Introduction to Computer and Programming:

 What is a computer? Explain the basic functions of a computer.

 What is the difference between hardware and software?
 compiler vs an interpreter?
 Differentiate between machine-level programming, assembly-level
programming, and high-level programming languages.
 Discuss the characteristics of high-level languages and provide
examples.
 What is a flowchart? Explain the symbols used in a flowchart with
examples.
 Define an algorithm. What are the characteristics of a good
algorithm?
 Write an algorithm to find the factorial of a number.
 Explain the structure of a simple C program with an example.
 What are data types in C? Discuss different data types with
examples.
 Define constants and variables in C. Differentiate between them.
 Explain the difference between global and local variables in C.
 What are operators in C? Explain different types of operators
(arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, etc.) with examples.
 Write a C program to demonstrate the use of arithmetic operators.
 What is type conversion in C? Explain implicit and explicit type
conversion.
 Explain operator precedence and associativity in C with examples.
 What are input/output functions in C? Explain the difference
between scanf() and printf().

Flow Control in C

 What are decision-making statements in C? Explain the if, if-else,

and else-if statements with examples.
 Explain the use of the switch statement. How is it different from an
if-else ladder?
 What are looping statements in C? Explain the for, while, and do-
while loops with examples.
 Write a C program to print the Fibonacci series using a for loop.

 What is the difference between while and do-while loops

 What is meant by nesting of control structures? Explain with an
example using if inside a for loop.
 Write a C program to print a pyramid pattern using nested loops.

 What are the advantages and disadvantages of nested loops?

 What is the use of the break statement in C? Provide an example to
explain how break is used in loops.
 Explain the continue statement with an example. How does it differ
from break?
 What is the goto statement in C? How does it work?
 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using goto in C
programs.

 Write a C program to demonstrate the use of goto for a simple loop

to print numbers from 1 to 10.

Arrays in C

 What is an array in C? Explain the concept of an array.

 Define an array in C. write its characteristics.
 How do you declare and initialize a one-dimensional array in C?
Provide an example.
 Write a C program to find the sum of elements in a one-dimensional
array.
 Write a C program to print the elements of a two-dimensional array.
 Explain how elements of a two-dimensional array are stored in
memory.
 Write a C program to find the sum of all elements of a 2D array
(matrix).
 What are multi-dimensional arrays in C? How do they differ from
one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays?
 Explain the syntax for declaring an array in C.
 How are arrays initialized in C?
 What happens if you do not initialize an array in C?
 Write a C program to find the largest and smallest elements in an
array.

Functions in C

 What are the different types of functions in C? Explain each type

with examples
 What is a function prototype in C? Explain its importance.
 Write a function prototype for a function that takes two integers as
arguments and returns their sum.
 What is the difference between a function declaration and a function
definition in C?
 What are formal and actual parameters in a function? Explain with
examples.
 What are the different methods of parameter passing in C? Explain
the difference between pass-by-value and pass-by-reference.
 Write a C program to demonstrate pass-by-value and pass-by-
reference in functions.
 What happens when a function is called? Explain the process of
function invocation, including the call stack mechanism.
 Write a C program to call a function that accepts two integers and
prints their sum.
 What is a recursive function? Explain the concept of recursion with
an example.
 Write a C program to calculate the factorial of a number using
recursion.
 Structures and Unions in C
 What is a structure in C? How is it different from an array?
 Define a structure in C. How is it declared and initialized?
 Write a C program to define a structure Student that contains name,
age, and marks.
 Write a C program to access structure members using pointers.
 What is a nested structure? How do you define and use nested
structures in C?
 Write a C program that demonstrates the use of a nested structure
 What is an array of structures? How is it declared and initialized in
C?
 How can structures be passed to functions in C? Explain both pass-
by-value and pass-by-reference methods.
 What is the syntax for accessing structure members through a
pointer?
 Define a union and explain how its members share memory.
 Explain how memory is allocated in a union.

Introduction to Python

 What are variables in Python? How do you assign values to variables

in Python?
 List and explain the different data types in Python with examples
 What is a list in Python? How is a list declared and initialized
 What is a dictionary in Python? How is it different from a list and
tuple?
 What are control structures in Python? Explain the different types:
conditional statements, loops, etc.
 What is a while loop? How does it work? Provide an example.
 Explain the for loop in Python. How do you use it to iterate over a
list or tuple?

 What are break, continue, and pass statements in Python? Explain

their use with examples.
 hat are strings in Python? How do you declare and manipulate
strings?

 Write a Python program to demonstrate string concatenation,

slicing, and formatting.
 Functions and Scoping in Python
 What is a function in Python? Explain how functions are defined and
called.
 What are the different types of functions in Python? Explain with
examples (e.g., built-in functions, user-defined functions).
 What is recursion in Python? Explain how recursion works with an
example.
 What are the advantages and disadvantages of using recursion?
 What are global variables in Python? How are they declared and
used in a program?
 How do you handle files in Python? Explain the basic file operations
(open, read, write, close).
 What is meant by function specification in Python? How does it help
in defining the behavior of a function?

Classes and Object-Oriented Programming in Python

 Explain the concept of Object-Oriented Programming. How is it

different from procedural programming?
 Discuss the four basic principles of OOP (Encapsulation, Inheritance,
Polymorphism, and Abstraction).

 What are the advantages and disadvantages of inheritance in

object-oriented systems?
 Explain the concept of Information Hiding with reference to
encapsulation.
 What is a class? Explain how a class is different from an object.

 Discuss the use of super() in Python for calling parent class

constructors and methods.
 Define the term ‘abstract class’. How does it differ from an
interface?

 Explain the concept of method overriding and method

overloading. How are they different

DIFFERENCES:_

 Machine Level vs Assembly Level vs High-Level Programming

 Array vs Structure
 Global Variable vs Local Variable
 Structure vs Union
 List vs Tuple
 Class vs Object
 Inheritance vs Encapsulation
 Static vs Dynamic Memory Allocation