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CONTROL SYSTEMS Lect. 1

The document is an introductory lecture on control systems, highlighting the significance of automatic control in various applications such as industrial processes and space exploration. It distinguishes between open-loop and closed-loop control systems, discussing their advantages and disadvantages, and emphasizes the importance of stability and performance in system design. Key terminologies related to control systems are also defined, providing foundational knowledge for further study.

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Mahmoud Allam
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20 views21 pages

CONTROL SYSTEMS Lect. 1

The document is an introductory lecture on control systems, highlighting the significance of automatic control in various applications such as industrial processes and space exploration. It distinguishes between open-loop and closed-loop control systems, discussing their advantages and disadvantages, and emphasizes the importance of stability and performance in system design. Key terminologies related to control systems are also defined, providing foundational knowledge for further study.

Uploaded by

Mahmoud Allam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Menoufiya University

Faculty of Engineering Shibin El-Kom


Electrical Department

CONTROL SYSTEMS

Prof. Dr./ Gamal A. Morsy


Lect. 1
Lecture 1

1-INTRODUCTION
1.1 Automatic Control

Automatic Control Systems permeate life in all advanced societies


today. Technological developments have made it possible to
travel to the moon;
explore outer space. And
the successful operation of space vehicle;
robot;
industry control, such as the control of temperature, pressure,
fluid, lever, and so on.
1-2 、 Control systems are used to achieve:

(1) increased productivity;

(2) improved performance of a device or system.

The control of an industrial process (manufacturing,

production, and so on) by automatic rather than manual means

is often called automation.

Automation is used to improve productivity and obtain high-

quality products.
1.3 Open-loop Control System

and Closed-loop Control System

A control system is an interconn-ection of components forming

a system configuration that will provide a desired system

response.

A component of process to be controlled can be represented

by a block, as shown in Fig.1.2


(Response)
An open-loop control system utilizes a controller or

control actuator to obtain the desired response, as

shown in Fig.1.3

The control action is calculated at the initial time t0

and then applied to the physical system over the

entire control horizon [t0, tf] without modification. The


An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to

control the process directly without using feedback

A closed-loop control system uses a measurement of

the output and feedback of the signal to compare it

with the desired output (reference of command).


Another block diagram of a generalized feedback control system
Constitute of feedback control system
Plant +Controller
Plant(process):The device, plant or system under
control.
Measurement component(Sensor);
Comparison component;
Amplifier;
Actuating device;
Compensator
Reference
Reference
input
Input input
device Disturb signal

Compare
Compensator amplifier actuator plant
device

Control
signal

sensor
Measure device

controller
structure of general control system
The advantages and disadvantages of open-loop
control system and closed-loop control system

open-loop control system

The main advantages :

1) Much simple and less expensive to construct;

2) Easy to have good stability;

The main disadvantages :

Require detailed knowledge of each component in

order to determine the input value for a required

output.
closed-loop control system
The main advantages :
1) Have higher accuracy;
2) Not require detailed knowledge of each component or
accurate model of the individual component;
3) The ability to recover from external, unwanted disturbances;
4) Reduced sensitivity to disturbance;
The main disadvantages :
1) Complex and expensive to construct;
2) the loss of gain;
3) Quite easy to become unstable.
For most cases, the advantages far outweigh the

disadvantages, and a feedback system is utilized.

Therefore it is necessary to consider the additional

complexity and the problem of stability when

designing a control system.


• 1-4 、 Analysis of control system
Stability: the most important;
Performance: the transient and
steady-state response performance;
Controller design
• 1-5 、 Some Terminologies
• A control system-------- A control system is an

interconnection of components forming a system configuration

that will provide a desired system response.

• Reference input (Desired output)------Excitation applied to a

control system from an external source. The reference signal

produced by the reference selector. It is the actual signal input

to control system.
• Disturbance input-------A disturbance input signal
to the system that has an unwanted effect on the
system output.
• Output (controlled variable )--------The quantity
that must be maintained at a prescribed value, i.e., it
must follow the command input without responding
to disturbance inputs.
• Feedback-----The output of a system that is
returned to modify the input.
• Error-----The difference between the input and the

output.

• Open-loop control system – A system in which the output

has no effect upon the input signal.


Feedback element – The unit provides the

measurement value for feeding back the output

quantity, or a function of the output, in order to

compare it with the reference.


• Actuating signal (error signal) – The signal that is the

difference between the reference input and the feedback

signal. It is the input to the control unit that causes the

output to have the desired value.

• Negative feedback – The output signal is feed back so

that it subtracts from the input signal.


• Disturbance input-------A disturbance input signal
to the system that has an unwanted effect on the
system output.
• Output (controlled variable )--------The quantity
that must be maintained at a prescribed value, i.e., it
must follow the command input without responding
to disturbance inputs.
• Feedback-----The output of a system that is returned
to modify the input.
• Controller: The part or component of a system that
controls the plant
• Reference Teaching Books:

• K. OGATA. Modern Control Engineering

* John J.D’Azzo. Linear Control System Analysis and


Design

• Richard C. Dorf, Robert H. Bishop. Modern


Control Systems （ Ninth Edition)

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