 2mean
2. The class mark of a class interval is
(a) upper limit +lower limit (b) upper limit – lower limit
1
(c) (upper limit + lower limit) (d) (upper limit – lower limit)
2
3. Construction of cumulative frequency table is useful in determining the
(a) mode (b) median
(c) mean (d) all the above three measures
4. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency of a statistical
data?
(a) mode (b) median
(c) mean (d) range
5. In a continuous frequency distribution, the median of the data is 24. If each
item is increased by 2, then the new median will be
(a) 24 (b) 26
(c) 12 (d) 48
6. For the following distribution
Marks Number of students
Below 10 3
Below 20 12
Below 30 27
Below 40 57
Below 50 75
Below 60 80
151 X-Maths
 the modal class is
(a) 10 – 20 (b) 20 – 30
(c) 30 – 40 (d) 40 – 50
7. For the following distribution
Marks Number of students
Below 10 3
Below 20 12
Below 30 27
Below 40 57
Below 50 75
Below 60 80
the median class is
(a) 10 – 20 (b) 20 – 30
(c) 30 – 40 (d) 40 – 50
8. In a grouped frequency distribution, the mid values of the classes are used
to measure which of the following central tendency?
(a) mode (b) median
(c) mean (d) all the above three measures
9. Weights of 40 eggs were recorded as given below:
Weights(in gms) 85 – 89 90 – 94 95 – 99 100 – 104 105- 109
No. of eggs 10 12 12 4 2
The lower limit of the median class is
(a) 90 (b) 95
(c) 94.5 (d) 89.5
10. Weights of 40 eggs were recorded as given below:
Weights(in gms) 85 – 89 90 – 94 95 – 99 100 – 104 105- 109
No. of eggs 10 12 15 4 2
The lower limit of the modal class is
(a) 90 (b) 95
(c) 94.5 (d) 89.5
11. For the following distribution:

X-Maths 152
 Class 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25
Frequency 10 15 12 20 9
The sum of lower limits of the median class and the modal class is
(a) 15 (b) 25
(c) 30 (d) 35
12. Consider the following distribution:
Marks Above 0 Above 10 Above 20 Above 30Above 40 Above 50
No. of Students 63 58 55 51 48 42
The frequency of the class 30 – 40 is
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 48 (d) 41
ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 Marks)
DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by
a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option
13. Assertion : Mean of first 10 natural numbers is 5.5
Reason: Mean = Sum of observations/Total number of observations i.e.
(1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10)/10 = 5.5 (MCQ)
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
14. Assertion: Mode of the given data 0,0,1,2,3,2,3,1,1,5 is 1
Reason: Mode is the number which occurs the maximum number of time in
a data which for the above data is 1
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
15. Assertion: Classmark = (Upper Class Limit+ Lower Class Limit)/2
Reason: Class width = upper class limit – lower class limit
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
153 X-Maths
 (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
16. Assertion: Data can be grouped into class intervals such that all observations
in that range belong to that class.
Reason: Frequency of a data set is the number of times a particular
observation occurs in data.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
17. Assertion: If median and mode of a distribution is 8.6 and 9.2 then the mean
is 9.
Reason: Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
18. Find mode, using an empirical relation, when it is given that mean and median
are 10.5 and 9.6 respectively.

19. In a frequency distribution, if a = assumed mean = 55,  fi = 100, h = 10

and  ƒiui = -30, then find the mean of the distribution.

20. Find the unknown values in the following table

Class Interval Frequency Cumulative frequency
0-10 5 5
10-20 7 c
20-30 a 18
0-40 5 d
40-50 b 30
21. If mean of the following distribution is 2.6, then find the value of y
X-Maths 154
 Variable(x) 1 2 3 4 5
frequency 4 5 y 1 2

22. If mean of a frequency distribution is 8.1 and  ƒixi = 132+5k,  ƒi = 20,

then find the value of k?
23. Write the empirical relation between mean, median and mode?
24. For the following distribution
Class 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25
Frequency 10 15 12 20 9
Find the sum of the lower limits of the median and modal class?
25. Find the class marks of classes 10-25 and 35-55?
26. Write the median class of the following distribution
Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Frequency 4 4 8 10 12 8 4
27. If the difference of mode and median of a data is 24, then find the difference
of median and mean?
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
28. Find the mean of the following distribution:
Class-Interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
No.of workers 7 10 15 8 10
29. The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities. Find
the mean literacy rate
Literacy rate (in %) 45-55 55-65 65-75 75-85 85-95
No. of cities 3 10 11 8 3
30. Calculate the median of the following data:
Marks 0-18 18-36 36-54 54-72 72-90
No. of students 5 15 30 8 2
31. Following is the distribution of IQ of the 100 students. Find the median IQ.
I.Q. 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94 95-104 105-114 115-124 125-134 135-144
No. of students 1 2 9 22 33 22 8 2 1

32. The following table gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory
155 X-Maths
 Daily income(in Rs) 100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200
N0. Of workers 12 14 8 6 10
Find the mode of the above data?
33. The following is the distribution of height of students of certain class in a
certain city:
Heights(in cms) 160-162 163-165 166-168 169-171 172-174
No. of students 15 118 142 127 18
Find the average height of maximum number of students.
34. If the mean of the following distribution is 27, find the value of p
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Frequency 8 p 12 13 10
35. For the following grouped frequency distribution find the mode
Class 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21 21-24
Frequency 2 5 10 23 21 12 3
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 Marks)

36. The mean of the following frequency table is 50, but the frequencies f1 and f2
in class 20-40 and 60-80 are missing. Find the missing frequencies.
Class 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 Total
Frequency 17 f1 32 f2 19 120
37. The following table gives weekly wages in rupees of workers in a certain
commercial organization. The frequency of class 49-52 is missing. It is known
that the mean of frequency distribution is 47.2. Find the missing frequency
Weekly wages (in Rs.) 40-43 43-46 46-49 49-52 52-55
No. of workers 31 58 60 ? 27
38. If the median of the distribution given below is 525, find the value of x and
y. If the total frequency is 100.
Class Interval 0-100 100- 200- 300- 400- 500- 600- 700- 800- 900-
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Frequency 2 5 x 12 17 20 y 9 7 4

39. The median of the distribution given below is 14.4.Find the value of x and y,
if the total frequency is 20.

X-Maths 156
 Class interval 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30
Frequency 4 x 5 y 1
40. A survey regarding the height of 51girls of class X girls of a school was
conducted and the following data was obtained:
Height in cm Number of girls
Less than 140 4
Less than 145 11
Less than 150 29
Less than 155 40
Less than 160 46
Less than 165 51
Find the median height?
41. The frequency distribution table of agriculture holdings in a village is given
below:
Area of land(in hectares) 1-3 3-5 5-7 7-9 9-11 11-13
No. of families 20 45 80 55 40 12
Find the modal agriculture holdings of the village.
42. The following table shows the ages of the patients admitted in a hospital
during a year:
Ages(in years) 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65
No. of students 6 11 21 23 14 5
Find the mode and mean of the data given above. Compare and interpret the
two measures of central tendency.
43. A life insurance agent found the following data for distribution of ages of 100
policy holders. Calculate the median age, if policies are given to persons
having age 18 years onwards but less than 60 years.
Age in years Number of policy holders
Below 20 2
Below 25 6
Below 30 24
Below 35 45
Below 40 78

157 X-Maths
 Below 45 89
Below 50 92
Below 55 98
Below 60 100
CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS (4 Marks)
44.
Expenditure Number of famillies
1000-1500 24
1500-2000 40
2000-2500 33
2500-3000 28
3000-3500 30
3500-4000 22
4000-4500 16
4500-5000 7
The monthly household expenditure was recorded for various households of
a village and the data collected is shown in the table.
(a) How many families’ data was collected?
(b) Which class is the modal class of the table?
(c) Find the modal monthly expenditure of the families.
45.
Class Frequency
0-10 5
10-20 x
20-30 20
30-40 15
40-50 y
50-60 5
Total 60
A student collected some data and found that some entities were missing. The data
is given in the table, answer the questions using the table if median is 28.5.

X-Maths 158
 (a) What is the median class?
(b) What is the cumulative frequency of the median class?
(c) What is the value of x and y?

46.

Monthly comsumption in units No. of consumers

Below 85 4
Below105 9
Below125 22
Below 145 42
Below 165 56
Below 185 64
Below 205 68
Monthly power consumption of a few families is recorded as given in the
table.
(a) How many consumers were targeted for the data?
(b) How many consumers consume more than 145 units?
(c) What is the median of the data given?
47.

Height (in cm) No. of students

150-156 4
156-162 7
162-168 15
168-174 8
174-180 6
Data regarding heights of students of Class X of Model School, Dehradun is
given. Answer the following questions.
(a) What is the range of height recorded by maximum number of students?
(b) What is the assumed mean for the table?
(c) What is the average height of the students?

159 X-Maths
ANSWERS
1.(c), 2. (c), 3.(b), 4.(d), 5. (b), 6. (c), 7. (c), 8. (c), 9. (a), 10. (b), 11. (b), 12.
(a), 13. (a), 14. (a), 15. (b), 16. (b), 17. (d)
18. MODE=7.8, 19. MEAN=52, 20. a=6,b=7,c=12,d=23, 21. y=8, 22. k=6, 23.
Mode=3median-2mean, 24. 25, 25. 17.5,45, 26. 30-40, 27. 12
28. 25.8, 29. 69.43%, 30. 40, 31. 99.35, 32. 125, 33. 167.35cm, 34. p=7, 35. 14.6
36. f1 =28, f2 =24, 37. 44, 38. x=9, y=15, 39. x=4, y=6, 40. 149.03cm, 41. 6.2
hectares, 42. Mode=36.8years, Mean=35.37years, 43. 35.76years
44. (a) 200, (b) 1500-2000, (c) Rs. 1847.83
45. (a) 20-30, (b) 25+x, (c) x=8, y=7
46. (a) 68, (b) 26, (c) 137 units
47. (a) 162-168cm, (b) 165, (c) 165.75

X-Maths 160
 CHAPTER-15
PROBABILITY
1. Probability:-The theoretical probability of an event E, written as P(E) is
defined as.

Number of outcomes favourable to E

P( E )
Number of all possible out comes of the exp eriment
When we assume that the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely.
2. The probability of a sure event (or certain event) is 1.
3. The probability of an impossible event is 0.
4. The probability of an Event E is number P(E) such that 0  ”P(E)  ”1.
5. Elementary events:- An event having only one outcome is called an elementary
event. The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an
experiment is 1.

6. For any event E, P(E)+P( ) = 1, where stands for not E, E and are called
complementary event.
7. Performing experiments:-
a. Tossing a coin.
b. Throwing a die.
c. Drawing a card from deck of 52 cards.
8. Sample space:-The set of all possible outcomes in an experiment is called
sample space.
9. An event is a subset of a sample space.
10. Equally likely events- If one event cannot be expected in preference to other
event then they are said to be equally likely.
COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS (1 Marks)
1. A die is thrown once. What will be the probability of getting a prime number?

1 1
(a) (b)
6 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
161 X-Maths
2. A bag has 4 red balls and 2 yellow balls. A ball is drawn from the bag without
looking into the bag. What is probability of getting a yellow ball?

1 2
(a) (b)
6 3
1
(c) (d) 1
3
Answer the following questions (Q3-Q6) One card is drawn from a well-shuffled
deck of 52 cards.
3. Find the probability of getting a black face card

1 2
(a) (b)
26 13
1 3
(c) (d)
13 26
4. Find the probability of getting a face card or an ace.

4 2
(a) (b)
13 13
1 3
(c) (d)
13 13
5. Find the probability of getting a king and red card.

1 2
a) (b)
26 13
1 3
(c) (d)
13 26
6. Find the probability of getting a king or red card.

4 8
a) (b)
13 13
7 3
(c) (d)
13 13
Answer the following questions (Q7-Q10) Cards are marked with numbers 1
X-Maths 162
 to 25 are placed in the box and mixed thoroughly. One card is drawn at
random from the box.
7. What is the probability of getting a number less than 11?
(a) 1 (b) 0
1 2
(c) (d)
5 5
8. What is the probability of getting a number greater than 25?
(a) 1 (b) 0
1 2
(c) (d)
5 5
9. What is the probability of getting an odd number?
(a) 1 (b) 0
12 13
(c) (d)
25 25
10. What is the probability of getting a multiple of 5?
(a) 1 (b) 0
1 1
(c) (d)
25 5
11. What is probability that a non-leap year selected at random will contain 53
Sundays.

1 2
(a) (b)
7 7
3 4
(c) (d)
7 7
12. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting at most
one head?

1 2
(a) (b)
4 4
3 4
(c) (d)
4 4
163 X-Maths
ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS (1 Marks)
DIRECTION: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by
a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option
1. Assertion: In a single throw of a die, the probability of getting a number less
than 7 is 1.
Reason: The probability of a certain event is 1.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
2. Assertion: Five face cards are removed from a deck of cards then the cards
7
are well shuffled. Then the probability of drawing a face card is .
52
Reason: King, Queen and Jack are known as face cards. So, there are 12
face cards in total.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
15. Assertion: If the probability of an event is P then the probability of its
complementary event will be 1 - P.
Reason: When E and are complementary events, then P(E) + P( ) = 1
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
16. Assertion: Card numbered 1 to 50 are placed in a box. If a card is selected
at random from the box, then the probability that the card selected has a
7
number which is a perfect square, is .
50
Reason: The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that0  P(E)
1
X-Maths 164
 (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
17. Assertion: Three coins are tossed simultaneously, the probability of getting
1
atleast one head is .
4
Reason: P(E) + P(not E) = 1.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)
18. A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from
the bag. What is the probability that the ball drawn is (i) red? (ii) not red?
19. It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not
having the same birthday is 0.992.What is the probability that the 2 students
have the same birthday?
20. A bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy
without looking into the bag. What is the probability that she takes out (i) an
orange flavoured candy? (ii) a lemon flavoured candy?
21. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One
marble is taken out of the box at random. What is the probability that the
marble taken out will be (i) white? (ii) Not green?
22. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at
random from the lot. What is the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now
one bulb is drawn at random from the rest. What is the probability that
this bulb is not defective?
23. Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out
one fish at random from a tank containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish.

165 X-Maths
 What is the probability that the fish taken out is a male fish?

24. 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not
possible to just look at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen
is taken out at random from this lot. Determine the probability that the pen
taken out is a good one.
25. A number is selected at random from first 50 natural numbers. Find the
probability that it is a Multiple of 3 and 4.
26. Two different dice are tossed together. Find the probability
(i) Of getting doublet
(ii) Of getting a sum 10, of the numbers on the two dice.
27. A game consists of tossing a coin 3 times and noting the outcome each time.
If getting the Same result in all the tosses is a success, find the probability
of losing the game.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
28. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability that
(i) 5 will not come up on either of them?
(ii) 5 will come up on at least one?
(iii) 5 will come up at both dice?
29. Cards bearing numbers 1, 3, 5... 35 are kept in a bag. A card is drawn at
random from theBag. Find the probability of getting a card bearing
(i) A prime number less than 15

X-Maths 166
 (ii) A number divisible by 3 and 5.
30. Two dice are rolled once. Find the probability of getting such numbers on the
two dice, whose product is 12.
31. A card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52cards. Find the probability
of getting
(i) a king of Red colour (ii) a face card (iii) the queen of diamond.
32. Three different coins are tossed together. Find the probability of getting
(i) Exactly two heads
(ii) At least two heads
(iii) At least two tails.
33. A bag contains 15 white and some black balls .If the probability of drawing
a black ball from the bag is thrice that of drawing a white ball, find the
number of black balls in the bag.
34. A box contains 80 discs which are numbered from 1 to 80. If one disc is
drawn at random from the box, find the probability that it bears a perfect
square number.
35. The probability of selecting a red ball at random from a jar that contains only
1
red, blue and orange balls is .The probability of selecting a blue ball at
4
1
random from the same jar is If the jar contains 10 orange balls, find the
3
total number of balls in the jar.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
36. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability
of getting
(i) a king of red colour (ii) a club
(iii) a red face card (iv) the jack of hearts
(v) the queen of diamonds
37. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting
(i) a prime number;
(ii) a number lying between 2 and 6

167 X-Maths
 (iii) an odd number
(iv) a multiple of 3
(v) a number greater than 6
38. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing
at one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and these are equally likely
outcomes.
What is the probability that it will point at
(i) 8?
(ii) an odd number?
(iii) a number greater than 2?
(iv) a number less than 9?
(v) prime number?
39. Red queens and black jacks are removed from a pack of 52 playing cards.
A card is drawn at random from the remaining card, after reshuffling them.
Find the probability that the drawn card is:
(i) King ii) of red colour
iii) a face card iv) queen
(v) black card.
40. Cards marked with the number 2 to 101 are placed in a box and mixed
thoroughly. One card is drawn from the box. Find the probability that the
number on the card is:
(i) An even number
(ii) A number less than14
(iii) A number is perfect square
(iv) A prime number less than 20
(v) A perfect cube number
41. A number x is selected at random from the 1, 2, 3 and 4. Another number
y is selected at random from the numbers 1, 4, 9 and 16. Find the probability
the product of x and y is less than 9.
42. Two different dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the numbers
obtained have
(i) Even sum, and

X-Maths 168
 (ii) Even product
43. A card is drawn at random from a well-shuffled deck of playing cards. Find
the probability that the card drawn is
(i) A card of spade or an ace.
(ii) A black king.
(iii) Neither a jack nor a king
(iv) Either a king or a queen.
(v) not a face card.
CASE STUDIES/ SOURCE BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS (4 Marks)
44. Peyton and Derek were playing the game of snakes and ladders. Both of
them had different coloured dice. One blue and one pink. Both the dice are
thrown at the same time.
(a) What is the probability that the sum of the two numbers appearing on
the top of dice is 8?
(b) What is the probability that the sum of the two numbers appearing on
the top of dice is less than or equal to 12?
(c) What is the probability of getting an even number on one and a multiple
of 3 on the other?

45. Lily has had piggy bank since she was 5. Her bank contains hundred 50p
coins, fifty Rs.1 coins, twenty Rs.2 coins and ten Rs.5 coins. If it is equally
likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is turned upside down.
One day she turns the bank upside down in order to see what coin falls out
first.

169 X-Maths
 (a) What is the probability that the coin will be 50p coin?
(b) What is the probability that the coin will not be Rs.2 coin?
(c) What is the probability that the coin will either be 50p or Rs.1 coin?
46. Karen had a box of stationery at her house. The box contained 140 pencils
out of which 40 were unsharpened, 160 ball pens out of which 27 were
defective and 30 gel pens out of which 28 worked fine. She started sorting
things out.

(a) What is the probability that she picks a sharpened pencil?

(b) What is the probability that she picks a working gel pen?
(c) What is the probability that she picks either a working gel pen or an
undefected ball pen?
47. Ross went to a magic show with his parents. The magician wanted to show
a trick of cards, he called Ross and showed him that the deck is divided into
4 suits of 13 cards each, clubs and spades are of black colour, while hearts
and diamonds are of red colour. He then asked Ross to pick a card for him.

X-Maths 170
 On the basis of above information, answer the following questions.
(a) What is the probability that the card Ross draws is not black?
(b) What is the probability that Ross draws a black spades card?
(c) What is the probability that the card drawn is neither hearts nor clubs?
ANSWERS

1 1 3 4 1 7 2
1. b) , 2. c) , 3. d) , 4. a) 5.a) , 6. c) , 7. d) ,
2 3 26 13 26 13 5
13 1 7 2 13 1
8. b) 0, 9. d) , 10. d) , 6. c) , 7. d) , 8. b) 0, 9d) , 10. d) ,
25 26 13 5 25 5
1 3
11. a) , 12. c) , 13. a), 14. b), 15. a), 16. b), 17. d)
7 4

3 5 8 13 1 15
18. (i) , (ii) 19. 0.008, 20. (i)0, (ii)1, 21. (i) , (ii) , 22. (i) , (ii) , 23.
8 8 17 17 5 19
5 11
, 24. ,
13 12

2 1 1 3
25. , 26. (i) , (ii) , 27.
25 6 12 4

25 11 1 1 1 1 1 3
28. (i) , (ii) , (iii) , 29. (i ), (ii) , 30. , 31. (i) ,(ii) ,
36 36 36 3 18 9 26 13

1 3 1 1 1
(iii) , 32. (i) , (ii) , (iii) ,33. 45, 34. , 35. 24
52 8 2 2 10
171 X-Maths
 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
36. (i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv) , (v) 37. (i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv)
26 26 26 52 52 2 2 2 3
1 1 3 1 1 1
, (v) 0 38. (i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv)1, (v) 39. (i) , (ii) , (iii)
8 2 4 2 12 2
1 1 1 1 3 9 2 3
, (iv) , (v) 40. (i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv) , (v)
6 24 2 2 25 100 25 100

5 1 3 4 1 11 2 10
41. , 42. (i) , (ii) , 43. (i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv) , (v)
9 2 4 13 26 13 13 13

5 11 100 160 150 100

44. (a) , (b) 1, (c) , 45. (a) , (b) , (c) , 46. (a) , (b)
36 36 180 180 180 330
28 161 26 13 26
, (c) 47. (a) , (b) , (c) .
330 330 52 52 52

X-Maths 172
 SAMPLE
PAPERS AND
SOLUTIONS
Maximum Marks : 80
General Instructions:
1. This Question Paper has 5 Sections A-E.
2. Section A has 20 MCQs carrying 1 mark each.
3. Section B has 5 questions carrying 02 marks each.
4. Section C has 6 questions carrying 03 marks each.
5. Section D has 4 questions carrying 05 marks each.
6. Section E has 3 case based integrated units of assessment (04 marks each)
with subparts of the values of 1, 1 and 2 marks each respectively.
7. All Questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice in 2 Qs of 5
marks, 2 Qs of 3 marks and 2 Questions of 2 marks has been provided. An
internal choice has been provided in the 2marks questions of Section E.
8. Draw neat figures wherever required. Take  =22/7 wherever required if not
stated.

SECTION A
Section A consists of 20 questions of 1 mark each.
1. Given that HCF (96,404) is 4, find the LCM ( 96 , 404).
(a) 9696 (b) 18
(c) 22 (d) 20
2. Which of the following is quadratic polynomial?
173 X-Maths
 a) X+4 b) X2+4x+5
c) X3+2x2+x+1 d) None of these
3. Find the number of solutions of the following pair of linear equations:
x + 2y – 8 = 0, 2x + 4y = 16.
(a) 4 (b) 18
(c) 22 (d) 20
4. Find the Value of K if the equation x2-2(k + 1) x +k2 = 0 has equal roots.
(a) -2 (b) 2
(c) 22 (d) -1/2
5.  ABC ~  DEF. If AB = 4 cm, BC = 3.5 cm, CA = 2.5 cm and DF = 7.5
cm, find the perimeter of  DEF..
(a) 4 cm (b) 18 cm
(c) 30 cm (d) 20 cm
6. If two triangles are similar, their corresponding sides are __________.
(a) not proportional (b) proportional
(c) not equal (d) equal
7. If triangle ABC ~ DEF & 2AB=DE , BC=8cm . Find EF.
(a) 16cm (b) 8 cm
(c) 22 cm (d) 20 cm
8. If the point A (0, 2) is equidistance from the points B (3,p) and C (p,5), then
find the value of p.
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) 2
9. Evaluate 2 tan2 45° + cos2 30° – sin2 60°
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
10. Find the value of : (sin  + cos  )²+ (cos  - sin  )²
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1
11. If  is an acute angle and sin  = cos  , find the value of 3tan²  + 2sin² 
– 1.
X-Maths 174
 (a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 1
12. A tangent PQ at a point of a circle of radius 5 cm meet a line through the
center O at a point Q so that OQ= 12cm. find length PQ?
(a) 4 cm (b) 13 cm
(c) 2 cm (d) cm
13. The length of an arc of a circle with radius 9 cm is 11 cm. The central angle
of this arc is
(a) 700 (b) 900
(c) 800 (d) 750
14. The diameter of a circle whose area is equal to the sum of the areas of the
two circles of radii 24 cm and 7 cm is
(a) 41 cm (b) 18 cm
(c) 22 cm (d) 50 cm
15. Two cubes each with 6 cm edge are joined end to end. The surface area
of the resulting cuboid is __________________.
(a) 360 cm2 (b) 180 cm2
(c) 260 cm2 (d) 236 cm2
16. The class marks of the class 18-22 is
(a) 4 (b) 18
(c) 22 (d) 20
17. If mean = 24 and median = 26 , mode is _____________.
(a) 30 (b) 18
(c) 22 (d) 20
18. The probability that a number is selected at random from the numbers 1 ,2,
3,…..,15 is a multiple of 4, is
(a) 4/15 (b) 2/15
(c) 1/5 (d) 1/3
Assertion-Reason Type Questions:
DIRECTION: In the question number 19 and 20, a statement of assertion (A) is
followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option Statement.

175 X-Maths
19. A (Assertion): If product of two numbers is 5780 and their HCF is 17, then
their LCM is 340 .Statement R( Reason) : HCF is always a factor of LCM.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
20. Statement A (Assertion): If the co-ordinates of the mid-points of the sides AB
and AC of  ABC are D(3,5) and E(-3,-3) respectively, then BC = 20 units.
Statement R( Reason) : The line joining the mid points of two sides of a
triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to half of it.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true.

SECTION B
21. If the system of equation 4x+y = 3 and (2k-1)x +(k-1) y = 2k+1 is inconsistent
,then find k.
22. ABC is an isosceles  , right angled at C then prove that AB2 = 2AC2
23. Two concentric circles are of radii 5cm and 3cm .Find the length of the chord
of the larger circle which touches the smaller circle.
24. A copper wire when bent in the form of a square encloses an area of 121
cm2 . If the same wire is bent into the form of a circle, find the area of
the circle [Take  =22/7]

OR
In Fig. 12.30, OACB is a quadrant of a circle with centre O and radius 3.5
cm. If OD = 2 cm, find the area of the quadrant OACB, shaded region.

X-Maths 176
 A

fig 12.30

B O

25. In triangle PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm.

Determine the values of sin P, cos P
OR
In a triangle ABC, it is given that C= 90° and tan A=1/ 3, find the value
of : (sinA cosB +cosA sinB)

SECTION C
26. Prove that 3 is irrational.
27. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 6x2 -3-7x, and verify the
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.
28. John and Jivanti together have 45 marbles. Both of them lost 5 marbles each,
and the product of the number of marbles they have now is 124. We would
like to find out how many marbles they had to start with.

OR
The difference of two natural numbers is 5 and the difference of their
reciprocals is 1/10 . Find the numbers.
29. Prove that : tan²  + cot²  + 2 = cosec²  sec² 
30. Prove that the length of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is
equal.
OR
A Quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle, as shown in the
figure. Prove that AB + CD= AD + BC.

177 X-Maths
31. All the red face cards are removed from a pack of 52 playing cards. A card
is drawn at random from the remaining cards after reshuffling them. Find the
probability that the card drawn is
(i) of red colour ii) a queen
iii) an ace iv) a face card.

SECTION D
32. Speed of a boat in still water is 15 km/h. It goes 30 km upstream and returns
back at the same point in 4 hours 30 minutes. Find the speed of the stream.

OR
A train travelling at a uniform speed for 360 km would have taken 48 minutes
less to travel the same distance if its speed were 5 km/hour more. Find the
original speed of the train.
33 If a straight line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting the other
two sides, then prove that it divides the two sides in the same ratio.
In  ABC, DE || BC, find the value of x.

A
x x+3

D E
3x+1 3x+11

B C

34. A toy is in the form of a cone of radius 3.5 cm mounted on a hemisphere

of same radius. The total height of the toy is 15.5 cm. Find the total surface
area of the toy.

OR
The decorative block shown in figure 13.7, is made of two solids- a cube and
a hemisphere. The base of the block is a cube with edge 5 cm, and the

X-Maths 178
 hemisphere fixed on the top has a diameter of 4.2 cm. find the total surface
area of the block.

4.2cm

5cm

5cm

5cm

35. Find the value of p if the median of the following frequency distribution is 50
Class 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
Frequency 25 15 P 6 24 12 8
Also find mean.

SECTION E
36. Radio towers are used for transmitting a range of communication services
including radio and television. The tower will either act as an antenna itself
or support one or more antennas on its structure, including microwave dishes.
They are among the tallest human-made structures. There are 2 main types:
guyed and self-supporting structures.

30º
45º
36 m O

179 X-Maths
 On a similar concept, a radio station tower was built in two sections A and
B. Tower is supported by wires from a point O. Distance between the base
of the tower and point O is 36 m. From point O, the angle of elevation of
the top of section B is and the angle of elevation of the top of section A is.
On the basis of the above information, answer any four of the following
questions:
(i) What is the height of the section A? [1]
(ii) What is the length of the wire structure from the point O to the top
of section A ? [1]
(iii) What is the length of the wire structure from the point O to the top
of section B ? [2]
37. In a class room, 4 four friends are seated at the points A,B,C and D as
shown in Figure Considering O as origin.

10
9
8
B
7
6
C
5
A
4
3
2
D
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(i) What is the mid -point of AC ? [1]

(ii) Find distance of AB. [1]
(iii) Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides BD in 2:1. [2]
38. Your friend Veer wants to participate in a 200 m race. Presently, he can run
200 m in 51 seconds and during each day practice it takes him 2 seconds
less. He wants to do in 31 seconds.
1. Find the AP for the given situation? [1]
2. What is the minimum number of days he needs to practice till his goal
is achieved? [1]
X-Maths 180
 3. Find the total distance covered by him in 11 days. [2]
ANSWERS:
1. 9696
2. X2+4x+5
3. 22
4. -1/2
5. 30 cm
6. Proportional
7. 16 cm
8. 2
9. 2
10. 2
11. 3

12. 119 cm
0
13. 70
14. 50 cm
15. 360 cm2
16. 20
17. 30
18. 1/5
19. A
20. A
21. 3/2
22. PROVE
23. 8 cm
24. 154 cm2 OR 6.125 cm2
181 X-Maths
25. 12/13 , 5/13 OR 1
26. PROVE
27. 3/2 , -1/3
28. 9 , 35 OR 5 , 10
29. PROVE
30. PROVE
31. 10/23 , 1/23 , 2/23 , 3/23
32. 5 km/h OR 45 km/h
33. 3 cm
34. 214.5 cm2 OR 163.86 cm2
35. 10

36. (i) 36 cm (ii) 36 2 cm (iii) 24 3 cm

37. (i) (6 , 4 ) (ii) 3 2 (iii) ( 6 , 3 )

38. (i) 51,49 , 47,… (ii) 11 days (iii) 2200 m

X-Maths 182
 CLASS- X SESSION- 2022-23
SUBJECT- MATHEMATICS (STANDARD)
Time Allowed: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This Question Paper has 5 Sections A-E.
2. Section A has 20 MCQs carrying 1 mark each
3. Section B has 5 questions carrying 02 marks each.
4. Section C has 6 questions carrying 03 marks each.
5. Section D has 4 questions carrying 05 marks each.
6. Section E has 3 case based integrated units of assessment (04 marks each)
with sub parts of the values of 1, 1 and 2 marks each respectively.
7. All Questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice in 2 Qs of 5
marks, 2 Qs of 3 marks and 2 Questions of 2 marks has been provided. An
internal choice has been provided in the 2marks questions of Section E
8. Draw neat figures wherever required. Take  =22/7 wherever required if not
stated.

SECTION A
Section A consists of 20 questions of 1 mark each.
1. pn=(a×5)n For pn to end with the digit zero a= ____ for natural number n.
(a) any natural number (b) even number
(c) odd number (d) none of these
2. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial x2+3x+kis 2, then the value of is
(a). 10 (b). -10
(c). 5 (d). -5
3. The length of the tangent to a circle from a point P, which is 10 cm away
from The center is 8 cm. What is the radius of the circle?
(a) 5 cm (b) 6 cm
(c) 8 cm (d) 7 cm

183 X-Maths
4. If ax+ by = c and lx +my = n has unique solution then the relation between
the coefficient will be:
(a) am  lb (b) am=lb
(c) ab = lm (d) ab  lm
5. If the perimeter of a circle is equal to that of square, then find the ratio of
their areas.
(a) 14:11 (b) 7:11
(c) 11:14 (d) 11:7

cos 2 30   sin 2 30 
6. Find the value of
sin 2 60   cos 2 60 
(a) -1 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) -2
7. The value(s) of k for which the quadratic equation 2x2+kx+2=0 has equal
roots, is
(a) 4 (b) ± 4
(c) – 4 (d) 0
8. The distance between the points(5 cos 35°, 0) and (0,5sin 35°) is
(a) 10 units (b) 5 units
(c) 1 unit (d) 2 units
9. In the figure, find the value of BC.

B
60º

45º
D C
1000 m

(a) 1000( 3–1)m) (b) 1000m

(c) 1000 3m (d)  3–1m
10. If ABC~EDF and ABCis not similar to DEF, then which of the following is not
true?

X-Maths 184
 (a) BC.EF=AC.FD (b) AB.EF=AC.DE
(c) BC.DE= AB.EF (d) BC.DE=AB.FD
11. Find the value of 9sec 2A–9tan2A
(a) 9 (b) 10
(c) 11 (d) 12
12. If the three sides of a triangle are a 3a and 2a , then the measure of the
angle opposite to longest side is
(a) 45° (b) 30°
(c) 60° (d) 90°
13. A kite is flying at a height of 50 3m from the horizontal. It is attached with
a string and makes an angle 60° with the horizontal. Find the length of the
string.
(a) 100m (b) 150m
(c) 50m (d) 200m
14. A cylinder, a cone and a hemisphere are of the same base and of the same
height. The ratio of their volumes is
(a) 1:2:3 (b) 2:1:3
(c) 3:1:2 (d) 3:2:1
15. In the given e figure, what is the upper limit of the median class?
Class 0-5 6-11 12-17 18-23 24-29
Frequency 13 10 15 8 11
(a) 17.5 (b) 18.5
(c) 7 (d) 18
16. In Fig. if AD=4cm, BD=3cm andCB=12cm. then CA=

D

C
B

185 X-Maths
 (a) 12/5 CM (b) 5/12 CM
(c) 13/12 CM (d) 13 CM
17. A bag contains 6 red and 5 blue balls. One ball is drawn at random. The
probability that the ball is blue is:
(a) 2/11 (b) 5/6
(c) 6/11 (d) 5/11
18 Daily wages of a factory workers are recorded as:
Daily wages (in Rs.) 121-126 127-132 133-138 139-144 145-150
No. of workers 5 27 20 18 12
The lower limit of Modal class is:
(a) Rs. 127 (b) Rs. 126
(c) Rs.126.50 (d) Rs.133
19 DIRECTION: In the question number 19 and 20, a statement of assertion (A)
is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct option
Assertion : The point (0, 4) lies on y -axis.
Reason : The x co-ordinate on the point on y -axis is zero.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correctexplanation of assertion (A)
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not
thecorrect explanation of assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason(R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason(R) is true.
20 Assertion : is an irrational number, where x is a prime number..
Reason : Square root of any prime number is an irrational number.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

X-Maths 186
 SECTION B
Section B consists of 5 questions of 2 marks each.

21. If x  p sec A  q tan A & Y  p tan A  q secA then prove that

x2  y2  p2  q2

OR

Prove that : If cos A  sin A  2 cos A , then show that

cos A  – sin A  2 sin A .

22. In the given Fig., is diameter of the circle with centre O and A is the
point of contact, then find x .

40°

23. In the given Fig. PQ=24 cm, QR= 26 cm, PAR=90°, PA= 6 cm and AR= 8
cm, find QPR

24. Solve the pair of linear equations

152x-378y=–74
–378x +152 y = -604
25 What is the ratio of the areas of a circle and an equilateral triangle whose
diameter and a side are respectively equal?
187 X-Maths
 OR
In fig, OPAB is a sector of a circle of radius 3.5 cm with the centre at O
and AOB  120 . Find the length of OAPBO.

SECTION C
SECTION C CONSISTS OF 6 QUESTIONS OF 3 MARKS
EACH.
1. Given that  5 is irrational, prove that 5+2 5 is irrational.
2. Two tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external
point P. Prove that APB  2OAB

OR
In the given fig., find PC. If AB=13 cm, BC=7 cm and AD=15 cm.

188
X-Maths
3. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of playing cards. Find
the probability that the card drawn is
(i) a card of spade or an ace
(ii) a red king
(iii) neither a king nor a queen
4. If zeros of x2–5kx+24 are in the ratio 3:2, find K.
5. In an AP of 50 terms, the sum of first 10 terms is 210 and the sum of last
15 terms is 2565. Find the A.P.

OR
Determine the A.P. whose 4th term is 18 and the difference of 9th term from
the 15th term is 30.
31 Prove the following that-
(1 + cot A+tan A) (sin A- CosA) =sin A tan A-cot A cos A

SECTION D
SECTION D CONSISTS OF 4 QUESTIONS OF 5 MARKS
EACH.
32 A solid iron pole consists of a cylinder of height 220 cm and base diameter
24 cm, which is surmounted by another cylinder of height 60 cm and radius
8 cm. Find the mass of the pole, given that 1 cm3 of iron has approximately
8 gm mass. (Use  = 3.14)
OR
A solid is in the shape of a cone surmounted on a hemisphere. The radius
of each of them being and the total height of the solid is . Find
the volume of the solid.
33 The rainwater from a roof drains into a cylindrical vessel having
diameter of base and height If the vessel is just full, find the rainfall
in cm.
OR
The difference between outer and inner curved surface areas of a hollow right
circular cylinder, long is . If the volume of the metal used in
making the cylinder is 176 cm3. Find the outer and inner diameters of the
cylinder.
189 X-Maths
34 Two triangles QPR and QSR, right angled at P and S respectively, are
drawing on the same base and on the same side of QR. If PR and SQ
intersect at T. Prove that PT  TR  ST  TQ .

The median of the following distribution is 35, find the values of a and b.
C.I 10-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 Total
f 10 20 a 40 b 25 15 170

SECTION E
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY.
36 Satellite image of a colony is shown below. In this view, a particular house
is pointed out by a flag, which is situated at the point of intersection of x
and y-axes. If we go 2 cm east and 3 cm north from the house, then we
reach to a Grocery store. If we go 4 cm west and 6 cm south from the
house, then we reach to a Electrician’s shop. If we go 6 cm east and 8 cm
south from the house, then we reach to a food cart. If we go 6 cm west
and 8 cm north fromthe house, then we reach to a bus stand:

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The distance between grocery store and food cart is
(ii) The distance of the bus stand from the house is
(iii) If the grocery store and electrician’s shop lie on a line, the ratio of
distance of house from grocery store to that from electrician’s shop, is
37 An electrician has to repair an electric fault on the pole of height of 8 m.
He needs to reach a point 2 m below the top of the pole to undertake the
repair work.

X-Maths 190
 Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) Find the length of BD.
(ii) What should be the length of ladder, so that it makes an angle of 60°
with the ground?
(iii) What will be the measure of angle BCD when BD and CD are equal?
38. In a board game, the number of sea shells in various cells forms an A.P. If
the number of sea shells in the 3rd and 11th cell together is 68 and number
of shells in 11th cell is 24 more than that of 3rd cell, then answer the following
questions based on this data.
(i) What is the difference between the number of sea shells in the 19th
and 20th cells?
(ii) Altogether, how many sea shells are there in the first 5 cells?
(iii) How many Sea shells are there in first cell?
ANSWERS
1. b) even number 22 x = 40°
2. (b) -10 23 90°
3. (b) 6 24 x = 2, y = 1

4. (a) am  lb 25 3 OR 21.67 cm

5. (a) 14:11 26
6. (b) 1 27 OR PC = 5cm
7. (b) ± 4 28 (i) 4/13 (ii) 1/26 (iii) 2/13
8. (b) 5 units 29 k=2
191 X-Maths
9. (b) 1000m 30 d = 4, a = 3. OR A.P. 3, 8, 13,...
10. (c) BC.DE = AB.EF 31
11. (a) 9 32 892.2624 kg OR 166.83 cm3 approx.
12. (d) 90° 33 2.5 cm OR 5 cm and 3 cm
13. (a) 100m 34
14. (c) 3 : 1 : 2 35 a = 35, b = 25
15. (b) 36 (i)  137 cm (ii) 10cm (iii) 1:2
16. (d) 13cm 37 (i) 6m (ii) 4 3 m (iii) 45°
17. (d) 5/11 38 (i) 3 (ii) 110 (iii) 16
18. (c) 126.5
19. (a)
20. (a)

X-Maths 192
 CLASS - X SESSION 2022-23
SUBJECT - MATHEMATICS (BASIC)
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. This Question Paper has 5 Sections A, B, C, D, and E.
2. Section A has 20 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) carrying 1 mark each.
3. Section B has 5 Short Answer-I (SA-I) type questions carrying 2 marks each.
4. Section C has 6 Short Answer-II (SA-II) type questions carrying 3 marks
each.
5. Section D has 4 Long Answer (LA) type questions carrying 5 marks each.
6. Section E has 3 Case Based integrated units of assessment (4 marks each)
with sub-parts of the values of 1, 1 and 2 marks each respectively.
7. All Questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice in 2 Qs of 2
marks, 2 Qs of 3 marks and 2 Questions of 5 marks has been provided. An
internal choice has been provided in the 2 marks questions of Section E.
8. Draw neat figures wherever required. Take  =22/7 wherever required if not
stated.

SECTION A
Section A consists of 20 questions of 1 mark each. 1
1 HCF is always
(a). multiple of LCM (b). Factor of LCM
(c). divisible by LCM (d) . (a) and (c) both
2 Which of these numbers always end with the digits 6.
(a) 4n (b) 2n
(c) 6n (d) 8n 1
3 If one zero of the quadratic polynomial 2x2 + x + k is 3, then the value of
k is 1

193 X-Maths
 (a) 10 (b) -10
(c) -21 (d) –5 1
4 Graphically, the pair of equations given by
x + 3y- 6 = 0
2x– 3y + 9 = 0 represents two lines which are 1
(a) intersecting at exactly one point.
(c) coincident.
(b) parallel.
(d) intersecting at exactly two points.
5 If the quadratic equation kx(x-2)+6 = 0 has real and equal roots, then
(a) k < 6 (b) k > 6
(c) k = 6 (d) k  6 1
6 The points A (–1, 0), B (3, 1), C (2, 2) and D (–2, 1) are the vertices of
a parallelogram. State true or false.
(a) True (b) False 1
7 If sides of one triangle are proportional to the sides of the other triangle, then
the two triangles are similar.
(a) SAS similarity criterion
(b) ASA similarity criterion
(c) AAA similarity criterion
(d) SSS similarity criterion 1
8 The mid-point of the line segment joining the points A (–2, 8) and
B (– 6, – 4) is : 1
(a) (2, 6) (b) (– 4, – 6)
(c) (– 4, 2) (d) (4, 2)
9 A line which intersects a circle in two distinct points is called a ______ to
the circle.
(a) Radius (b) tangent (c) secant (d) none of these 1
10 What is the value of sec 60°?
(a) 2/3 (b) ½
(c) 2 (d) 3 1
X-Maths 194
11 9cos2A + 9sin2A is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 9
(c) 3 (d) 0 1
12 The value of cos1° cos2° cos3° cos4°…………..…..cos90° is
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) – 1 (d) 2 1
13 How many cubes of side 2 cm can be cut from a cuboid measuring
(16cm × 12cm × 10cm)?
(a) 240 (b) 300
(c) 200 (d) 350 1
14 If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two
sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the ________ ratio.
(a) Different (b) Same
(c) 1:2 (d) 2:1 1
15 A cylindrical pencil sharpened at one edge is the combinaton of: 1
(a) A cone and a cylinder (b) A hemisphere and a cone
(c) Frustum of a cone and a cylinder (d) Two cylinders
16 For the following distribution :
Class 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25
Frequency 10 15 12 20 9
the lower limit of the modal class is
(a) 10 (b) 15
(c) 20 (d) 25 1
17 Which of the following is following is not a measure of central tendency?
(a) Mean (b) Median
(c) Mode (d) Range 1
18 A card is selected at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. The
probability of its being a face card is 1

3 3 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
26 13 13 2

195 X-Maths
 Direction for questions 19 & 20: In question numbers 19 and 20, a
statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose
the correct option.
19 Assertion: If HCF of two numbers is 12 and LCM is 3024. Then the product
of the two is 42331
Reason: as HCF(a,b) x LCM(a,b) = a x b
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true. 1
20 Assertion (A): The point on the X -axis which is equidistant from the points
A(- 2, 3) and B(5, 4) is (2, 0).
Reason (R): The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the line
segment joining the points A(x1 , y1 ) and B(x2 , y2 ) in the ratio m : n is
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 
 , 
 m  n mn 
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true. 1

SECTION B
Section B consists of 5 questions of 2 marks each.
21 Solve for x and y
3x + 2y = 11 and 2x + 3y = 4
Also find p if p = 8x + 5y 2
22 In the figure, altitudes AD and CE of  ABC intersect each other at the point
P. Show that:
(i)  ABD ~  CBE
X-Maths 196
 (ii)  PDC ~  BEC

[OR]
In the given figure, if ABC ~ PQR, find the value of x? 2

23 The length of tangent to a circle of radius 2.5 cm from an external point P

is 6 cm. Find the distance of P from the centre of the circle. 2

7 (1  sin )(1  sin )

24 If cot   , evaluate 2
8 (1  cos )(1  cos )
OR
Prove that :sec A (1 – sin A) (sec A + tan A) = 1
25 In fig., O is the centre of a circle. The area of sector OAPB is 5/18 of the
area of the circle. Find x. 2

SECTION C
Section C consists of 6 questions of 3 marks each.
26 Prove that 3 is irrational, 3

197 X-Maths
27 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 7x + 10 and verify the
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients. 3
28 Raghav scored 70 marks in a test getting 4 marks for each right answers and
losing 1 mark for each wrong answers. Had 5 marks been awarded for each
correct answer and 2 marks been deducted for each wrong answer, then
raghav would have scored 80 marks. How many questions were there in the
test?.

[OR]
Sunita has some Rs.50 andRs.100 notes amounting to a total of Rs.15,500.
If the total number of notes is 200, then find how many notes of Rs. 50 and‘
100 each, she has. 3
29 In the given figure, a quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle.
Prove that : AB + CD = BC + AD 3

tan  cot 
30 Prove that   1  sec  cos ec
1  cot  1  tan 
[OR]
Prove that : (sinA + cosecA )2 + (cosA + secA )2 = 7 + tan2 A+ cot2 A3
31 A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of playing cards. Find
the probability that the card drawn is
(i) a card of spade or an ace
(ii) a red king
(iii) neither a king nor a queen 3

SECTION D
Section D consists of 4 questions of 5 marks each.

X-Maths 198
32 A piece of cloth costs 200. If the piece was 5 m longer and each metre
of cloth costs 2 less, then the cost of the piece would have remained
unchanged.
How long is the piece and what is the original rate per metre?

[OR]
A motor boat whose speed is 24 km/hr in still water takes 1 hour more to
go 32km upstream than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the
speed of the stream 5
33 State and prove Basic Proportionality Theorem. In the figure, find EC if DE
is parallel to BC . 5

34 A solid is in the form of a cylinder with hemispherical ends. The total height
of the solid is 20 cm and the diameter of the cylinder is 7 cm. Find the
total volume of the solid.

'[OR]
A hemispherical depression is cut out from one face of a cubical wooden
block of edge 21 cm, such that the diameter of the hemisphere is equal to
edge of the cube. Determine the volume of the remaining block. 5
35 A life insurance agent found the following data for distribution of ages of 100
policy holders. Calculate the median age, if policies are given to persons
having age 18 years onwards but less than 60 years. 5
Age in years Number of policy holders
Below 20 2
Below 25 6
Below 30 24
Below 35 45
Below 40 78
199 X-Maths
 Below 45 89
Below 50 92
Below 55 98
Below 60 100

SECTION E
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY.
36 Case Study – 1 ]
Siya being a plant lover came up with an idea of opening a nursery during
the lockdown and she bought a few plants with pots. She wants to place pots
in such a way that number of pots in row one is 3, pots in row second is
5 and in third is 7 and so on..

Based on the above information answer the following questions.

I. What is the difference in number of pots increasing per row? 1
II. How many pots were placed in the 10th row? 1
III. If Siya wants to place 120 pots, how many rows will it require?
OR
Find the difference in number of pots placed in third and eighth row 2
37. Case Study – 2
A round clock is traced on a graph paper as shown below The boundary
intersect the coordinate axis at a distance of 4/3 units from origin..

X-Maths 200
 Based on the above information answer the following questions using the
coordinate geometry.
I. Circle intersect the positive y-axis at 1
II. The radius of the circle is 1
III. The area of the circle is
OR
If (1, 7/3) is one of the ends of a diameter, then its other end is 2
38 Case Study – 3
There are two windows in a house. First window is at the height of 2 m above
the ground and other window is 4 m vertically above the lower window. Ankit
and Radha are sitting inside the two windows at points G and F respectively.
At an instant, the angles of elevation of a balloon from these windows are
observed to be 60° and 30° as shown below-

Based on the above information answer the following questions.

I Who is more closer to the balloon, Radha or Ankit? 1
II Value of DF is equal to
III Value of h is
OR
Height of the balloon from the ground is.
201 X-Maths
 CLASS- X
MATHEMATICS BASIC (241)
MARKING SCHEME SQP-2022-23
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 80
Section A (1-MARKS EACH
1 (b) Factor of LCM 11 (b) 9
2 (c) 6n 12 (b) 0
3 (c) -21 13 (a) 240
4 (a) Intersecting at exactly one point. 14 (b) Same
5 (c) k = 6 15 (a) A cone and a cylinder
6 (a) True 16 (b) 15
7 (d) SSS Similarity criterion 17 (d) Range

3
8 (c) (-4,2) 18 (b)
13
9 (c) Secant 19 (d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason
(R) is true.
10 (c) 2 20 (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason
(R) are true and Reason (R) is not
the correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
20 1

SECTION B
21 x = 5, y = – 2, 1
p = 30 1
22 (i) In  ABD and  CBE
 ADB =  CEB = 90º ½
 ABD =  CBE (Common angle)
  ABD ~  CBE (AA criterion) ½
X-Maths 202
 C
D
P

A B
E

In  PDC and  BEC

 PDC =  BEC = 90º
PCD  BEC (Common angle) ½
 PDC ~  BEC (AA criterion)
[OR] ½
In  ABC and  PQR 1
AB/PQ = BC/QR = AC/PR (  ABC ~  PQR)
x = 3cm 1
23 (OP)2 = (OT)2 + (PT)2 ½
(OP)2 = (2.5)2 + (6)2 ½
= 6.25 + 36 ½
=42.25
OP = 6.5cm ½

Now
(1  sin )(1  sin ) )1  sin 2 )

(1  cos )(1  cos ) (1  cos 2 )
2
cos 2   cos  
  
sin 2   sin 
24  cot 2 
2
7 49
  
8 64
OR

203 X-Maths
 LHS  sec A(1  sin A)(sec A  tan A)
 (sec A  sin A sec A)(sec A  tan A)
 sin A 
  sec A   (sec A  tan A)
 cos A 
 (sec A  tan A)(sec A  tanA)
 sec 2 A  tan 2 A
1
 RHS

25. Area of the sector OAPB = x/360x r 2

Now, according to the question
Area of the sector OAPB=5/18 of the
area of the circle
 x/360 × r 2 =5/18 r 2
 x/360×5/18
 18x=360×5
 x=1800/18
x=100°
Section C
26 Let us assume to the contrary, that  3 is rational. Then we can find a and
b (b  0) such that  3 = a / b(assuming that a and b are co-primes).
so a =  3 b  a2 = 3b2
Here 3 is a prime number that divides a2 then 3 divides a also
(Using the theorem, if a is a prime number and if a divides p2, then a divides
p, where a is a positive integer) Thus 3 is a factor of a ½
Since 3 is a factor of a, we can write a = 3c (where c is a constant).
Substituting a = 3c We get (3c)2 = 5b2  3c2 = b2 ½
This means 3 divides b2 so 3 divides b also (Using the theorem, if a is a
prime number and if a divides p2, then a divides p, where a is a positive
integer). ½
Hence a and b have at least 3 as a common factor. ½
X-Maths 204
 But this contradicts the fact that a and b are coprime. This is the contradiction
to our assumption that p and q are co-primes. ½
So,  3 is not a rational number. Therefore, the  3 is irrational.
27 x2 + 7x + 10 = 0  x2 + 5x + 2x + 10 = 0

 x(x + 5) + 2(x + 5) = 0  (x + 5)(x + 2) = 0 ½

 x + 5 = 0 & x + 2 = 0 x = -5 & x = -2
Hence, the zeros of the quadratic polynomials are -5 and -2 ½
For verification

coefficient of x
Sum of zeros = -  7 / 1  5  2  7
coefficient of x 2

cons tan t
Product of roots =  10/1 = 10 =(-5) x (-2) = 10 1
coeficient of x 2
Therefore, the relationship between zeros and their coefficients is verified.1
28 Let number of right answers be x and number of wrong answers be y.
4x – y = 70
5x – 2y = 80
On solving, x = 20, y = 10
Total number of questions = 20 +10 = 30
[OR]
Let the number of Rs.50 notes be x and Rs.100 notes be y. 1
x + y = 200
50x + 100y = 15500
On solving
x = 90 and y = 110 1
Rs.50 notes = 90 ½
Rs.100 notes = 110
29 Given:- Let ABCD be the quadrilateral circumscribing the circle with centre O.
The quadrilateral touches the circle at point P, Q, R and S.
To prove:- AB+CD+AD+BC
205 X-Maths
 Proof:-
As we know that, length of tangents drawn from the external point are equal.1
Therefore,
AP=AS.....(1)
BP=BQ.....(2)
CR=CQ.....(3)
DR=DS.....(4)
Adding equation (1),(2),(3) and (4), we get
AP+BP+CR+DR=AS=BQ+CQ+DS
(AP+BP)+(CR+DR)=(AS+DS)+(BQ+CQ)
 AB+CD=AD+BC Hence proved.

1
tan  cot  tan 
   tan 
30 LHS 1  cot  1  tan  1 1  tan  ½
1
tan 

tan 2  1
=  ½
tan   1 tan (1  tan )
tan 3   1
 ½
tan (tan   1

(tan   1)(tan 3   tan   1)

 ½
tan (tan   1)

(tan 3   tan   1)
= 
tan 

 tan   1  sec  1  tan   sec  ½+

½½+

sin  cos 
1  ½
cos  sin 

sin 2   cos 2 
1
cos  sin 
X-Maths 206
 1
1  1  sec  cos ec
sin  cos 
OR ½
LHS = (sinA+cosecA)2+(cosA+secA)2=
=sin2A+cosec2A+2 sin2A cosecA+cos2A+sec2A+2cosA sec2A
= sin2A+cos2A+2cosec2A+sec2A+2 ½
=1+4+cosec2A+sec2A
=5+1+cot2A+1+tan2A 1
= 7+cot2A+tan2A
Hence proved ½

4
31 (i) 1
13
1
(ii) 1
26
11
(iii) 1
13
SECTION D
32 Let us assume length of the cloth to be x
The cost of cloth to be y per m.
Then
According to given data 2
x * y = 200
Therefore, y = 200/x ….(1)
Also given that if the piece were 5m longer then each metre of cloth would
cost Rs2 less,
Then arranging the equation we get,
(x+5)(y -2) = 200
xy -2x + 5y -10 = 200
substituting the the value of y from equation 1 we get, 2
x(200/x) – 2x + 5(200 / X) – 10 = 200
207 X-Maths
 1000/x – 2x = 200 – 190
1000 -2x2= 10x 1
500 -x2= 5x
x2+5x – 500 = 0
(x-20) (x+25) = 0
so, x= 20 ½
x= -25 so will ignore this value
so, y = 20 0/x = 200/20 = 10 ½
Hence, the length of the piece of cloth is 20 m and rate per metre is Rs
10.
[OR] 1

Let the speed of the stream be x km/hr

Speed of the boat in still water =24 km/hr 1
Speed of the boat in upstream =(24-x) km/hr
Speed of the boat in downstream =(24+x) km/hr
Distance between the places is 32 km.
Time to travel in upstream =32/(24–x) hr
Time to travel in downstream =32/(24+x) hr 1
Difference between timings =1 hr
Time of upstream journey = Time of downstream journey +1 hr
Therefore, 32/(24–x) =32/(24+x) +1
x2+64x-576=0 1
On factoring, we get
(x+72)(x-8)=0 1
So, x=-72 or 8 (speed of the stream cannot be negative)
Therefore, speed of stream is 8 km/hr. 1
33 Figure 1
Given, To prove, constructions 1
Proof 2
Application 1

X-Maths 208
34 Volume of cylinderical portion =  ×3.5×3.5×13 cm3 =  ×159.25 cm3 1
Volume of hemispherical portion = 2×(2/3)×  ×3.5×3.5×3.5 =  ×57.17cm3 2
Total volume =  ×159.25 +  x57.17  680 cm3 1

[OR]
Volume of the cube=a3
Volume of hemisphere=2/3  r3
Hence, 1
Volume of remaining block = volume of cube - volume of hemisphere
=a3-2/3  r3
On solving 2
Volume of the remaining block=6835.5 cm3 1
35 Class Interval Number of policy holders(f) Cumulative Frequency (cf) 1
Below 20 2 2
20-25 4 6
25-30 18 24
30-35 21 45
35-40 33 78
40-45 11 89
45-50 3 92
50-55 6 98
55-60 2 100

209 X-Maths
 n = 100 n/2 = 50, Therefore, median class =
35 – 40, Class size, h = 5, Lower limit of
median class, l = 35, frequency f = 33,
cumulative frequency cf = 45

n 
 2 – cf 
I h
 Median = ½
 f 
 

 50  45 
 Median = 35   33 
5 1½


25
= 35   35  0.76 1
33

= 35.76
Therefore, median age is 35.76 years 1

SECTION E
36 1 d = a2 – a1 = 5 – 3 =2 1
2 an = a +(n – 1)d ½
a10 = a + 9d = 21pots ½
3
Sn = 120, a = 3, d = 2
n = 10 rows 1
OR
Finding S3 – S8 1
= 10 Pots 1
37 Case Study – 2
37 1-(0,4/3 2-4/3 units 3 16/9  sq. cm OR (-1,- 7/3)
38 1-RADHA 2 h 3 3 h =2 m OR 8 m

X-Maths 210
 CLASS - X SESSION 2022-23
Subject - Mathematics (Basic)
Sample Question Paper

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions:
1. This Question Paper has 5 Sections A, B, C, D, and E.
2. Section A has 20 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) carrying 1 mark each.
3. Section B has 5 Short Answer-I (SA-I) type questions carrying 2 marks each.
4. Section C has 6 Short Answer-II (SA-II) type questions carrying 3 marks
each.
5. Section D has 4 Long Answer (LA) type questions carrying 5 marks each.
6. Section E has 3 Case Based integrated units of assessment (4 marks each)
with sub-parts of the values of 1, 1 and 2 marks each respectively.
7. All Questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice in 2 Qs of 2
marks, 2 Qs of 3 marks and 2 Questions of 5 marks has been provided. An
internal choice has been provided in the 2 marks questions of Section E.
8. Draw neat figures wherever required. Take  =22/7 wherever required if not
stated.
Section A
Section A consists of 20 questions of 1 mark each.
1 If two positive integers a and b are written as a = x3y2 and b = xy3, where
x, y are prime numbers, then HCF(a, b) is 1
(a) xy
(b) xy2
(c) x3y3
(d) x2y2
2 The ratio between the LCM and HCF of 5, 15, 20 is: 1
(a) 9 : 1
(b) 4 : 3

211 X-Maths
 (c) 11 : 1
(d) 12 : 1
3 If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + (a + 1) x + b are 2 and –
3, then 1
(a) a = –7, b = –1
(b) a = 5, b = –1
(c) a = 2, b = –6
(d) a = 0, b = –6
4 The pair of linear equations 2x + 3y = 5 and 4x + 6y = 10 is 1
(a) inconsistent
(b) consistent
(c) dependent consistent
(d) none of these
5 If x = 2 is a solution of the equation x2 – 5x + 6k = 0, the value of k
is _______. 1

6 In the given figure, and  ADE = 70°,  BAC = 50°,

then angle  BCA =

D E

B C

(a) 70°
(b) 50°
(c) 80°
(d) 60° 1
7 If the distance between the points (4, p) and (1, 0) is 5 units, then the value
of p is

X-Maths 212
 (a) 4 only
(b) ± 4
(c) –4 only
(d) 0 1
8 If P(1, 2), Q(4, 6), R(5, 7) and S(a, b) are the vertices of a parallelogram
PQRS, then
(a) a = 2, b = 4
(b) a = 3, b = 4
(c) a = 2, b = 3
(d) a = 3, b = 5 1
9 If cos (40° + A) = sin 30°, the value of A is _____. 1
10 cos 1° cos 2° cos 3° ..... cos 90° is equal to _____. 1
11 If tan 2A = cot(A – 18°), where 2A is acute angle and A > 18°, then A =
(a) 54°
(b) 36°
(c) 27°
(d) 30° 1
12 The distance between two parallel tangents of a circle of radius 7 cm is
(a) 14 cm
(b) 7 cm
(c) 2 cm
(d) 28 cm 1
13 The perimeter (in cm) of a square circumscribing a circle of radius a cm,
is
(a) 8 a
(b) 4 a
(c) 2 a
(d) 16 a 1
14 If the circumferences of two circles are in the ratio 4 : 9, then the ratio in
their area is
(a) 9 : 4

213 X-Maths
 (b) 4 : 9
(c) 2 : 3
(d) 16 : 81 1
15 The shape of a gilli, in the gilli-danda game (see Fig.), is a combination of

(a) two cylinders

(b) a cone and a cylinder
(c) two cones and a cylinder
(d) two cylinders and a cone 1
16 The times, in seconds, taken by 150 athletes to run a 110 m hurdle race are
tabulated below: 1
Class Frequency
13.8 – 14.0 2
14.0 – 14.2 4
14.2 – 14.4 5
14.4 – 14.6 71
14.6 – 14.8 48
14.8 – 15.0 20
The number of athletes who completed the race in less then 14.6 seconds is:
(a) 11
(b) 71
(c) 82
(d) 130
17. For the following distribution: 1
Class Frequency
0-5 10
5-10 15
10-15 12
15-20 20
20-25 9

X-Maths 214
 the upper limit of the modal class is
(a) 10
(b) 15
(c) 20
(d) 25
18 The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called
(a) sample space
(b) elementary events
(c) complementary events
(d) favourable events 1
19 Assertion: If HCF of 510 and 92 is 2, then the LCM of 510 & 92 is 32460
Reason: as HCF(a,b) x LCM(a,b) = a x b
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the
correct explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
20 Assertion (A) : x2+2x+3 has two real zeroes
Reason (R) : A quadratic polynomial can have at most 3 zeroes. 1
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

SECTION B.
Section B consists of 5 questions of 2 marks each
21 Solve for x and y:
8x – 9y = 6 ;
3x + 6y = 21 2

215 X-Maths
 C

F
D
E

A B

22 In figure, AB || DE and BD || EF. Prove that DC2 = CF × AC

OR
In figure DE || BC. If BD=x–3, AB=2x. CE = x–2 and AC = 2x+ 3. Find x.

D E

B C

In figure,  ABC is circumscribing a circle. Find the length of BC. 2

X-Maths 216
 7 (1  sin )(1  sin )
23 If cot   , evaluate 2
8 (1  cos )(1  cos)

A horse is placed for grazing inside a rectangular field 70 m by 52 m and

is tethered to one corner by a rope 21 m long. On how much area can
it graze?
OR
Two cubes each of volume 27 cm3 are joined end to end to form a solid. Find
the surface area of the resulting cuboid. 2
Section C
Section C consists of 6 questions of 3 marks each.

26 Prove that 3 is an irrational number.. 3

27 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3x2 – 2 and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients 3
28 2 tables and 3 chairs together cost 2000 whereas 3 tables and 2 chairs
together cost 2500. Find the total cost of 1 table and 5 chairs. 3
OR
The sum of n terms of an AP is 5n2 – 3n. Find the AP and also its 10th
term.
29 Verify the following: cos 60° = 1 – 2 sin2 30° = 2 cos2 30° – 1.

OR 3
Using the formula sin(A – B) = sin A .cos B – cos A.sin B, find the value
of sin 15°.
30 Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle
are equal. 3
31 Find the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1,
2, 3, ...., 35 is a
(i) prime number
(ii) multiple of 7
(iii) multiple of 3 or 5.3

217 X-Maths
 Section D.
Section D consists of 4 questions of 5 marks each
32 A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/hr in still water takes 1 hr more to go
24 km upstream than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed
of the stream. 5
OR
A train travels at a certain average speed for a distance of 63 km and then
travels at a distance of 72 km at an average speed of 6 km/hr more than its
original speed. If it takes 3 hours to complete total journey, what is the original
average speed?
33 A street light bulb is fixed on a pole 6 m above the level of the street. If a
woman of height 1.5 m casts a shadow of 3 m, find how far she is away
from the base of the pole. 5
34 A rectangular sheet of paper 30 cm × 18 cm can be transformed into the
curved surface of a right circular cylinder in two ways either by rolling
the paper along its length or by rolling it along its breadth. Find the ratio of
the volumes of the two cylinders thus formed.
OR
A solid is in the form of a cylinder with hemispherical ends. The total height
of the solid is 19 cm and the diameter of the cylinder is 7 cm. Find the
volume and surface area of the solid.
35 The median of the following data is 52.5. Find the values of x and y, if the
total frequency is 100. 5
C.I Frequency
0-10 2
10-20 5
20-30 x
30-40 12
40-50 17
50-60 20
60-70 y
70-80 9
80-90 7
90-100 4
X-Maths 218
 SECTION E
Case study based questions are compulsory.
36 India is competitive manufacturing location due to the low cost of manpower
and strong technical and engineering capabilities contributing to higher quality
production runs. The production of TV sets in a factory increases uniformly
by a fixed number every year. It produced 16000 sets in 6th year and 22600
in 9th year. Based on the above information, answer the following questions:
(a) Find the production during first year.
(b) Find the total production during first 3 years.

OR
In which year, the production is 29,200.
(c) Find the difference of the production during 7th year and 4th year.
37 Consider the line segment containing the end points A and B as shown.

P is mid point of AB. AP = BP Hence P is equidistant from A and B. Hence

to find equidistant for any two end points of a line segment, we can use mid
point formula and distance formula, which depends upon the condition given.
The concept of equidistant is used throughout in a coordinate geometry or
plane geometry, e.g. in parallel lines, parallel planes and in circles. In circle
each point that lies on circle is equidistant from the centre of the circle.
Answer the questions based on above concept
(a) If A(1, 5), B(5, 1) and C(– 4, – 1) are the vertices of  ABC. Find
the length of median AD where point D lies on BC.
(b) Find the coordinates of point A where AB is diameter of circle whose
centre is (– 2, 3) and coordinates of point B are (– 1, – 4).
or
(b) Find the coordinates of point on y-axis which is equidistant from (2, 9)
and (– 4, 3).
(c) What are the values of a and b if P(a, b) is mid point of A(– 2, 1)
and B(4, – 1)?
38 A group of students of class X visited India Gate on an education trip. The
teacher and students had interest in history as well. The teacher narrated that
India Gate, official name Delhi Memorial, originally called All- India War
219 X-Maths
 Memorial, monumental sandstone arch in New Delhi, dedicated to the troops
of British India who died in wars fought between 1914 and 1919. The teacher
also said that India Gate, which is located at the eastern end of the Rajpath
(formerly called the Kingsway), is about 138 feet (42 metres) in height.

(a) What is the angle of elevation if they are standing at a distance of 42

m away from the monument?
(b) They want to see the tower at an angle of 60°. So, they want to know
the distance where they should stand and hence find the distance.
or
(b) The ratio of the length of a rod and its shadow is 1 : 1. The angle
of elevation of the Sun is
(c) The angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the object
viewed is below the horizontal level is called_________________

X-Maths 220
 Class - X Session 2022-23
Subject - Mathematics (Basic)
SOLUTIONS
Maximum Marks: 80
1 ANS: (b) Here, a = x3y2 and b = xy3
 a = x × x × x × y × y and b = xy × y × y
HCF(a, b) = x × y × y = x × y2 = xy2
2 ANS: (d) 5, 15 = 5 × 3, 20 = 2 × 2 × 5
LCM(5, 15, 20) = 5 × 3 × 2 × 2 = 60

LCM 12
HCF(5, 15, 20) = 5 Ratio =  = 12 : 1
HCF 1
3 ANS: (d) x2 + (a + 1)x + b
 x = 2 is a zero and x = – 3 is another zero
(2)2 + (a + 1)2 + b = 0 and (– 3)2 + (a + 1) (– 3) + b = 0  4 + 2a
+ 2 + b = 0 and 9 – 3a – 3 + b = 0  2a + b = – 6 ...(i) and – 3a
+ b = – 6 ...(ii) Solving (i) and (ii), we get 5a = 0  a = 0 and b = – 6.

a1 b1 c
4 ANS: (c) dependent consistent Compare , and 1
a2 b2 c2

5 ANS:Substituting x = 2, we have (2)2 – 5 × 2 + 6k = 0  4 – 10 + 6k

= 0  k = 1
6 ANS: (d) DE || BC ?  ABC = 70º. (Corresponding angles) Using angle
sum property of triangle  ABC +  BCA +  BAC = 180°  BCA = 60º.

(4  1) 2  ( p  0) 2  5
7 ANS:
 32  p 2  52  p 2  25  9  16  p  4

8 ANS:

S(a, b) R(5, 7)

P(1, 2)
221 Q(4, 6)
X-Maths
 1 5 2  7   9 
Mid point of PR  ,    3, 
 2 2   2

4 a 6b
Mid points of SQ  , 
 2 2 
Diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other

 9 4 a 6b
  3, 2  =  2 , 2 
   

4 a 9 6b
 3 
2 2 2
a2 b3
9 ANS: 20° Hint: cos (40° + A) = sin 30°  cos (40° + A) = cos (90° –
30°)  40° + A = 60°  A = 20°
10 ANS:cos 1° . cos 2° . cos 3°, ....., cos 90° = cos 1° . cos 2° . cos 3°,
..... × 0 = 0
11 ANS: (b) tan 2A = cot (A – 18°)  cot (90° – 2A) = cot (A – 18°) 
90° – 2A = A – 18°  A = 36°
12 ANS: (a) Two parallel tangents of a circle can be drawn only at

A
1

B
the end points of the diameter  l1 || l2  Distance between l1 and l2 =
AB = Diameter of the circle = 2 × r = 2 × 7 cm = 14 cm

X-Maths 222
13 ANS: (a) Side of a square circumscribing a circle of radius a cm =
diameter of circle = 2a cm Perimeter of the square = 4 × 2a = 8a cm

2 r1 4 r 4
  1 
2 r2 9 r2 9
2 2
14 ANS: r 21  r1   4  16
Now     
r 2 2  r2   9  81

Ans Ratio of areas = 16:81

15 ANS: (c) two cones and a cylinder.
16 ANS: (c) 82
17 20
18 ANS: (a) Sample space.
19 D
20 C
21 X=3 Y=2
22 ANS: Given  ABC in which DEllAB and BDllEF
To prove : DC2=CF×AC
Proof In  ABC

CD CE
DE  AB   ............(i)
AC BC
( Basic Pr oportionality Theorem)
CF CE
Again in CDB, EF  BD   ........(ii )
CD CB
( Basic Pr oportionalityTheorem)
From(i ) and (ii ) we get
CD CF
  CD 2  CE  AC
AC CD
Ans : Hence Pr oved

223 X-Maths
 In ABC DE  BC
AD AE
 
BD CE
22 ANS:
2 x  ( x  3) 2 x  3  ( x  2)
 
x3 x2

x3 x5
 
x3 x2

 ( x  2)( x  3)  ( x  5)( x  3)
 x 2  x  6  x 2  2 x  15
 x  9  x  9cm

23 ANS: AR = 4 cm Also, AR = AQ Þ AQ = 4 cm Now, QC = AC – AQ =

11 cm – 4 cm = 7 cm ...(i) Also, BP = BR BP = 3 cm and PC = QC PC
= 7 cm [From (i)] BC = BP + PC = 3 cm + 7 cm = 10 cm
24
25 ANS: Area of the portion that horse can graze = area of the shaded
portion.

Shaded portion is a sector of radius 21m

Angle of this sector
= angle of the corners of the rectangle = 90°
Area of the shaded portion that horse can graze

X-Maths 224
  90 22
  r 2    (21)2 m2
360 360 7
1 22 11
   21  21m2   3  21m 2  346.5m 2
4 7 2
25 ANS: Let the length of each edge of the cube be x cm Volume = x3 cm3
 27 = x3  x = 3 cm Length of the cuboid formed = 3 cm + 3 cm =
6 cm breadth, b = 3 cm, height, h = 3 cm Surface area of the cuboid fomed
= 2(lb + bh + hl) = 2(6 × 3 + 3 × 3 + 3 × 6) = 2(18 + 9 + 18) = 2 ×
45 = 90 cm2

a
26 Let 3 , Where a and b are coprime integers.
b
b0
a2
Squaring both sides, we get 3  2
b
Multiplying with b on both sides , we get

a2
3b 
b
LHS= 3×b= Integer

a2 Integer
RHS= =  Rational Number
b Integer
 LHS  RHS
 Our supposition is wrong
ANS:  3 is irrational.

27. Here p(x) = 3x2–2

For zeroes of p(x). p(x)=0
 3x2-2=0  3x2=2

2 2
x  x
2

3 3

2 2
zeroes are and -
3 3
225 X-Maths
 Also a=3, b=0 and c=-2

2  
Now sum of zeroes= +  =0
3  3 

b  0 b
Also   0  Sum of zeroes 
a 3 a
2 2 2
and product of zeroes =  
3 3 3
c 2 c
Also   Product of zeroes =
a 3 a
28 ANS: Let the cost of each table = x and that of each chair = y Then,
2x + 3y = 2000 and 3x + 2y = 2500 The above equations can be written
as 3(2x + 3y = 2000)  6x + 9y = 6000 ...(i) and 2(3x + 2y = 2500) Ò!
6x + 4y = 5000 ...(ii) Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get 5y = 1000  y = 200
Substituting y = 200 in (i), we get 2x + 3 × 200 = 2000  2x = 2000 –
600 = 1400  x = 700 Hence the cost of each table = 700 And cost
of each chair = 200  Total cost of 1 table and 5 chairs = 700 + 5 ×
200 = 1700
28 ANS: Sum of n terms of given AP, Sn = 5n2 – 3n Sum of (n – 1) terms
of given AP, Sn – 1 = 5(n – 1)2 – 3(n – 1)  Sn – 1 = 5(n2 – 2n + 1) –
3n + 3 = 5n2 – 10n + 5 – 3n + 3 = 5n2 – 13n + 8 ? nth term of AP =
an = Sn – Sn – 1 = (5n2 – 3n) – (5n2 – 13n + 8)  an = 10n – 8 1st
term of AP = 10 ×1 – 8 = 2 2nd term of AP = 10 × 2 – 8 = 12 and 3rd
term of AP = 10 × 3 – 8 = 22 Required AP is 2, 12, 22, ...  a10 = 10
× 10 – 8 = 92

X-Maths 226
 2
1
1  2sin 30  1  2   
2

 2
1 1 1
 1 2  1 
4 2 2
2
 3 
2 cos 2 30  1  2    1 2 3 1
 2  4
 
29 3 3 2 1
 1 
2 2 2
1
But cos 60 
2
Thus cos 60  1  2sin 2 30  2 cos 2 30  1

29 ANS: Given sin(A – B) = sin A.cos B – cos A .sin B Let A = 45°, B =

30°, we get sin 15° = sin(45° – 30°)  sin 15° = sin 45° cos 30° – cos
45°.sin 30°

1 3 1 1
sin15   .
2 2 2 2
3 1 3 1 2
  
 2 2 2 2 2
6 2

4

45° sin 30°

30 ANS: Given: In circle, O is the centre. P is an external point, PA and PB
are the tangents drawn.

P O

227 X-Maths
 To prove: PA = PB Construction: Join OA, OB and OP. Proof: Since PA and
PB are the tangents and OA and OB are the radii. ? OA ^ PA and OB ^ PB
[Tangent to a circle makes angle 90° with the radius at the point of contact]
  OAP =  OBP = 90° Now, in  OAP and DOBP, OA = OB (Radii) OP
= OP (Common)  OAP =  OBP (Each 90°)  OAP @  OBP [By RHS
congruence rule] PA = PB [By CPCT] Hence proved
31 ANS: Total given numbers are from 1, 2, ..., 35, i.e. 35. (i) Favourable
numbers for a prime number are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31,
11
i.e., 11 Therefore, Probability of selecting a prime number = (ii) Favourable
35
numbers for a multiple of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, i.e. 5 P(selecting a number,
5 1
multiple of 7) =  (iii) Favourable numbers for a multiple of 3 or 5 are:
35 7
3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 30, 33, 35, i.e. 16 P(selecting
16
a number, multiple of 3 or 5) =
35
32 ANS: Let speed of stream be x km/h Speed of motor boat in still water
= 18 km/h Upstream speed = (18 – x)km/h Downstream speed = (18 + x)
km/h Distance = 24 km

24
Time taken for upstream= = hours
18  x
24
Time taken for downstream hours
18  x

24 24
 1
18  x 18  x
24[18  x  18  x ]
 1
ATQ. (18  x )(18  x )
24  2 x
 2 1
18  x 2

 324 – x2 = 48x  x2 + 48x – 324 = 0  x2 + 54x – 6x – 324 =

0  x(x + 54) – 6(x + 54) = 0  (x + 54)(x – 6) = 0 x + 54
= 0 or x – 6 = 0 x = – 54 (rejected)  x = 6 Speed of stream =
6 km/h

X-Maths 228
32 ANS: Let original average speed of the train be x km/h New average speed
be (x + 6) km/h
63
Time taken for a distance of 63 km= hours
x
75
Time taken for a distance of 72 km hours
x6

63 72
 3
x x6
63( x  6)  72 x
 3
x( x  6)
63 x  378  72 x
 3
ATQ. x2  6 x
135 x  378
 2 3
x  6x
 3( x 2  6 x )  135 x  378

 3(x2 + 6x) = 3(45x + 126)  x2 + 6x = 45x + 126  x2 + 6x – 45x

– 126 = 0  x2 – 39x – 126 = 0  x2 – 42x + 3x – 126 = 0  x(x
– 42) + 3(x – 42) = 0  (x – 42)(x + 3) = 0 x – 42 = 0 or x + 3 =
0  x = 42  x = – 3 (rejected) Therefore, original average speed of the
train is 42 km/h.
33 A street light bulb is fixed on a pole 6 m above the level of the street. If a
woman of height 1.5 m casts a shadow of 3 m, find how far she is away
from the base of the pole.
In  ABC and  DEC

6m E
1.5 m

C
A D 3

229 X-Maths
 A  D ( Each 90 )
C  C (Common angle)
ABC ~ DEC ( AAsimilarity )
AB AC

DE DC
6 AC

15 DC
6
 3  AC
1.5
12  AC
Dis tan ce between woman and pole
 AC  DC
12  3  9cm

34 Rolling along length circumference of base = 30 cm

 2r  30cm
30
r cm
2
30 30 225  18 3
Volume      18  cm
2 2 

Rolling along its width circumference of base= 18 cm

18 9
 2R  18  R   cm
2 
9 9 81  30 3
Volume      30  cm
  
225  18 81 30
Ratio of Volumes  .  5:3
 

34. Diameter of cyclinder= diameter of the hemisphere = 7 cm

7
Radius of cylinder=
2

X-Maths 230
 7 cm

19 cm

Total height of theolid= 19 cm

7 7
Height of the cylinder= 19 -     12cm
 2 2
Volume of the solid = volumne of the cylinder +2×volume of one

2  4 
r 2 h  2  r 3  r 2  h  r 
3  3 
22 7 7  4 7
    12    cm 2
7 2 2 3 2
22 7 7  14 
    12   c  641.666cm3  641.67cm3
7 2 2 3

Surface area of the solid = curved surface area of athe cylinder +2×curved
surface area of a hemisphere

22 7
= 2rh  2  2r  2r (h  2r )  2  
2

7 2

 7
hemisphere  12  2   =418cm2
 2

231 X-Maths
35 C.I f c.f
0-10 2 2
10-20 5 7
20-30 x 7+x
30-40 12 19+x
40-50 17 36+x
50-60 20 56+x
60-70 y 56+x+y
70-80 9 65+x+y
80-90 7 72+x+y
90-100 4 76+x+y
 fi=76+x+y
ANS: As given  fi = 100  76 + x + y = 100  x + y = 24 Median
n
= 52.5, n = 100  = 50 Median class is 50 – 60 (as given median
2
is 52.5.) 
Using formula for the median.

[50  (36  x)]

52.5  50   10
20
14  x
 50 
2

14  x
52.5-50=
2
 2.5 × 2 = 14 – x  5 = 14 – x  x = 14 – 5 = 9 Putting in equation
(i) we get 9 + y = 24  y = 24 – 9 = 15
36 ANS: (a) 5000
(b)21600 (B) N=12 (e) Difference = 18200 – 11600 = 6600

101
37 ANS: (a) units (b) (–3, 10) (b) (0, 5) (c) a = 1, b = 0
2
38 ANS: (a) 45° (b) 25.24 m (b) 45° (c) Angle of depression

X-Maths 232