5.

FUNCTIONS
~ Straight Lines
~ Parabolas
~ Hyperbolas
~ Exponential Graphs
~ Average Gradient
Trig Graphs:
~ Recap
~ Amplitude changes
~ Period changes
~ Horizontal shifts
1
 STRAIGHT LINES

y=ax+q

a is the gradient
q is the y - intercept
Investigating a and q of Straight Line Graphs 2
 Example
Find the equation of this straight line graph.
• the y intercept is – 3
so q = -3
• the gradient is
6 down and 3 to the
−𝟔
left so a = =2
−𝟑
• y = 2x – 3
Finding the Equation of a
Straight Line Graph
Practice Finding Equations of
3
Straight Line Graphs
Example
Find the equation of this straight line graph.
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
a =
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏

−𝟖−𝟎
=
𝟎 −𝟐

−𝟖
=
−𝟐

=𝟒
y-intercept = -8
y = 4x – 8 4
 Example
Sketch the graph of y = -3x – 3.
• q = -3 so the
y - intercept is – 3
• x –intercept (y=0)
0 = -3x – 3
3x = -3
x = -1
Sketching Straight Line
Graphs

Straight Line Graphs Problems 5

 PARABOLAS
Standard form: y = ax2 + bx + c
a: a > 0: arms go up (smile)
a < 0: arms go down (frown)

b: b > 0: graph shifts to the left Investigating

the effects of b
b < 0: graph shifts to the right in a Parabola

c: c > 0: positive y-intercept Finding the

roots and vertex
c < 0: negative y-intercept of a parabola
6
Effects of a, b & c of Standard form of a Parabola
Example
Sketch the graph of y = 2x² + 5x + 2

y-intercept: read off std. form

c=2

x-intercepts: y = 0
y = 2x² + 5x + 2
0 = (2x + 1) (x + 2)
x = - ½ or x = - 2

Turning Point: Use formula …

7
… Sketch: y = 2x² + 5x + 2 …

(Turning-point formula)

8
Example
Find the equation of the parabola.
(Given x-intercepts and 1 other point)

y = a(x – root1)(x – root2)

y = a(x – (-3))(x – 8)
y = a(x + 3)(x – 8)
Subst. pt: y-int (0;-24)
y = a(x + 3)(x – 8)
-24 = a(0 + 3)(0 – 8)
-24 = -24a
1=a 9
… Find the equation …

Found …
y = a(x + 3)(x – 8)
a=1

Equation in Std. Form:

y = a(x + 3)(x – 8)
y = 1(x + 3)(x – 8)
y = x² - 5x - 24

Finding the Equation of

a Parabola
10
 PARABOLAS
Turning - point form: y = a(x + p)2 + q
a: a > 0: arms go up (smile)
a < 0: arms go down (frown)

(-p;q) is the co-ordinate of the Turning Point

p: p > 0: graph shifts to the left
p < 0: graph shifts to the right
Effects of p of the
q: q > 0: graph shifts up Turning Point form
of a Parabola
q < 0: graph shifts down 11
Example
Sketch the graph of y = 2(x – 1)2 – 18
y-intercept: x = 0 TP (-p; q)
y = 2(0 – 1)2 – 18 TP [-(-1); -18]
y=-8 TP (1;-18)
x-intercepts: y = 0
y = 2(x – 1)2 – 18
0 = 2(x² - 2x + 1) – 18
0 = 2x² - 4x + 2 – 18
0 = 2x² - 4x – 16
0 = x² - 2x – 8
0 = (x - 4)(x + 2)
12
x = 4 or x = - 2
Example
Find the equation of the parabola.
(Given the turning-point and 1 other point)
TP (-p;q) ∴ TP [-(1);-2]
y = a(x + p)2 + q
y = a(x + 1)² - 2

Subst. pt: y-int (0;-3)

y = a(x + 1)² - 2
-3 = a(0 + 1)² - 2
-3 = a - 2
-1 = a 13
… Find the equation …

Found …
y = a(x + 1)² - 2
a = -1

Equation in Std. form:

y = a(x + 1)² - 2
y = -1(x + 1)² - 2
y = -x² - 2x - 3

Finding the Turning Point

Formula of a Parabola
14
 REFLECTING PARABOLAS
Example: y = x2 + 8x – 2
* Reflect in the x-axis: every y swops signs
– y = x2 + 8x – 2
y = – x2 – 8x + 2
* Reflect in the y-axis: every x swops signs
y = (– x)2 + 8(– x) – 2
y = x2 – 8x - 2
* Reflect in the line y = x: swop x and y
x = y2 + 8y – 2
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Reflecting Parabolas Reflecting Lines
Parabolas in the Real World
Parabolic Mirrors

Graphical Representation of a Projectile

Revision: Graphs
Match the Equation to the Parabola

Parabola Roots Problems

Higher-Order Functions Problems (start 1:35 - end 5:45)

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 HYPERBOLAS
𝒂
RECAP! 𝒚 = + 𝒒
𝒙

Sketch the following graphs and write down

the equation of the asymptotes:

2
 2
1) y 1 2) y  4
x x
What are the equations of the asymptotes for …
1) Vertical asymptote: x=0
Horizontal asymptote: y = -1
2) Vertical asymptote: x=0
Horizontal asymptote: y = 4 17
 Standard form of a Hyperbola:
𝒂
𝒚= +𝒒
𝒙+𝒑
- a determines the quadrants
a > 0 => Q 1 & 3
a < 0 => Q 2 & 4
- q determines the horizontal asymptote
i.e. vertical translation OR up/down shifts
q > 0 => graph shifted up
q < 0 => graph shifted down
18
 Standard form of a Hyperbola:
𝒂
𝒚= +𝒒
𝒙+𝒑
- p determines the vertical asymptote
i.e. horizontal translation OR left/right shifts
p > 0 => graph shifted left
p < 0 => graph shifted right

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Example:
3
Sketch the graph of: y 4
x 3

- a (quadrants):
Q1&3
- q (horizontal asymptote):
y=4
- p (vertical asymptote):
p<0 so graph shifted to the right
x=3
Now, what about the x- and y-intercepts? 20
 y – intercept (x=0):  x – intercept (y=0):
3 3
y 4 0 4
03 x 3
3 3
 4 4
3 x 3

3  4( x  3)  3
 4 x  12  3
 4 x  9
x  2,25
21
 3
y 4
Sketching
Hyperbolas
x3

22
Example:
2
Sketch the graph of: y 4
x3

- a (quadrants):
Q2&4
- q (horizontal asymptote):
y = -4
- p (vertical asymptote):
p>0 so graph shifted to the left
x = -3
Now, what about the x- and y-intercepts? 23
 y – intercept (x=0):  x – intercept (y=0):
2 2
y 4 0 4
03 x3

2 2
 4 4
3 x3

 4,67 4( x  3)  2
4 x  12  2
4 x  14
x  3,5
24
 2
y 4
x3

25
Example:
Find the equation of the following graph:

26
 𝒂
𝒚= +𝒒
𝒙+𝒑
• Substitute in the asymptotes …
a
y 5
x5
• Substitute a point that lies on the graph …
Subst: (6;0) a
0 5
65 5
a y 5
5 x5
1
5a The Hyperbola 27
 EXPONENTIAL GRAPHS
RECAP! y = a.bx + q

Sketch the following graphs and write down

the equation of the asymptote:
1) y = 5 x 2) y = 5 –x + 2 3) y = ½ x - 2

What is the equation of the asymptote for …

1) y = 0 (i.e. x-axis)
2) y = 2
3) y = -2 Cell Division
28
Example:
Sketch the graph of: y = - (3)x

How will it differ from y = 3x ?

What are the intercepts?

What is the equation of the asymptote ?

29
y = 3x

y = - (3)x

30
 Standard form of an Exponential:
y = a.bx + p + q

- q is the horizontal asymptote

i.e. represents a vertical shift (up/down shift)
q > 0 => graph shifted up
q < 0 => graph shifted down
- p represents a horizontal shift (left/right shift)
p > 0 => graph shifted left
p < 0 => graph shifted right
31
 Standard form of an Exponential:
y = a.b x + p + q

- b determines the shape of the graph

b > 0 => increasing function
0 < b < 0 (a fraction) => decreasing function

- a determines where the graph lies

a > 0 => graph lies above the x-axis
a < 0 => graph lies below the x-axis
32
Investigating the Exponential Graph
Example:
Sketch the graph of: y = 5.5 x + 1

Asymptote:
y=1
(no x-intercept)

y-intercept:
y = 5.5 0 + 1
= 5.1 + 1
=6
33
 Example:
Sketch the graph of: y = -3.3-x - 3

Asymptote:
y=-3
(no x-intercept)

y-intercept:
y = -3.3 -0 – 3
= -3.1 -3
=6
34
Example:
Sketch the graph of: y = 4.2x+1 - 2
Asymptote:
y=-2
(no y-intercept)
x-intercept:
0 = 4.2x+1 - 2
2 = 4.2x+1
½ = 2x+1

2-1 = 2x+1
-1 = x + 1
x = -2 35
Example:
Find the equation of the graph if y = a.b x + q :

Subst. in asymptote:
y = a.b x + 1
Subst. y-intercept:
3 = a.b 0 + 1
2=a
Subst. in pt (1;5):
5 = 2.b 1 + 1
4 = 2b
b=2 y = 2.2x + 1 36
Example: Summary of Exponential Transformations

Determine the values of a and q, given

y = a.3 x+1 + q :

Subst. in asymptote:
y = a.3 x+1 + 1
q=1
Subst. x-intercept:
0 = a.3 −2+1 + 1
-1 = a. 3 −1
a = -3 Finding the Equations
of Exponential Graphs 37
 Exponential Function in Life

 Exponential growth of a bacterial culture

Exponential Growth

 Exponential decay of radioactive material

Exponential Decay

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