UNIVERSITY OF DJIBOUTI – FACULTY OF ENGINEERS

Electrical & Energy Department

Electric power supply study for Barwaqo 2 extension

By
Rahma Abdourahman Mohamed
To
Internship tutor
Hassan Mohamed Ali
Ing. Electrical network

Faculty tutor
Dr. Dorsaf GHOZZI

Academic Year: 2023 – 2024

The work contained within this document has been submitted by the student in partial
fulfilment of the requirement of their course and award

I
 UNIVERSITY OF DJIBOUTI – FACULTY OF ENGINEERS

Electrical & Energy Department

Electric power supply study for Barwaqo 2 extension

By
Rahma Abdourahman Mohamed

Performed at

Electricity of Djibouti

Duration April – October, 2024

Report Submitted for the Award of MSc in Engineering

October, 2024

The work contained within this document has been submitted by the student in
partial fulfilment of the requirement of their course and award

II
 ACKOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the company of electricity of Djibouti

(EDD) for providing me with the opportunity to complete my internship within their
organization. I am deeply thankful for the guidance, support, and valuable experience I
gained during this internship.

Special thanks go to my supervisor, Mr. Hassan Mohamed Ali, whose mentorship and
constructive feedback played a crucial role in enhancing my learning and understanding
of the field. I also want to acknowledge the entire team in the [Department/Division
Name] for their collaborative spirit and for making me feel welcome.
I am also grateful to my academic advisors at [Your University] for their encouragement
and support throughout this internship journey. The knowledge and skills I have
developed would not have been possible without the support of all these individuals and
institutions.

Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their continuous support and
encouragement, which motivated me throughout this process.

III
Table contents
ACKOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................................... III
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... V
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... VI
ABBREVIATION .................................................................................................................................... VII
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1
I. PRESENTATION OF HOSTING COMPANY ....................................................................................... 2
I.1 HISTORY ............................................................................................................................................ 2
I.2 IDENTITY ............................................................................................................................................ 3
I.3 STD .................................................................................................................................................. 3
I.3.1 Presentation of STD ................................................................................................................ 3
I.3.2 Organizational chart of STD ................................................................................................... 4
I.3.3 Departments .......................................................................................................................... 4
I.4 DAILY ACTIVITY .................................................................................................................................... 6
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...................................................................................................... 7
II.1 LOCATION OF BARWAQO 2 EXTENSION ................................................................................................ 7
II.2 SOMELEC .................................................................................................................................... 8
II.3 IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRIFICATION ...................................................................................................... 8
II.3.1 Decree .................................................................................................................................... 9
II.3.2 Standard ................................................................................................................................. 9
II.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE POWER SUPPLY STUDY .......................................................................................... 9
III. POWER SUPPLY DESIGN FOR BARWAQO 2 EXTENSION ............................................................... 10
III.1 DESIGN OF THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK DESIGN ................................................................................. 10
III.2 SUBSTATION REQUIREMENT ................................................................................................................... 11
III.3 TRANSFORMER SIZING AND PLACEMENT ................................................................................................... 13
III.4 CABLE SIZING AND ROUTING ................................................................................................................... 16
IV. RELIABILITY AND STABILITY ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 20
IV.1 POWER SUPPLY RELIABILITY ............................................................................................................. 20
IV.2 POWER QUALITY AND STABILITY........................................................................................................ 21
IV.3 CONTINGENCY PLANS ..................................................................................................................... 24
V. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 24
V.1 CAPITAL INVESTMENT..................................................................................................................... 25
V.2 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS ............................................................................................. 26
V.3 FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY.................................................................................................................... 28
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ........................................................ 31
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 32
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................ 33
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 38
RESUME: ............................................................................................................................................. 38

IV
LIST OF TABLES
Table III.1: Comparison between overhead and underground distribution network. ............... 11
Table III.3.1: Corresponding demand factor for a given group of consumers. ........................... 14
Table1III.3.2: Characteristics of 400 kVA, MV/LV transformer ................................................... 15
Table2III.4.2: characteristic of a given cable ............................................................................... 19
Table IV.2.1: Cable Cross-Sections and Characteristics .............................................................. 22
Table IV.2.2: Voltage Drop Calculations ...................................................................................... 23
Table V.1: The total capital investment ...................................................................................... 26
Table V.2: The annual operating and maintenance cost ............................................................ 28

V
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure II: District plan from google earth ...................................................................................... 8
Figure III.1: Blank plan of the city, before the design of the LV network ................................... 10
Figure III.2.2: The different sections of the substation ............................................................... 12
Figure III.2.1: The front view of the substation........................................................................... 12
Figure III.4.2: Different low voltage departures.......................................................................... 17
Figure III.4.3: Lighting type for small road .................................................................................. 18
Figure IV.2: voltage drop percentage for each departure. ......................................................... 24
Figure V.1: capital investment breakdown ................................................................................. 26
Figure V.2: Operating and maintenance breakdown .................................................................. 28
Figure A.1: prices street lightning ............................................................................................... 33
Table A.1: list of localization of the poles by zones .................................................................... 33
Figure A.2: material prices .......................................................................................................... 34
Figure A.3: single phase electronic meter .................................................................................. 34
Figure B.2: replacing an old metallic poles by a new one ........................................................... 35
Figure B.3: Setting up a new urban distribution board............................................................... 35
Figure B.4: Repair of a defective NF C33-226 cable using a junction box................................... 36
Figure C.4: Dimensioning Process of power supply project........................................................ 37

VI
ABBREVIATION

Abbreviation Full Form

EDD Electricity of Djibouti
STD Service of Transport and Distribution
MV Medium Voltage
LV Low Voltage
kVA Kilovolt-Amperes
DJF Djiboutian Francs
Department of Exploitation of the Distribution
DERD
Network

DLPI Department of Laboratory and Small Interventions

DT Department of Transmission

BEP Study and Planning Department

NF C 11-201 French Low Voltage Electrical Distribution Standard

NF C 15-100 French Standard for Electrical Installations

G1, G7, G8, G23 Generator Units in Boulaos Power Plant

SOMELEC Société Mauritanienne d'Électricité

HV High Voltage
W Watts
MW Megawatts
KWh Kilowatt-hours
Me Electrical Moment
U (%) Voltage Drop Percentage
PSC Short Circuit Power
ISC Short Circuit Current
EHV Extra High Voltage
NPV Net Present Value
IRR Internal Rate of Return
cos φ Power Factor
Tneuf “ travaux neuf ”or new work

VII
INTRODUCTION

My final year at the Faculty of Engineering included a six-month internship that I had to
finish in order to broaden my knowledge and help me make a more seamless transition
into the working world. This report is based on my internship at "Electricité de Djibouti
(EDD)", specifically in the Transmission and Distribution (STD) service. My training
encouraged me to apply academic principles in a real-world setting, gaining a better
understanding of the complexities of the electrical distribution network.

I took part in a number of significant projects throughout my internship. Among them,

electrification of the Barwaqo 2 Extension became the primary focus of my research.
Barwaqo 2 is a freshly created residential area that requires a dependable and long-lasting
power supply infrastructure. The primary purpose of this project is to develop and install
an electrical network capable of serving the growing neighborhood and meeting future
demands efficiently.

The purpose of this report is to describe the process of conducting a power supply study
for the Barwaqo 2 Extension. This includes studying population growth estimates,
forecasting electricity demand, building the distribution network, and connecting the new
network to the existing grid. Additionally, the report investigates the reliability and
stability of the power system, economic feasibility.

The electrification of Barwaqo 2 is an essential step in supporting community

development, improving living conditions, and ensuring that the growing population has
access to a dependable energy source. The findings and recommendations of this study
aim to guide the successful implementation of the project while ensuring long-term
sustainability.

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 I. PRESENTATION OF HOSTING COMPANY

My internship host company was Electricity of Djibouti (EDD), which provided

transmission and distribution services. EDD is a public organization of industrial and
commercial nature provided with integrity and financial autonomy, established by Decree
No. 115 on January 21, 1960. EDD is solely responsible for the distribution of electricity
to various users around the country. It produces 50 MW and receives approximately 500
MW from Ethiopia.

I.1 History
Djibouti, a country with limited natural resources and no oil, gas, or coal reserves, heavily
relies on imported fuel for its energy needs. The BOULAOS power plant, established in
1976, has undergone numerous renovations and expansions to meet the country's growing
energy demands. The plant began by relocating five PIELESTICK generators from the
previous MARABOUT power plant and installing a new G1 generator. The production
capacity was increased by 10MW with the addition of a G7 generator in 1980 and a G8
generator in 1982. In 1985, the plant saw its first significant expansion, adding 31.5MW.
In 1988, the facility transferred two MAN generators from Saudi Arabia, adding 10MW.

In the same year, a fire damaged the BOULAOS 1 facilities, causing extensive damage.
Following a rehabilitation project, four new WARTSILLA-GMT generators were
installed, increasing the plant's capacity to 24 MW. Over the years, the plant continued to
grow, adding CATERPILLAR generators in 2003 and 2004. In 2009, the G23 engine was
severely damaged, leading to an additional 15MW expansion in 2010.

In 2011, an electrical connecting line with Ethiopia was installed, allowing Djibouti to
import electricity and stabilize its energy supply. In 2015, a dispatching system was
implemented to optimize the plant's operations and improve energy distribution
efficiency. Despite the country's reliance on imported fuels, the BOULAOS power plant
has become an essential part of Djibouti's electricity generation.

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 I.2 Identity
SOCIAL REASON: THE ELECTRICITY IN DJIBOUTI

HEAD OFFICE : BOULEVARD DE LA REPUBLIQUE

TEL: +253 21 35 28 51

MAILBOX: 175

LEGAL STATUS: PUBLIC INSTITUTION

WEBSITE: WWW.EDD.DJ

CREATION DATE: 1960

ADDRESS: SOUTHERN INDUSTRIAL ZONE

AREA OF ACTIVITY: PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIALIZATION

OFELECTRICITY

MARKET: MONOPOLE OF PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT,

DISTRIBUTION, ANDCOMMERCIALIZATION OF ELECTRICITY

EMPLOYEES: OVER 1000

LOGO:

I.3 STD

I.3.1 Presentation of STD

The STD (transmission and distribution service) is responsible for

delivering power to various regions across the country, as well as
overseeing the distribution of low-voltage networks for public and private
customers and public lighting. The STD is in charge of transportation,
delivering power to clients, and researching various initiatives. After
completing the field research, new clients submit their whole

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 documentation to the STD service, which grants them electricity.

I.3.2 Organizational chart of STD

Head of

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION DEPARTMENT

Project Management Unit

Head of Department Head of Department Head of Head of Department

Head of Department

Exploitation Of The Distribution Laboratory and small interventions Design and Planning Office
Sustainable Electrification Project Network

FIGURE I: ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF STD

I.3.3 Departments

Transportation and distribution services STD is responsible for a wide range of operations
within the EDD and is made up of five departments, each of which is further split into
different divisions. Each department has a distinct mission that differs from the others.

The STD is returned as follows:

Department of exploitation of the distribution network (DERD):

The department of exploitation of the distribution network is composed of 5 divisions:

- Underground division: The underground division is responsible for the

maintenance equipment for the medium voltage/low voltage substations, the
localization of the faults, and the repartition of the medium, low voltage, and
public lighting cables.
- Overhead division: As the name implies, the aerial division deals with overhead
cables in general, namely the winding of MV and LV cables and the installation
of armaments on poles for the deployment of MV and LV electrical networks.
Transfers of MV & LV cables following the replacement of poles and the
restoration of aerial networks damaged by incidents.

4
 - Public lighting division: Public lighting division is a division that takes care of
the lighting of the country. They install public lighting throughout the city but he
also takes care of their maintenance.
- New embranchment division: The new embranchment division carried out
various works, including the installation of LV meters, the connection of new
customers to the network, the removal and re-installation of meters, and the
relocation and power reinforcement of existing connections at the request of
customers.
- Troubleshooting division: The troubleshooting division is an emergency service
that customers contact in case of problems with the electricity supplied by EDD.
They also intervene in case of house fires to cut off the power to prevent the fire
from spreading.

Department of laboratory and small interventions (DLPI):

The department of laboratory and small interventions is divided into 3 divisions:

- Division MV: This division is in charge of the technical management (control,

maintenance, and calibration) of the contractual MV meters, the public lighting
meters, and the site meters. Other non-contractual meters are also under the
responsibility of the division, such as meters for energy balance calculations and
those for monitoring MV/LV transformers.
- Division LV: The division of LV does the same work as the division of MV but
instead of dealing with MV it deals with LV.
- Cutoff division: The cutoff division is in charge of cutting off the electricity of
the customers whether it is a request made by the customers or following a
violation.

Department of Transmission (DT):

The transmission department is in charge of monitoring the energy that flows via our
national network, as well as the maintenance and proper operation of the electrical
equipment. This department is in charge of testing and inspecting generators, as well as
determining load in MV/LV substations. They intercede when the transformer station's
circuit breakers fail. They are in charge of maintaining and repairing radios for
communication.

5
Study and Planning Department (BEP):

Customer service orders are sent to a department for site study, which is then executed
by the distribution department, which includes various divisions:

- Big study division: This division is in charge of researching the electrical

connections for housing estates and enterprises (public or private) with power
consumption greater than 36KVA, as well as the city's electrical districts. It is also
in charge of establishing the budget.
- Civil engineering (or Tneuf): The division is responsible for conducting
preliminary research on customers consuming 1 KVA to 36 KVA to estimate
power, and working with contracting businesses to monitor and supervise
substation construction and trench digging for a residence based on site
installations.
- Current Study Division: This division is in charge of performing preliminary
studies for customers using 1 KVA to 36 KVA to estimate the electricity to be
provided to this residence based on the installations available on the premises.
- Drawing Division: This division's responsibilities include assessing and
documenting all MV/LV overhead and underground cables in Djibouti to aid in
the monitoring of STD agents.

Project Department.

The project department is in charge of the study of the projects submitted to the STD,
such as the realization of network studies in Djibouti and the regions (Ali-Sabieh, Dikhil,
Tadjourah, Weah, Damerjog), inventories of vulnerable families who are the main
beneficiaries of the World Bank's support for the final connection, reception of the
project's materials and management of the Jaban'As stock, and finalization of network
extensions under the rural electrification project

I.4 Daily activity

During my internship at Service Transport & Distribution (STD), I was given a set
timetable to work across several departments. This allowed me to gain a comprehensive
understanding of the Djiboutian electrical distribution system, from project design and
research to real power transmission and distribution.
The timetable went as follows:

6
  From 15/04/2024 to 14/06/2024, I worked with the BEP Department, responsible
for studies and planning. I conducted electrical connection studies, analyzed
power consumption for housing estates, and collaborated with civil engineers on
substation constructions and trench digging.
 From 15/06/2024 to 14/08/2024, I worked in the DERD Department, handling
cable maintenance, public lighting installations, and managing new customer
connections.
 From 15/08/2024 to 14/09/2024, I worked in the DLPI Department, gaining
experience in technical management, including meter calibration and
maintenance of medium and low-voltage systems.
 From 15/09/2024 to 07/10/2024, I worked with the DT Department, monitoring
energy flow and maintaining key electrical equipment. This structured approach
allowed me to apply theoretical knowledge in a practical environment while
interacting with power distribution experts.
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
II.1 Location of Barwaqo 2 extension

The Barwaqo 2 extension is located in the recently build sector city Barwaqo 2, which
has been growing rapidly over the past few years. This area is a mix of residential
neighborhoods, businesses, and small industries. With more people moving in and
businesses expanding, the need for reliable electricity has increased significantly.
Currently, the existing infrastructure isn’t enough to meet this demand, so this extension
project is crucial to support the ongoing development of the region.

7
 Figure II: District plan from google earth

II.2 SOMELEC
SOMELEC, a well-known construction company in Djibouti, has worked on a number of
infrastructure and electricity projects. Since its founding, SOMELEC has worked with
Electricity of Djibouti (EDD) to improve the country's electrical infrastructure. The
Barwaqo 2 extension project intends to provide reliable power supply solutions to the
developing residential community. The agreement brings together EDD's regulatory
monitoring and technical experience with SOMELEC's practical construction
capabilities. The collaborative efforts are centered on planning and implementing the
distribution network effectively, maintaining safety standards, and accommodating future
development. SOMELEC and EDD intend to create a standard for modern electrification
projects, while contributing to the region's infrastructural development and fast
urbanization.
II.3 Importance of electrification
Given all of the advantages; better living conditions for locals, easier commercial
operations, and support for vital services like hospitals and schools; electrification is
essential for this area. It also decreases dependency on obsolete and inefficient power

8
sources, paving the way for future integration of cleaner, renewable energy sources,
thereby boosting long-term growth and environmental sustainability. As a result, reliable
electricity is critical for the local economy and general well-being.

II.3.1 Decree

The Electricity of Djibouti (EDD) is a public institution responsible for the production
and distribution of electricity in the Republic of Djibouti. It is authorized to build thermal
factories, transformation stations, transmission or distribution lines, and other necessary
installations. The EDD is managed by a Board of Directors appointed by the Council of
Ministers. The decree n° 74-131 / 5G / CG of January 23, 1974, outlines the methods of
exploitation for the production, transport, and distribution of electrical energy. EDD has
the right to use public roads, establish and maintain structures or pipelines for
transportation and distribution, and occupy public and private domains for exploitation
works. Construction of electrical installations is subject to authorization from the Ministry
of Housing; Urbanism; Regional Planning and Environment with the agreement of the
Civil Protection. A certificate of conformity is issued at the end of the works.

II.3.2 Standard

Each time a group of people want to conduct a realization in a professional world,

whatever the type of realization or field, one needs a reference, standards to respect.
Standards are like law, failure to comply with the standard could be considered as a bad
act and can cause the cancellation of the project and the sentence of project managers.
Here in Djibouti the standard put into practice is the same as the one set up by French.
The low voltage distribution network for consumers is regulated by the French standard
NF C 11-201 and NF C 15-100.

II.4 Objectives of the Power Supply Study

The power supply study aims to ensure reliable and continuous electricity supply for the
Barwaqo 2 extension, planning for local businesses, residences, and industries. The study
aims to find efficient ways to deliver power without wasting energy, offer affordable
options, investigate the feasibility of incorporating solar or wind power as a renewable
energy solution, and ensure all designs meet safety and legal standards. The study also
explores the feasibility of incorporating these renewable energy sources for improved
sustainability efforts.

9
III. POWER SUPPLY DESIGN FOR BARWAQO 2 EXTENSION
The design of the power supply system for Barwaqo 2 Extension is a critical part of the
overall infrastructure development. This section covers the key components involved in
delivering reliable and efficient electrical power to the extension area, ensuring it meets
current and future demand. The power supply design process includes considerations for
the distribution network, substation requirements, transformer sizing and placement, and
cable sizing and routing.

III.1 Design of the distribution network design

Before designing a distribution network, it is important to know the type of distribution
employed then design the needed materials. The equipment in the distribution network is
numerous and dependent on each other. Once the type of distribution network is known,
the first thing to do to allow the electricity network to feed the inhabitants is to design the
substation and then accomplish the realization of other components (transformer,
poles…etc.).

Figure III.1: Blank plan of the city, before the design of the LV network

The distribution network for Barwaqo 2 Extension will be based on an overhead design.
After a comprehensive comparison between overhead and underground distribution
systems, the overhead option was chosen due to several key advantages:

 Cost-effectiveness: Overhead networks are significantly cheaper to install

compared to underground systems. This is particularly important for Barwaqo 2
Extension, where budget constraints play a crucial role in project planning.

10
  Ease of Maintenance: Overhead lines are easier to maintain and repair, especially
in case of faults, as they allow for faster fault detection and access.

 Durability and Longevity: Overhead systems typically have a lifespan of 30-50

years, which matches or exceeds that of underground systems in similar
environments.

Table III.1: Comparison between overhead and underground distribution network.

Advantage of overhead Advantage of underground

Cost-The first outstanding advantage of Aesthetics-Underground's number one
overhead network is the less cost. advantage.
Longer life - 30-50 years vs 20-40 for new safety: less chance for public contact.
underground works.
Reliability- Shorter outage duration Reliability: significantly fewer short
because of fast fault finding and faster
repair.
Loading- Overhead circuits can more Longer reach — Less voltage drop
readily withstand overloads. because reactance is lower.

In addition, the geographical location and terrain of Barwaqo 2 are not conducive to
underground cabling, further solidifying the decision for overhead network deployment.

III.2 Substation requirement

A dedicated substation will be constructed to supply power to Barwaqo 2 Extension. The
substation design will follow the standards provided by the Electric Distribution
Department (EDD) and will be built by Hydrolec, the contractor responsible for most
substation projects in the area.

Key requirements for the substation include:

 Ventilation: Proper placement of windows and vents to ensure adequate

ventilation, especially in the hot climate.

 Transformer Location: The transformer will be strategically located within the

substation to minimize voltage drops and ensure the efficiency of power delivery.

11
  Compliance with Specifications: The substation construction must adhere to the
specifications provided by EDD, including structural dimensions, cable routing,
and access points for future maintenance and expansions.

The substation will play a pivotal role in converting medium voltage (MV) power from
the main supply into low voltage (LV) power suitable for distribution to residential and
commercial users in the extension.

Figure III.2.2: The different sections of the substation

Figure III.2.1: The front view of the substation

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III.3 Transformer sizing and placement
Transformers are a key component in ensuring that the electricity delivered to Barwaqo
2 Extension meets both current and future demand.

After being informed about the cost of renting, its geological location and especially the
life style of future occupants, it can be deduced the energy consumption by the area of
the buildings: As a result, the consumer power capacity per domestic is set as follow:

Power allocated by plot of land:

- ≥ 250m² = 9Kva
- ≤250-300≥ = 12Kva
- > 300 m² = 18kva
The loads of different types of dwellings were calculated and then summed to find the
total load of Barwaqo 2 extension.

-There are 27 buildings that will have an energy consumption of 9 Kva

- There are 8 buildings that will have an energy consumption of 12 Kva

-There are 17 buildings that will have an energy consumption of 18 Kva

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑1 = 9 × 27 = 243 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑2 = 12 × 8 = 96 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑3 = 18 × 17 = 306 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑇 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑1 + 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑2 + 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑3 = 243 + 96 + 306 = 645 𝑘𝑉𝐴

Determination of total Load Using Demand Factor

The demand factor, often known as the load factor, is a variable that lets us estimate the
approximate load that houses or other structures need. The table below demonstrates the
corresponding demand factor by consumers:

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 Table III.3.1: Corresponding demand factor for a given group of consumers.

Number of consumers Corresponding demand

factor
2 to 4 1
5 to 9 0.78
10 to 14 0.63
15 to 19 0.53
20 to 24 0.49
25 to 29 0.46
30 to 34 0.44
35 to 39 0.42
40 to 49 0.41
50 and + 0.4

In our study, we will use the load coefficient of 0.46, 0.78 and 0.53 for respectively for
the numbers of consumers using 9 kVA, 12 kVA and 18 kVA. The new value of the total
electrical load using the demand factor would be:

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑇 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑1 + 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑2 + 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑3 = 243 × 0.46 + 96 × 0.78 + 306 × 0.53 𝑘𝑉𝐴 =
𝟑𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟒 𝑘𝑉𝐴

The Choice of MV/LV transformer

Power transformers are classified according to their kVA capacity in accordance with the
energy requirements of the consumer. The different levels of electrical transformers are:

 250 kVA
 400 kVA
 630 kVA
 800 kVA
 1000 kVA

The power demand for the extension of Barwaqo 2 is forecasted to reach 348,84 kVA
with a 20% safety margin for future growth, bringing the total demand to approximately
418.61 kVA. The total load forecast for the extension of Barwaqo 2 necessitates the
installation of a 630 kVA transformer.

14
 418,61
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓= × 100=66.44%.
630

it is important to load the transformer to less than 70% of the substation when connected
to the overhead line. This size is chosen to ensure the network operates efficiently while
leaving room for future load growth. The substation will be placed in top front within the
extension to minimize voltage drop and reduce transmission losses. In the primary side
of the transformer will be wired in delta configuration and in the secondary side it will be
connected using star connection.

Description of 630 kVA transformer:

- Assigned frequency: 50 Hz
- Ambient temperature: 40 C
- Type: Depressor
- Immersed in mineral oil
- Standardized to French standard NF C 52-100

Electric characteristics:

Table1III.3.2: Characteristics of 400 kVA, MV/LV transformer

Assigned voltage in primary side 20 kV

Assigned voltage in secondary side 400 V ( between phase) / 230 V (phase to
neutral)
Coupling Delta / Star
Loose due to loads 6500 W
Short circuit voltage 4%
Performance [75% load, cos(φ)=0.8] 98.71 %

The expected demand for Barwaqo 2 is around 418.61 kVA, with a 20% margin for
potential development. A 630 kVA transformer was chosen to fulfill this demand while
keeping the network underused to allow for future development.
Overall, numerous important elements must be considered when selecting a transformer,
including safety margin, transformer placement, and specifications. To avoid overloading
and to accommodate future demand increases, the transformer should be run at less than
70% capacity. It should be located in the front of the study area to reduce transmission

15
losses and voltage drops, as well as for easy access from the road in the event of a repair.
The transformer should meet the French standard NF C 52-100, which specifies a primary
voltage of 20 kV and a secondary voltage of 400V or 230V. It should be oil-immersed
for efficient cooling.
III.4 cable sizing and routing

The cable network is one of the most important components of the distribution system.
Proper cable size guarantees that the network can carry the predicted electrical load,
minimize losses, and maintain voltage stability.

The Board of Departures

After I made the calculation of the energy need of the consumers I decided to partition
the city into 6 different departures. Each departure can carry a charge of 200 kVA.

Figure III.4.1: The plan of the district after the design of the network

Legends and indication for the distribution network (see picture above):

Color red: Departure 1

Color green: Departure 2

Color orange: Departure 3

Color Yellow: Departure 4

16
Color pink: Departure 5

Color blue: Departure 6

For cable, wiring: 6× (3*70+54.6+15)

Figure III.4.2: Different low voltage departures

Realization of supports / Poles

Poles numbering

The STD's design office assigns numbers to poles in different districts to avoid confusion
and ensure easy navigation. The first pole in Barwaqo 2 district is assigned 17101, starting
with the initial code 171. However, the numbering of second stage poles has not been
completed due to ongoing project progress.

Pole sizing

After having realized the lines as well as the different departures, we sized the quantities
and the types of poles needed to complete the distribution network. Below, we have
gathered in a table the type of poles, their characteristics and their quantities

17
 Table III.4.1: Distribution of pole types and forces for consumer support.
Type Characteristic Quantity by consumer

Alignment 190 daN = 1900 N 13

(wood pole)
Standstill 1800 daN = 18000 N 4
(metallic pole)
Corner 1400 daN = 14000 N 14
(metallic pole)
Public Lighting

Public lighting is an important factor when we talk about the dimensioning of the habitat
network. It allows people (pedestrian, driver) to illuminate the road and ensure security
for the residents.

Positioning of lighting

Lanterns on poles provide lighting, powered by 16mm² wire from the substation. They
are set every 30m for the little road and every 60m for the roadway.

Figure III.4.3: Lighting type for small road

Operating mode of public lighting

The public lighting, often known as the lumandar, is an aluminum light sensor that
measures brightness in outdoor lighting circuits. The photoresistor determines brightness
depending on light quantity. When the brightness threshold is met, the switch can be
closed or opened, with options ranging from 2 lux (night) to 2000 lux (sunny day). The
switch is timed, so it is unaffected by rapid brightness fluctuations. Control can also be
performed manually from the substation. The lights utilized are sodium and mercury-
vapor lamps with power ratings ranging from 100 to 200 W.

The Choice of the Cable

18
The main cables used for the Barwaqo 2 extension will be made of aluminum and will
have the following features:

 Phase conductors have a 70 mm² section.

 Neutral conductors with 54.6 mm² section.
 Public lighting wire with 16 mm² section.

Aluminum cables have been selected over copper cables because they are less expensive
and lighter weight, making them easier to install and maintain. Although copper has
higher conductivity, the price difference makes aluminum a superior alternative for
overhead systems, especially in residential locality like Barwaqo 2 extensions.

Table2III.4.2: characteristic of a given cable

Section (mm²) Weight Maxi Current in

(kg/km) mum linear permanent state
resistance on (A)
wire ohm/km
On Public On Public
Phase lighting Phase lighting
3×70+54,6+1×16 1020 0,443 1,91 213 83

Figure III.4.4: Different part of the cable

 The neutral core is round and connected with aluminum alloy. The insulator is
polyethylene.

19
  Phase/street lighting: The core is round and wired with aluminum. The insulator
is polyethylene.

IV. RELIABILITY AND STABILITY ANALYSIS

The reliability and stability of a power supply system are important factors in maintaining
continuous service to consumers. Any power supply system must be built to handle any
failures while providing a consistent and high-quality source of electricity. This part
investigates the reliability of the Barwaqo 2 Extension power system by examining
potential faults, measuring system stability, and defining power loss contingency
measures.
IV.1 Power supply reliability

One of the most common challenges influencing power supply reliability is the presence
of faults in the distribution network. There are two basic forms of faults: voltage drops
and short circuits. These problems can cause power outages, damage to electrical
equipment, and general inefficiency in the power supply. It is critical to understand the
causes of these problems and the methods taken to minimize them.

Short Circuit Faults:

A short circuit occurs when an unexpected connection is made between two points in an
electrical circuit, resulting in an excessive current flow. This usually occurs when the
insulation between conductors fails due to factors like fallen trees, overheating, or
equipment damage. Short circuits can cause unsafe levels of current, which can destroy
electrical infrastructure if not adequately controlled.

Short circuits can be classified into:

1. Symmetrical Faults: These occur when there is a fault between all three phases
of the electrical supply.
2. Unsymmetrical Faults: These faults involve one or two phases, often leading to
phase-to-ground or phase-to-neutral faults.

Short Circuit Current Calculation:

20
To verify that the system can withstand short circuits, we must calculate the short circuit
current, which is determined by the transformer rating and impedance. The transformer
selected for the Barwaqo 2 Extension has a rating of 630 kVA and a secondary voltage
of 400 V for the three-phase system.

The formula for calculating the short circuit current for a three-phase transformer is:

𝐼𝑓𝑙
𝐼𝑆𝐶 =
𝑍

Where:

 Isc is the short circuit current.

𝑆
 Ifl is the full load current, calculated as: 𝐼𝑓𝑙 =
√3×400

630 000
Using the transformer data: 𝐼𝑓𝑙 = = 909.72 𝐴
√3×400

 Z is the transformer impedance, given as 4% (0.04).

Now, calculating the short circuit current:

909.72
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = = 22,743 A
0.04

This result indicates that the system must be able to withstand short circuit currents up to
22,743 A. Proper protective mechanisms, such as circuit breakers, will be placed to
instantly disconnect the problematic portion, preventing further harm to the system.

IV.2 Power quality and stability

Power quality refers to the electrical supply's ability to provide consistent voltage and
frequency levels without fluctuation. Voltage instability can cause equipment failure,
decreased system efficiency, and customer dissatisfaction Maintaining a consistent
voltage supply is crucial to Barwaqo 2 Extension's overall system stability.

One method for ensuring stability is to calculate the voltage drop across the network.
Voltage drop occurs when power passes through distribution wires, and high drops might

21
result in insufficient voltage reaching customers. To ensure power quality, the voltage
loss must be less than 5%.

Voltage drop calculation:

In our case, the cross-sections of cables are 70 mm2 for the three phases (conductors) and
54.6mm2 for the neutral. For this, the cable moment of 2.6 kW.km is used according to
the table below.

Table IV.2.1: Cable Cross-Sections and Characteristics

S (mm2) 4*252 3*352+54.62 3*502+54.62 3*702+54.62

Mc (kW*km) 1 1.4 1.9 2.6
In (A) 97 119 141 180

Where,

S: cable cross-section

Mc: The electric moment

In: Nominal current

We must first calculate the electric moment of the cable to determine the voltage drop.

EDD uses the following formula for this:

Where:

 𝑴𝖾 = 𝒑 × 𝒏 × 𝒇 × 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋 × 𝒅 (3. 13)

 P: demanded apparent power by the consumer
 cos φ: power factor
 n: number of consumer’s departure
 d: length of the cable in km
 f: demand factor

Voltage drop is calculated using the formula:

𝑀𝑒
𝑈% =
𝑀𝑐

22
Where:

 U (%) is the percentage voltage drop.

 Me is the electric moment of the network, which depends on the power demanded
by consumers and the length of the cable.
 Mc is the electric moment of the cable, determined by the cable's characteristics,
such as cross-sectional area and resistance.

The network in the Barwaqo 2 extension is divided into six "departures" or circuit
sections, each serving a specific locality. For example, the Red Departure has a 0.149 km
line and delivers 72 kVA of power to four consumers. Using the appropriate demand
factors, the voltage drop for each departure is calculated and tuned to ensure that it stays
within permissible limits. The following table shows an example of voltage drop
calculations for each departure:

Table IV.2.2: Voltage Drop Calculations

Me
f
(d) in Sn n°of SF in Ps in In
departure km =𝑃×𝑛 consummer kVA kW (kW*km): U in %
Red 0,149 72 4 1 72 57,6 8,5824 3,30092308
Green 0,156 138 12 0,63 86,94 69,552 10,850112 4,17312
Orange 0,155 108 12 0,63 68,04 54,432 8,43696 3,24498462
Jaune 0,154 138 11 0,63 86,94 69,552 10,711008 4,11961846
Rose 0,2 96 7 0,78 74,88 59,904 11,9808 4,608
bleu 0,174 93 6 0,78 72,54 58,032 10,097568 3,88368

23
 Figure IV.2: voltage drop percentage for each departure.

As shown in the table, all the calculated voltage drops are kept under the 5% limit,
ensuring efficient power delivery across the network.
IV.3 Contingency Plans

Unexpected situations, such as breakdowns in equipment, natural disasters, or grid

overloads, provide a constant risk to any electricity system. Contingency plans must be
devised to ensure that power supplies remain operational in the event of such breakdowns.
The ideas include backup power generation and redundancy designs to mitigate
disturbances.

 Backup Power Options: One of the important initiatives is to install backup

generators that can provide emergency power to essential infrastructure in the case
of a significant outage. These generators will be sized to satisfy necessary power
demands, ensuring that critical services continue to run.

 Redundancy Designs: Redundancy in network design refers to having multiple

pathways for electricity to flow. If one component of the network fails, power can
be redirected via different pathways to prevent a complete blackout.

V. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

The economic analysis for the Barwaqo 2 Extension power supply project is crucial in
determining its overall financial viability. This part assesses the initial capital investment

24
required to build the system, forecasts long-term operating and maintenance costs, and
analyzes the project's financial feasibility. Such analyses contribute to a solid
understanding of the cost structures involved and support decision-making on the
project's financial sustainability.

V.1 Capital Investment

The capital investment represents the initial costs for developing the power supply system
for the Barwaqo 2 Extension. This consists of the installation of the distribution network,
substation, transformers, cables, poles, and other necessary components.

1. Substation Costs:

The 630 kVA transformer for Barwaqo 2 costs around 9,000,000 DJF .

The civil construction for the substation, which includes the building, ventilation systems,
and foundations, is anticipated to cost 3,560,000 DJF (20,000 USD), which includes
materials, labor, and regulatory compliance.

2. Transformer Costs:

The transformer installation, which includes wiring and safety equipment, costs
1,780,000 DJF.

Therefore, the total cost of the transformer and installation is 7,120,000 DJF.

3. Distribution Network Costs:

Aluminum overhead cables cost 1,780 DJF per meter for the 70 mm² conductor, 1,246
DJF for the 54.6 mm² neutral conductor, and 890 DJF for the 16 mm² public lighting
cables. Cable costs for a total length of 5 kilometers are calculated as follows:

Total Cable Cost = (5,000m × 1,780 dJf/m) + (5,000m × 1,246DJF/m) +

(5,000m × 890DJF/m)

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 = 8,900,000 + 6,230,000 + 4,450,000 = 𝟏𝟗, 𝟓𝟖𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑫𝑱𝑭

4. Pole and Support Costs:

Each wooden pole costs 89,000 DJF, and around 50 poles are needed for the extension.
So, the total cost of poles is:

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 = 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟖𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒, 𝟒𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐃𝐉𝐅

25
 5. Labor and Miscellaneous Costs:

The entire capital investment for the project includes 8,900,000 DJF in labor and
transportation costs for installation and construction, as well as 3,560,000 DJF for
permits, inspections, and contingency allowances.

Table V.1: The total capital investment

The total capital investment is estimated to be 56,170,000 DJF, which includes all
necessary infrastructure and equipment for the successful deployment of the Barwaqo 2
power supply system.

Figure V.1: capital investment breakdown

V.2 Operating and Maintenance Costs

For the power supply system to be sustainable over the long run, the continuing operating
and maintenance (O&M) expenses are a crucial factor. These costs include regular
maintenance of the infrastructure, such as the substation, transformers, cables, poles, and

26
protective equipment, as well as operational expenses spent during normal system
operation.

1. Substation and Transformer Maintenance:

The 630 kVA transformer requires routine checks, oil refills, and inspections. Annual
transformer maintenance is projected to cost roughly 534,000 DJF, which includes labor
and materials.

The substation itself requires frequent cleaning, ventilation checks, and routine repairs,
which are projected to cost 356,000 DJF annually.

2. Cable and pole maintenance:

Aluminum cables require less maintenance than copper cables, but overhead lines must
still be inspected for damage, especially after storms or other severe weather conditions.
Annual maintenance of the cables and poles is anticipated to cost 890,000 DJF for
inspections and minor repairs, including the replacement of damaged sections or poles.

3. Public Lighting Maintenance:

The public lighting system placed on the poles requires maintenance, such as replacing
light bulbs and fixing wiring. The annual maintenance cost for the public lighting system
is estimated at 356,000 DJF.

4. Operating Costs (Energy Losses):

Operating costs include energy losses during transmission, which, according to voltage
drop calculations, are projected to account for around 3% of total energy transferred. The
annual cost of these energy losses can be computed using the extension's total load
(348.84 kVA) and the average electricity cost per kWh.

Given an average cost of electricity of 50 DJF per kWh , the annual cost of energy losses
is: Energy used in one year = 348.84kVA × 8760hours/year = 3,054,158.4kWh/
year

Energy lost due to transmission (3%) = 3,054,158.4kWh/year × 0.03

= 91,624.75kWh/year

Cost of energy lost at 50 DJF per kWh = 3,054,158.4kWh/year × 0.03

= 91,624.75kWh/year

27
Therefore, the annual operating and maintenance costs are:

Table V.2: The annual operating and maintenance cost

Figure V.2: Operating and maintenance breakdown

V.3 Financial Feasibility

The financial feasibility of the Barwaqo 2 Extension project is established by comparing
the capital investment, continuing operating and maintenance costs, and predicted
revenue from energy sales. This research provides insight into the project's long-term
viability and if the investment will generate sufficient financial returns. In this section,
we will look at various key financial indicators, including as the payback time, net present
value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR), all of which are important in determining
the long-term financial feasibility of the power supply system.

Revenue from Electricity Sales

28
The primary source of revenue for the Barwaqo 2 Extension project will be derived from
the sale of electricity to consumers within the extension. Given that the estimated total
load demand for the extension is 348.84 kVA, with the system running for 8760 hours
annually (24 hours/day, 365 days/year), the total energy consumption is projected as:

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 (𝐤𝐖𝐡/𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫) = 348.84kVA × 8760hours/year

= 𝟑, 𝟎𝟓𝟒, 𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟒𝐤𝐖𝐡/𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫

Using the electricity rate of 50 DJF per kWh, the total annual revenue from electricity
sales is calculated as:

Annual Revenue (DJF) = 3,054,158.4kWh/year × 50DJF/kWh

= 152,707,920DJF/year

Thus, the total annual revenue from electricity sales is projected to be 152,707,920 DJF.

Payback period

The payback period is the time it takes for the project to get back its initial capital
investment. To calculate this, remove the annual operating and maintenance expenditures
from the annual revenue to get the net annual revenue. From the breakdown provided in
Section V.2, the total annual O&M costs, including energy losses, amount to 10,277,238
DJF. Therefore, the net annual revenue is:

Net Annual Revenue (DJF) = 152,707,920DJF/year − 10,277,238DJF/year

= 142,430,682DJF/year

The capital investment for the project, as calculated earlier, is 56,170,000 DJF. The
payback period is calculated by dividing the capital investment by the net annual revenue:

Payback Period (years) = 142,430,682DJF/year56,170,000DJF ≈ 0.39years

The project is expected to return its initial investment in less than a year, suggesting a
positive short-term financial return and demonstrating the project's strong financial base
and the efficiency of the power supply design.Net Present Value (NPV)

The net present value (NPV) is a financial data that determines the time value of money
by discounting future cash flows. A positive NPV shows that a project will provide more
value than it costs, making it financially viable. It is determined using a 10% discount
rate over a 10-year period.

29
 𝑇
𝑅𝑡
𝐍𝐏𝐕 = ∑ − 𝑪𝒐
(1 + 𝑟)𝑡
𝑡=1

Where:

 T is the time horizon (10 years),

 𝑅𝑡 is the net revenue in year t,

 r is the discount rate (10% or 0.10),

 Co is the initial capital investment (56,170,000 DJF).

To determine the project's net present value (NPV), divide the net annual revenue by the
discounted future cash flows over a 10-year period, minus the initial capital investment.
The project is predicted to have a positive net present value (NPV), indicating increased
financial stability due to discounted future cash flows.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate at which the project's net present
value (NPV) equals zero, indicating a high return on investment. With a payback period
of less than a year, the IRR is predicted to be much greater than the 10% discount rate,
maybe surpassing 100%, validating the Barwaqo 2 Extension's strong profitability.

30
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

The study on the Barwaqo 2 extension's electric power supply emphasizes the importance
of a well-planned approach, considering factors like power consumption, network
architecture, transformer sizing, and substation needs. The 630 kVA transformer and
overhead distribution network were chosen for their cost-effectiveness, dependability,
and scalability. The project is profitable, with a payback period of less than a year, and
adaptable to future growth and urbanization.

Future research recommendations include continuously monitoring electricity demand,

investigating the feasibility of incorporating renewable energy sources, optimizing
maintenance practices using advanced monitoring systems, strategic planning for future
expansions, and working with interested parties to align the project with national energy
policies and development strategies.

This study shows that the Barwaqo 2 extension electrification project is technically and
economically feasible, and it emphasizes the importance of forward-thinking strategies
that incorporate future research into demand forecasting, renewable energy integration,
and system adaptability to support Djibouti's sustainable growth and energy resilience.

31
REFERENCES

[1] (2024) Cité résidentielle Barwaqo 2 extension -SOMELEC Real estate Investment co.
[2] Idris Bexi Warsama (2017) PROGRAMME D’ELECTRIFICATION DURABLE
Etude d’Impact Environnemental et Social Actualisée.
[3] (2017) Realisation de postes HTA/BT de distribution publique.
Link:https://www.enedis.fr/sites/default/files/SeQuelec_Guide_9.pdf[Accessed:13/11/2
018]
[4] "How do the streetlights turn on automatically at night?"
link: https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/question363.htm
[5] Hadi Saadat, “Power System Analysis”, Milwaukee Scholl of Engineering. WBC
McGraw Hill.
[6] B. METZ-NOBLAT, F. DUMAS, C. POULAIN (2005) Calculation of short-circuit
currents.
[7] How Voltage Drop Affect Electrical Equipment and Installations.
Link: https://www.electricalengineeringtoolbox.com/2016/01/how-voltage-drop-affect-
electrical.html
[8] Differential circuit breakers.
Link: http://www.gefit.com/en/printpdf/608
[9] Dr. Tom Van Doren, Van.Company, Rolla. WHY and HOW to GROUND
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS?
Link:
https://dce.mst.edu/media/extendedlearning/dce/documents/facetofacecourses/Why%20
and%20How%20to%20Ground%20Electrical%20Systems%20Ground.pdf
[10] Electricité de_Djibouti_WIkipedia available on link

Link: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricité_de_Djibouti(accessed on 22/08/2

32
APPENDICES

Appendices A: Street Lighting and Material Pricing

Figure A.1: prices street lightning

Table A.1: list of localization of the poles by zones

33
 Figure A.2: material prices

Figure A.3: single phase electronic meter

34
Appendices B: Low Voltage network and urban distribution setup

Figure B.1: low-voltage main distribution board and overhead

Figure B.2: replacing an old metallic poles by a new one

Figure B.3: Setting up a new urban distribution board

35
 Figure B.4: Repair of a defective NF C33-226 cable using a junction box.

Appendices C: Dimensioning and Installation of the Power Supply Project

Figure C.1: repaired low voltage networks in residential district future city.

Figure C.2: cables installation in a newly developing residential area

36
 Figure C.3: Neutral connection

Figure C.4: Dimensioning Process of power supply project

37
 Faculty of Engineering & Energy Department

Electric power supply study for Barwaqo 2

extension
SUMMARY
This report provides a comprehensive study of the electrification project for the Barwaqo
2 extension. The project aims to design and implement a reliable electric power supply
system for a newly developed residential area. The study encompasses power demand
analysis, network design, substation construction, and transformer sizing. Economic
feasibility and technical efficiency were also evaluated, ensuring that the infrastructure
meets current and future energy needs. The proposed 630 kVA transformer system will
accommodate the expected growth in demand while maintaining stability and power
quality. The project proves financially viable with a short payback period and strong
returns, enhancing the sustainability and living conditions of the Barwaqo 2 community.

RESUME:
Ce rapport présente une étude complète du projet d'électrification de l'extension Barwaqo
2. Le projet vise à concevoir et à mettre en œuvre un système d'alimentation électrique
fiable pour une nouvelle zone résidentielle. L'étude couvre l'analyse de la demande en
électricité, la conception du réseau, la construction de sous-stations et le
dimensionnement des transformateurs. La faisabilité économique et l'efficacité technique
ont également été évaluées, garantissant que l'infrastructure réponde aux besoins
énergétiques actuels et futurs. Le transformateur proposé de 630 kVA pourra répondre à
la croissance attendue de la demande tout en maintenant la stabilité et la qualité de
l'alimentation. Le projet est financièrement viable avec un délai de récupération court,
améliorant ainsi les conditions de vie à Barwaqo 2.

The work contained within this document has been submitted by the student in
partial fulfilment of the requirement of their course and award

38