INTRONDUCTION TO COMPUTER

COMPUTER: is an electronic device or set of device that works under control of installed
programs. It accepts raw data from outside; it processes the data so as to give out information.
DATA: is any raw fact or figures that may not make sense to the user
INFORMATION: is the processed or refined product that can be understood by the user
QUALITIES OF THE COMPUTER
Automatic: this means that after the computer has been commanded to perform its task it
requires minimal human intervention.
Data processor: computer has been designed to receive raw facts and figures that may not be
meaningful to the user and then analyses it into information which the user can understand
Electronic: computers can be equated to household appliances such as the TV, radio, cameras,
etc by the fact that they have capacitors, transistors, chips, circuit boards etc
Accuracy: since they are programmed devices, the writing of the instruction will repeatedly
recur
Efficiency: compared to any other machine, computer will utilize time and effort to achieve high
results
Secrecy: with the use of password
Versatile: Computers are multipurpose, they are compatible to accommodate and operate
devices of different technologies e.g: watching T.V
Advantages of computer
 Eases filing system in the office
 Speed
 Enhances communication
 Enhances business
 Enhances education through e learning and e teaching
 Enhances industrial production through computer aided manufacturer(CAM)
 Enhances entertainment
 Create self-employment

Disadvantages of computers
 Expensive
 Cuts down on employment especially when computers are introduced where manual
work existed

 Computers needs experts and skills to operate and maintain

 Health hazard e. g back ache, eye sight etc
 Volatile: they can lose huge and crucial information
 Sensitivity to dust, humidity, heat, water
 Addictive especially in games, chatting
 Most computers need electrical power
  Computer have encouraged laziness due to over reliance
TYPES OF A COMPUTER
Computer may be classified according to functionality, physical size/power processing, and
purpose:
1. Functionality
A. Analogue (analog) computers
These computer deal with analog data. Analog data is that which continuous and progressively
changes value over time. These computers respond to natural occurrences’ such as temperature,
speed and pressure. They may be used in manufacturing industries to check finances condition

B) Digital computer
These computers handle digital data. Digital in that is it discrete. These means the data can be
represented as distinct values I.e. 1 or 0
C) Hybrid computer
These kind of computers would handle both analog and digital data.
2. PURPOSE
Under purpose computer there shall be two of them; general purpose and special purpose
computers.
A) General purpose computer
Designed t, perform no of tasks, these computers are installed with programs which will enable
them to handle a variety of duties. For instance, document processing calculation, accounting etc.
b) Special purpose computer
They are designed to perform only one special task. For instance, robots in CAMs belongs to this
kind of a computer.
3. Physical size
a) Super computer
They are the biggest in size computers. They are fastest in term of speed, the most powerful
terms of the tasks they can perform at particular nanosecond and therefore the most expensive
only a few nation around the world can afford it. They would be used in complex computer
engineering and also serve other small computers in complex network.
b) Main frame computers
They are also very larger, powerful and expensive but lower than super. They are stationary in
the control room. They perform complex mathematical calculations. They a large storage
capacity and can support a number of peripheral thus require no of people to operate one. They
ideal in banks, airport, government, agencies and large organization
c) Mini computers
These are down scaled versions of the mainframe computers. Have less speed, fewer peripherals,
less powerful etc. they can be found in research institution, engineering planes, scientific
laboratories etc.
d) Micro computers
These consists of relatively small, cheap and not so complicated a computer. They are also
transferable. They pose small silicon chip that analysis data. They are generally used in day to
day duties in homes, hospitals, schools etc. they are sub grouped into;
i. Personal computer (PC)
PC is operated by one person for most of it peripheral are single e. g mouse, CPU, keyboard etc.
they are usually placed on top of desk when operating thus dubbed desk top computer
ii. Laptop/notebook
These are small convenient and easily portable computer. They are placed on the lap when
operating. Laptops are multicolored and bigger than notebook. Most of these computers are
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extremely expensive due to their convenience, portability and manufacturing technology. They
are ideal for use by managers, journalists, researchers etc.
iii. Palmtop computers/PDAs
These are tiny pockets computers usually placed on the palm when operating. In most cases they
are incorporated into mobile phones. They are ideal for business executive.

HARDWARE
Physical or tangible components of the computer are referred to as hardware. When the computer
is shut off, the hardware would remain visible. Hardware are sub grouped into four components
namely;
 CPU (processor)
 Input devices
 Output devices
 Storage devices

 CPU (central processing unit)

CPU also referred as the processor, is a small silicon chip housed inside the system unit of a
micro-computer which analyses raw data into information. It has been dubbed the computer
‘brain’ for it coordinates all the activities in the computer. The speed of the CPU is very
important for it determine the time to be taken and the amount of task to be carried out by the
computer modem CPUs range from P1-P4; whereby P4 is fastest. All input, output and
peripherals must be attached to the CPU via the motherboard of the system unit.
The CPU is sub-divided into three smaller areas;
 Control unit (CU)
 Arithmetic and logical unit (ALU)
 Main memory

 Control unit (CU)

Receive and analyses/interprets all instruction into the computer. Also delegates duties to all
other parts in the computer
 Arithmetic and logical unit (ALU)
Carries out all arithmetic/calculation in the computer. It also logically compares among the
operations in the computer.
 Main memory (MM)
It is compartment that holds current data & instruction. It is refers to as the primary storage
within the computer. It is sub-divided into;
 ROM (read only memory)
It is the compartment once data has been written can ever be changed through ordinary computer
operation. It is stored permanently .it cannot be upgraded. Information is not volatile I. e it
cannot be lost in case of a black out. For this reason, most system file necessary for computer
booting are stored here.
 RAM (random access memory)
Also referred to as type write and ready memory.it is virtual memory. Information is temporarily
stored and thus volatile I. e it can be easily erased due to black out if not saved. This memory is
upgradeable or expandable thus increasing speed of the computer.
 Input devices
These are in the devices/ gadgets that enter data and instruction into the computer for processing
e. g keyboard, mouse, scanners, joy sticks, microphone and digital cameras.
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  Output devices
These are the devices/ gadgets that relay the processed information out of the computer so that
the user can see, view, hear, read etc. example include monitor, visual display unit (VDU)
printer, speaker etc.
Storage device
These are devices/gadgets capable of holding processed information within the computer
example are:
 Hard disk (hard drive/drive c)
 removable devices such as
 Floppy/ diskette/ drive a
 CD compact disk
 DVD digital versatile disk
 Tape drive: resemble ordinary video tapes. They can be used to back up information /
data. They are highly durable.
 Flash disk: an external memory stick which can store huge amount of data. This is
becoming every ones mobile briefcase if not mobile office and thus rendering the
diskette.

STORAGE OF DATA IN COMPUTER

Storage is measured by bytes. Bytes are units which measure space occupied by data information
in the computer and storage device. One byte is made up of 8 bits. One bit is made up of 2 digits
i. e 1 and 0. In textual data, one byte is equivalent to one character.
1Bit =1 or 0
8Bits =1 Byte
1024 Byte =1 kilobyte
1024 KB =1 megabyte
1024 MB =1 gigabyte
1024 GB =1 terabyte

DRIVES AND MEMORY LOCATION

Drives
Drives are gadgets that have the ability to store information: floppy drive (drive a), hard drive
(drive c), tape drive, zip drive, jazz drive etc.
Memory location
Memory location are compartment within the computer established to store information.
Example include; desktop, my computer, document, recycle bin, file folders etc.

SYSTEM UNIT
System unit is a metallic or plastic casing that houses or protects most of the major parts that
control and define the computer. All these smaller parts are attached to the main board called
mother board or system board. Even all the peripheral are attached to the mother wood at the
rare of the system unit. Mother board has multiple circuits that enhances transportation of data
and expansion slots that allow connection of additional parts. Some of parts found on system unit
are the CPU (processor), hard disk, drives, memory chip, cards, buses etc.

THE MOUSE
Mouse is an input device that enters instruction or retrieves commands out of the computer.
Mouse is an operating system that assist keyboard in operating computer. Mouse has two
buttons;
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  Left mouse button LMB
 Right mouse button RMB
The LMB is the active button for it is after issue commands in to the computer. Is the inactive
button for it is not after use when the RMB is used, it is the retrieve commands out of the
computer.

How Mouse operators

An ordinary mouse has a rubber ball at its underside. The ball rolls in relation to how the device
is moved on a surface. There are two rollers that touch the ball and they roll as the ball moves.
Next to each roller is a sensor that checks the distance travelled, the direction moved and the
speed of the mouse pointer on the screen.
Techniques or action of the mouse
When the computer is operated and the mouse is used, one or more of the actions below must be
applied.
1. Click
This is briefly to press and release a mouse button so as to issue a command or select an item.
2. Double click
This is consecutively pressing LMB twice in order to issue command; i. e to open an item or to
highlight a word
3. Triple click
This is giving three consecutive taps to the LMB twice in order to issue command I. e to
highlight paragraph or an entire document.
4. Right click
This is briefly pressing the RMB (inactive button) on an item or on an area in order to retrieve
commands for application.

5. Click away
It is pointing and clicking the active mouse button outside a selection or a displayed menu in
order to deselect or to do away with it.
6. Point / select
This is to move mouse pointer on an item then click the LMB
7. Drag/drop
This is to point, press and hold down the LMB on an item to move it from a position to another
8. Highlight
This is to point and drag over a text so as to select the textual data for particular aspect.
9. Position cursor/ insertion point
It point between the characters so as to type a character
10. Resize objects
This is to point border handles of an objects and drug so as to increasing and decreasing its size
11. Move/position object
This is to point and drug the object from one position to another
THE KEYBOARD
It is another input device used to enter textual data through typing in to the computer. It can also
be used to enter commands and instruction in the computer by pressing the keys. The keys of the
keyboard may be sub-grouped into the following categories:
1. ALPHA NUMERIC KEYS
These consist of;
The alphabets I. e (A-Z)
The numerals I. e (0-9)
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The punctuation marks I. e (,.; :”)
The symbols I. e (# @ %)
The mathematical operator I. e (+-=/)
2. NUMERIC KEYPAD
This is positioned at the extreme right of the keyboard. It consists of the numerals the
mathematical operators and a few special keys. It is deal when dealing with calculations. It is
activated or deactivated by pressing the Num lock key.

3. FUNCTIONS KEYS
They include F1 through F12 and are positioned at the top most part of the keyboard. Their
purpose is to shortcut commands or they can be assigned some special duties. Sometimes they
are used together with keys to attain the duty e. g
F1 can retrieve help notes
F7 can be used to check spelling and grammar
F12 can be used to save
Alt +F4 can be used to close a program
4. ARROW KEYS
They are also referred to navigation keys. They are four of them; ARROW LEFT, ARROW
RIGHT, ARROW UP, ARROW DOWN.
Arrow keys facilitate horizontal and vertical movement to navigate through the cells; and can be
used with other keys to achieve the duty
5. SPECIAL KEYS
These are meant to perform special duties either singly or used together with other keys e. g
a) Enter key
These are two enter keys. Duties are:
 Executes commands
 Acquires the next line when typing
 Explores a folder I. e (ctrl + shift + enter)
 Crate space between the lines
B. Caps lock
Interchanges between uppercase and lowercase and vice versa
c. Space bar
It is the biggest key on the keyboard. It creates a single character space between words.
d. Delete key
Delete/ erases characters and spaces at the right of the cursor I. e forwards
Also erases selected items and text
e. Tab key
Creates set intervals between characters, word, text etc.
Navigates through the cell forwards
Navigates through the dialog box
f. Shift key
Normally used with other keys e. g
Highlight text (shift + arrow key)
Acquires upper character in a double character key. This is a key on the keyboard where two
letters or values are place
Momentarily acquires the upper case or lowercase when typing
g. CTRL (control) key
It is always used together with other keys to achieve duties.it has the biggest combination of keys
in Ms. Window e. g
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Ctrl +A highlight all
Ctrl +C copies
Ctrl +S saves
Ctrl +P prints
Ctrl +V pastes
h. Alt (alternative) key
Also used with other keys e. g
Alt +F display file menu
Alt +w displays window menu
Alt +F4 closes a running program
i. Esc (escape) key
Clears a display menu or dialog box displays start menu with ctrl I. e ctrl + esc
j. Print key
k. Home key
Takes cursor to the beginning of the line
Take cursor to the beginning of document I. e ctrl + home
l. End key
Takes the cursor to the end of the line
Takes cursor to the end of the document I. e ctrl +end
n. Page up
Scroll/ moves the page up
o. Page down
Scrolls/ moves the page down

STEPS TO START A COMPUTER

 Switch on the mains switch
 Switch on the UPS (interruptible power supply) if available
 Switch on the system unit
 Switch the monitor
 Wait for the booting process to take place
 Click the user account
 Type the password if applicable
STEPS TO SHUT DOWN THE COMPUTER
 Save and close all running program
 Log off the user account
 Click the start button
 Click shut down
 Wait for the closure
 Switch of the monitor
 Switch off the UPS if any
 Switch off the mains

BOOTING OF THE COMPUTER

It is the process by which the computer loads the system file to prepare it elf for the org ware to
operate when power has been run into the system. This process makes the computer undergo
power on self-test (POST) to make sure the computer system is complete- no important hardware
or software is missing.
Types of booting
 Cold booting
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This is turning on the computer by pressing the power button on the system unit and turning it on
again.
 Warm booting
This is forcing the computer to restart in order to rectifying minor errors within the system. It is
done by pressing ctrl + alt + Del keys. When this process repeated the computer restart.

There are various choices for closing or suspending a session

 SHUT DOWN: Close all open programs and services before powering off the computer
 STANDBY/SLEEP: save the current session to memory and put the computer into
minimal power State
 HIBERNATE: save the current session to disk before powering of the computer
 LOG OFF: close all open program and services started under the user account but leave
the computer running
 SWITCH USER: log on to another user account, leaving programs and files under the
current account open
 LOCK: Secure the desktop while leaving the running programs
 RESTART: close all open programs and services before rebooting without powering
down ( a soft reset)

SOFTWARE
Software are the intangible component of the computer. They cannot be seen but only their
results. Software are programs. Program are sets if instruction in electronic language, written to
instruct the computer hardware on what to do and how to do it.
Types of software
 System software
 Application software

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
These are programs concerned with the effective performance of the computer hardware. They
aid org ware handle/ operate the computer. They act on the user’s requirement as he/ she
commands them. Some control various programs in order to achieve a certain duty.
System software can be grouped into;
1. Operating system software
Operating system (OS) is a complex amalgamation of programs which controls the execution of
the user applications. It enables the user access hardware and software resources of the computer.
They control, and coordinate most of the computer operation. OS could be single tasking or
multi- tasking, single user or multi - user, and command base interface, menu driven interface or
graphical user interface.
Functions of OS
 Job scheduling
 Resource control and allocation
 Input/ output handling
 Memory management
 Error handling
 Job sequencing
 Interrupt handling

Example of OS
 Microsoft windows
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Windows has version such as
 Ms. Windows NT
 Ms. Windows me
 Ms. Windows 2000
 Ms. Windows’s xp
 Ms. Windows’s vista
 Ms Windows 7
 Ms Windows 8
 Ms Windows 10 etc.
 Microsoft dos (disk operating system)
 UNIX
 Linux
 Macintosh (mac OS)
2. Language translators
This system software electronically translates one language to another through a machine.
Language is computerized
3. Utility/ service system software
These special system file that render services commonly applied tasks within the computer.
These task include copying, sorting, file handling, disk management etc.
4. Communication system software
Enhances communication or interaction between people through machines e. g phone dealers,
network connection, internet etc.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
These are program that enable the user to perform and achieve results from any perturbing
problem I. e they are applied by user to achieve a certain duty/ task.
Classes of application software
 User application
 Application packages
User application
They program designed for the computer user according to his/her specifications; there for
referred to as tailor-made. They are written by ordinary programmers for their client.
Application packages
These are ready made programs. They are complex for the keenly manufactured to accomplish
several tasks. They are directly bought form the shop installed into the computer.
Sub-classes of application packages
 Word processor
These are designed to edit textual data. There is a lot of typing and formatting in this sub class.
Example include MS word, word perfect, word star, word pro etc.
 Spreadsheets
These are designed to create and manipulate numerical data. Here formulas and functions are
utilized to enable calculation. Example MS excel, lotus 1-2-3, VisiCalc, VP planner etc.
 Database
These are used to create, organize, store and manage huge amount of data. Example include MS
access, dbase I-IV, paradox, fox pro etc.
 Presentation
These help to prepare notes and graphic in an artistic manner by a presenter intended to a certain
audience. Example include MS power point freelance graphics etc.
 Graphics and design

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They also referred to as desktop publishing (DTP’s) because they were traditionally used for
publishing purposes. They highly employ both text and graphics. Example are Corel draw, adobe
page maker, Microsoft publisher, adobe photo shop, adobe illustrator etc.
 Accounting packages
They are meant to tackle and simplify the accounting aspect such as the ledgers, balance sheet,
assets, stock, report, chart etc. example are quick books, quicken, sage line 50, pastel etc.

MALWARE
Short for malicious software, is any software used to disrupt computer operation, gather
sensitive information, or gain access to private computer systems. Malware is defined by its
malicious intent, acting against the requirements of the computer user, and does not include
software that causes unintentional harm due to some deficiency. The term badware is sometimes
used, and applied to both true (malicious) malware and unintentionally harmful software

Probably the most well-known and most common type of malware,

Viruses consist of harmful programs designed to infect legitimate software programs. Once a
person installs and runs the infected program, the virus activates and spreads itself to other
programs installed on the computer before taking further action such as deleting critical files
within the operating system. Similarly,

Computer viruses are small software programs that are designed to spread from one computer to
another and to interfere with computer operation. A virus might corrupt or delete data on your
computer, use your e-mail program to spread itself to other computers, or even erase everything
on your hard disk.

Computer viruses are often spread by attachments in e-mail messages or instant messaging
messages. That is why it is essential that you never open e-mail attachments unless you know
who it's from and you are expecting it.

Worms are stand-alone programs that are able to transmit themselves across a network directly.
Unlike a computer virus, worms do not need to attach themselves to an existing program.
However both types of malware can cause severe damage by exploiting shared files and
databases.

Other malwares

Trojan Horse. Similar to Greek mythology, Trojans present themselves as harmless, useful
gifts, in order to persuade victims to install them on your computer. Thus, Trojans typically
appear as regular software. The catch is that the Trojan comes bundled with other software that
often includes a backdoor allowing unauthorized access to your computer. Trojans do not
attempt to inject themselves into other files or applications like computer viruses instead, they
use tactics such as drive-by downloads or installing via online games in order to reach their
targets.

Adware and spyware. Though not technically fitting into the virus category, at times these
programs may invade your privacy, contain malicious code and at the very least become a
nuisance. Adware is a form of financially supported malware that usually presents itself as
unwanted advertisements to the user. The Internet is filled with these types of programs that can
hijack your PC for profit, most are hidden inside so-called “free” downloads and pop-up ads that
forcibly install software on systems with active vulnerabilities.
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Similarly, spyware is a type of malware that surreptitiously gathers information and transmits it
to interested parties. Information gathered includes the websites visited, browser and system
information and IP address. Spyware does not have any infection mechanisms and is usually
dropped by Trojans. Once dropped, it installs itself on the victim’s computer and will begin
collecting information silently as to avoid detection.

A zombie works in a similar way to spyware. The difference is that a zombie does not usually
collect information from the computer. Instead, it just sits there waiting for commands from a
command-and-control server controlled by the attacker. Attackers infect tens of thousands of
computers, turning them into zombies and then issuing commands so that all of them
instantaneously send network requests to a target host, overwhelming it with traffic also known
as a DDoS attack or distributed denial of service.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO THE COMPUTER AND THE LABORATORY

Computer are very sensitive, delicate, volatile and even expensive; therefore it is important to
note some safety precautions when handling them so that may serve longer and better:
1. Proper hardware assembling
2. Proper power management; include an uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
3. Cover your computer system when not in operation to avoid dust, water etc.
4. Do not bang computer devices
5. Do not eat or drink from computer lab
6. Do not run about the computer lab
7. Ensure sufficient ventilation in the lab
8. Protect computer from direct heat
9. Ensure clean environment
10. Burglar proof doors and windows are important to prevent theft
11. Ensure regular servicing to the computer
12. Handle the diskette and CDs carefully
13. Do not place gadgets on the edges to avoid falling
14. Do not interfere with computer setup
15. Do not open the computer devices unless you are computer technician
16. Do not entertain foreign hardware and software to prevent virus infection

FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN BUYING A COMPUTER

 The processor speed
 The hard disk capacity
 The memory RAM size
 The purpose of the computer user needs
 Warranty
 Portability
 Upgradeability and compatibility
 Documentation (operation manual)
 New or used
 The cost
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN BUYING SOFTWARE
 Authenticity
 Reliability and security
 User friendliness
 The purpose of software
 Warranty
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  Portability
 Compatibility and system configuration
 Documentation (operation manual)
 The cost

MICROSOFT WORD
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Microsoft word is an application package under the class word processor or text editors. It is a
windows run program, ideal for production of documents such as newsletters, curriculum vitae,
letters, research papers, mail merging etc.
Examples of word processor
Word pad, word star, open office .org writer
Versions of ms word
Ms word 2003,2007,2010,2013

FEATURES OF MS WORD
 The Quick Access Toolbar
In the top left hand corner of the window is the Quick Access toolbar. The Quick Access toolbar
provides you with access to commands you frequently use. By default Save, Undo, and Redo
appear on the Quick Access toolbar.
 The Title Bar
Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. The Title bar displays the title of the document
on which you are currently working. Word names the first new document you open Document1.
As you open additional new documents, Word
names them sequentially. When you save your document, you assign the document a new name.
 The Ribbon
You use commands to tell Microsoft Word what to do. In Microsoft Word 2007, you use the
Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is located near the top of the screen, below the Quick
Access toolbar. At the top of the Ribbon are several tabs;
clicking a tab displays several related command groups. Within each group are related command
buttons. You click buttons to issue commands or to access menus and dialog boxes. You may
also find a dialog box launcher in the bottom right
corner of a group. Clicking the dialog box launcher gives you access to additional commands via
a dialog box.
 Tabs
 Buttons
 Groups
 Dialogue Launcher
 The Ruler
The ruler is found below the Ribbon.
You can use the ruler to change the format of your document quickly. If your ruler is not visible,
follow the steps listed here:
1. Click the View tab to choose it.
2. Click the check box next to Ruler in the Show/Hide group. The ruler appears below the
Ribbon.
 The Text Area
Just below the ruler is a large area called the text area. You type your document in the text area.
 The Vertical and Horizontal and Vertical Scroll Bars
The vertical and horizontal scroll bars enable you to move up, down, and across your window
simply by dragging the icon located on the scroll bar. The vertical scroll bar is located along the
right side of the screen. The horizontal scroll bar is located just above the status bar. To move up
and down your document, click and drag the vertical
scroll bar up and down.
 The Status Bar
The Status bar appears at the very bottom of your window and provides such information as the
current page and the number of words in your document. You can change what displays on the
Status bar by right-clicking on the Status bar and selecting the options you want from the

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Customize Status Bar menu. You click a menu item to select it. You click it again to deselect it.
A check mark next to an item means it is selected.

COPYING OF DATA
Copying is duplicating of data whereby the original copy remains e. g
Steps to copy data
Method 1
 Highlight the text
 Click home tab
 Click copy on the clipboard group
 Position the cursor in the desired place
 Click home tab
 Click paste the clipboard group
Method 2
 Highlight the data to carry the copy
 Right click on the highlighted data
 Click copy
 Right click on the position to copy
 Click paste
Method 3
 Press ctrl+ A –to highlight
 Press ctrl+ C –to copy the data
 Press ctrl+ V –to paste
Cutting of data
Cutting is just like the process of copying data except that instead of copying we choose cut and
on the keyboard instead of C we press X. cut will also duplicate data just like copying but the
original data will not remain.
PASTING OF DATA
This is gluing or sticking what has already been copied or cut. Pasting must be applied so as
complete the copy or cut command.
UNDO COMMAND
The reverses any recently applied command. It may limit the reversing of some commands
depending on how previously they have been applied.
Steps to undo
Method 1
 Click undo icon on the quick access toolbar
Method 2
 Press ctrl+ Z keys
REDO COMMAND
Redo reverses the undo command
Steps to redo
Method 1
 Click redo icon on the quick access tool bar
Method 2
 Press ctrl+ Y keys

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SPELLING AND GRAMMAR
This command involves going through the textual data to check any errors accidentally made and
spelling errors shall be underline in red wavy line. Grammatical errors shall be underlined in
green wavy lines.
Steps to spelling and grammars
Method 1
 Click review tab when document is open
 Click spelling and grammar
 Spell check the text accordingly
Method 2
 Press F7 key
 Spell check accordingly
Spell checking process
In the dialog box display the spelling errors should appear in red color while grammatical error
shall appear in green color.
Thus
 Select a suggestion from the list of them or
 Position the cursor and type the word correctly
 Click change button to effect the correction
 Do the same to the next displayed error
 Click ignore if the error should remain
 Click ok
THESAURUS
This is facility that gives synonyms and antonyms of the word
Synonyms – word having similar meaning
Antonyms – words opposites
Steps to thesaurus
Method1
 Highlight the word
 Click review tab
 Click thesaurus
 Right click suitable synonyms /antonyms
 Click insert
Method 2
 Highlight the word
 Press shift+ F7 keys
 Press enter key
 Right click suitable synonym antonym
 Click insert
FIND AND REPLACE
This command is used to locate a misplaced word then put a different one
Steps to find and replace
 Highlight the word
 Click home tab
 Click find/ replace
 Type the word to replace with
 Click replace all

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WRAPPING
Wrapping is a feature used to enclose graphics with text. This aspect is applied during formatting
of graphic or object
Steps to wrapping
 Select the graphic
 Click format tab
 Click text wrapping on the arrange group
 Click wrapping style

HEADERS AND FOOTERS

Header is a constant data set to automatically appear at the top of each page while footer is the
constant data auto appearing at bottom of page. The header could be a letter head, page number,
time etc. while footer could be a school motto, page number, date etc.
Steps to insert header and footer
 Click insert tab
 Click header / footer
 Select a style
 Enter data for the header / footer
 Edit and format accordingly
 Click design tab
 Click close header/footer
 Work on the document
MAIL MERGING
This is a process of creating one main document intended to be sent to many recipient
Two parts
 Main document-details explaining more of the document
 Data source-these are the contacts of the recipients
STEP FOR MAIL MERGING
 Type the letter/document to merge
 Click mailings tab
 Click start mail merge
 Click letters
 Click select recipient
 Click type new list/use existing list
 Create list to use
 Click insert merge fields
 Insert fields to their required positions
 Click Preview results
 Click finish & merge

PRINT PREVIEW
This is a window whereby a document can be viewed to check any error associated with printing.
These errors arise from the margins, paragraph, layout etc.
Steps to print preview
Method 1
 Open the document to preview
 Click office button
 Point print
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  Click print preview
 Observe to check any errors
 Click close when satisfied or go back for adjustment
Method 2
 Open the document
 Click the print preview icon on quick access tool bar
 Observe to check any

Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Word.

1. Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page.
2. Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.
3. Ctrl + C Copy selected text.
4. Ctrl + X Cut selected text.
5. Ctrl + P Open the print window.
6. Ctrl + F Open find box.
7. Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.
8. Ctrl + K Insert link.
9. Ctrl + S Save document
10. Ctrl + V Paste.
11. Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed.
12. Ctrl + Z Undo last action.
13. Ctrl + L Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.
14. Ctrl + E Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.
15. Ctrl + R Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.
16. Ctrl + M indent the paragraph.
17. Ctrl + Shift + F Change the font.
18. Ctrl + Shift + >Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pts.
19. Ctrl +] Increase selected font +1pts.
20. Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower, if above 12 decreases font
by +2pt.
21. Ctrl + [Decrease selected font -1pts.
22. Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing characters.
23. Ctrl + <left arrow> Moves one word to the left.
24. Ctrl + <right arrow> Moves one word to the right.
25. Ctrl + <up arrow> Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
26. Ctrl + <down arrow> Moves to the end of the paragraph.
27. Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection
28. Ctrl + Del Deletes word to right of cursor.
29. Ctrl + Backspace Deletes word to left of cursor.
30. Ctrl + End Moves the cursor to the end of the document.
31. Ctrl + Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.
32. Ctrl + Spacebar Reset highlighted text to the default font.
33. Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines.
34. Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines.
35. Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing.
36. Ctrl + Alt + 1 Changes text to heading 1.
37. Ctrl + Alt + 2 Changes text to heading 2.
38. Ctrl + Alt + 3 Changes text to heading 3.
39. Ctrl + F1 Open the Task Pane.
40. F1 Open Help.
41. Alt + Ctrl + F2 Open new document.
42. Ctrl + F2 Display the print preview.
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 43. Shift + F3 Change the text in Microsoft Word from upper to lower case or a capital letter
at the beginning of every word.
44. Shift + Insert Paste.
45. F5 Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.
46. Ctrl + Shift + F6 Opens to another open Microsoft Word document.
47. F7 Spell and grammar check selected text and/or document.
48. Shift + F7 Runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted.
49. F12 Save as.
50. Shift + F12 Save.
51. Ctrl + Shift + F12 Prints the document.
52. Alt + Shift + D Insert the current date.
53. Alt + Shift + T insert the current time.

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