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complex number

The document provides an overview of complex numbers, including their representation in rectangular and polar forms. It explains how to express complex numbers in MATLAB and introduces Euler's formula, which connects trigonometric functions with complex exponentials. Examples are given for converting between rectangular and polar forms using MATLAB commands.

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Iron Dave Abad
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5 views

complex number

The document provides an overview of complex numbers, including their representation in rectangular and polar forms. It explains how to express complex numbers in MATLAB and introduces Euler's formula, which connects trigonometric functions with complex exponentials. Examples are given for converting between rectangular and polar forms using MATLAB commands.

Uploaded by

Iron Dave Abad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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27/01/2025

Complex Numbers

▪ A number represented by 𝒛 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex number where 𝑥 and 𝑦


are two real numbers and 𝑖 = −1
▪ This representation is defined rectangular form
Imaginary Axis

COMPLEX NUMBERS IN MATLAB ▪ A complex number 𝒛 can be expressed as a vector


z
(x, y)

r
𝒛 = (𝑥, 𝑦) on a plane.

𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 𝒛 Real Axis

𝑦 = 𝐼𝑚(𝒛)

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Complex Numbers in Polar Form

▪ The Polar Form represents an alternate way to express Complex numbers.

𝑟 = 𝒛 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝒛 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 and

𝑦 Imaginary Axis

𝜃 = ∠ 𝒛 = 𝑎𝑟𝑔 𝒛 = tan −1
𝑥 (x, y)
In matlab, enter the following commands: z
>> z=3-5i ▪ If we have 𝑟 and 𝜃, then 𝑥 and 𝑦 r

are obtained by:


>> real (z) 
Real Axis

>> imag(z) 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒 𝒛


>> conj(z) 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐼𝑚 𝒛

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27/01/2025
Euler’s Formula Representation of Complex Numbers in MATLAB

▪ Complex numbers can be expressed both in rectangular and polar form


▪ Euler's formula, determined by the Swiss Leonhard Euler, establishes a
mathematical relationship between trigonometric functions and the complex • The Rectangular form is described by a simple addition of a real and
exponential function. imaginary part:
𝒛 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
𝑒𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
▪ Note: Since i in electronics is often used to describe current, some
▪ Therefore, times j is used. In MATLAB, they are equivalent

𝒛 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ▪ The Polar form can be described in terms of Euler’s formula;
𝒛 = 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝜃
𝒛 = 𝑟 ∗ exp(𝑖 ∗ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑡𝑎)
▪ Common engineering notation of the polar form:
𝑟𝑒𝑖𝜃 ≡ 𝑟∠𝜃

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Representation of Complex Numbers in MATLAB Example:

▪ Example: convert the following complex number to polar form.


▪ Example: Convert the following complex number to rectangular form.
𝒛 = 4 + 𝑖3 𝒛 = 4𝑒𝑖2
𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 2 + 3 2 = 5
3 𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠2 = −1.6646 𝑦 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 = 3.6372
𝜃 = tan−1 = 36.87 ° 0.6435 𝑟𝑎𝑑
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𝒛 = 5∠36.87 ° 𝒛 = −1.6646 + 𝑖3.6372

>> z=4+3i;
▪ In MATLAB:
>> r=abs(z)
r=5 >> z=4*exp(2i)
>> theta_rad=angle(z)
heta_rad=0.6435 z =
>> theta_degree=theta_rad*(180/pi)
theta_degree=36.87
-1.6646 + 3.6372i
>> a=r*exp(i*theta_rad)
a=4.0000 + 3.0000i

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