Scribd
Upload
12 views2 pages

Topology

The document outlines various problems and proofs related to topology and metric spaces, including determining properties of subsets of the plane, exploring the relationships between open and closed sets, and investigating the density of algebraic numbers. It also addresses the compactness of subsets in metric spaces and the cardinality of open subsets of R. Additionally, it discusses the construction of a metric space from formal power series.

Uploaded by

rudluff4321
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views2 pages

Topology

The document outlines various problems and proofs related to topology and metric spaces, including determining properties of subsets of the plane, exploring the relationships between open and closed sets, and investigating the density of algebraic numbers. It also addresses the compactness of subsets in metric spaces and the cardinality of open subsets of R. Additionally, it discusses the construction of a metric space from formal power series.

Uploaded by

rudluff4321
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Topology

1. Determine the interior, closure, limit points, and isolated points of the following subsets of the plane:

(a) {(x, y) : xy = 0} (d) Z ∪ {(x, y) : x > 0} (g) [0, 1] × [0, 1i


2 2
(b) {(x, y) : x + y 6= 1} (e) ∅ (h) Q × R
 1 1
 2
(c) n, −n : n ∈ N (f) R (i) Q × [0, 1i

Which of the sets above are open? Which ones are closed? Bounded?
2. Let (X, d) be a metric space. The distance between a point x ∈ X and a non-empty subset S ⊆ X is defined by

d(x, S) := inf{d(x, s) : s ∈ S}

Let S be a proper subset of X which has more than one element. Prove the following statements:
(a) x ∈ S̄ ⇔ d(x, S) = 0
(b) x ∈ S̊ ⇔ d(x, S c ) > 0
(c) x is a limit point of S ⇔ d(x, S − {x}) = 0
(d) x ∈ S is an isolated point of S ⇔ d(x, S − {x}) > 0
3. Show that the complement of S̊ is equal to S c .
4. Show that in Rn the closure of the open ball B(x, r) is the closed ball B̄(x, r). Is this true in any metric space?
5. Show that in Rn the interior of the closed ball B̄(x, r) is the open ball B(x, r). Is this true in any metric space?
6. Investigate which of the following are true:

• A ∩ B ⊆ Ā ∩ B̄ • A ∪ B ⊆ Ā ∪ B̄
• A ∩ B ⊇ Ā ∩ B̄ • A ∪ B ⊇ Ā ∪ B̄

What happens if we replace the closure operation with the interior operation?
7. Is the set of all algebraic numbers dense in R?
8. Investigate if there exists a countably infinite subset S of the Euclidean space Rn such that:

(a) S is open and S is not closed (e) S is closed and S is not open (i) S̄ is countable
(b) S is neither open nor closed (f) S is open and closed (j) S̄ is uncountable
(c) S is compact (g) S̄ is compact (k) S̊ is not empty
(d) S is not compact (h) S̄ is not compact (l) S̄ − S is countably infinite

Do the same if the set Rn is equipped with the discrete metric.


9. Let (X, d) be a metric space such that the set X is finite. Show that any subset of X is open.
10. Show that the set of all open subsets of R has the same cardinality as the set R.
11. Show that any finite subset of a metric space is compact.
12. Show that the set {0} ∪ n1 : n ∈ N is a compact subset of R.


13. Show that a finite union of compact subsets of a metric space is compact.
14. Show that a compact subset of any metric space is bounded.
15. Is every closed and bounded subset of a metric space compact?
16. Let d be the discrete metric on a set X. Determine which subsets of the metric space (X, d) are compact.
17. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let Y be a subset of X. Show that the set Y equipped with the mapping
d|Y ×Y : Y × Y → R forms a metric space.
18. Let (X, d) be a metric space and let Y be a subset of X. Show that the subset S of Y is open relative to Y if and
only if S is an open subset of the metric space (Y, d|Y ×Y ).

19. Let k be a field and consider the set of all formal power series with coefficients in the field k:
P∞ k
k[[x]] = k=0 ak x : a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . is a sequence of elements of k
P∞ P∞
Prove that the set k[[x]] can be made into a metric space by defining the distance between k=0 ak xk and k=0 bk xk
to be either zero if these series are identical, or 21k if k is the smallest index such that ak 6= bk .
20. Determine the interior and the closure of the set k[x] of all polynomials in k[[x]].

You might also like