CLASS XII

There will be two papers in the subject.

PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks

S. No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Reproduction 16 Marks

2. Genetics and Evolution 15 Marks

3. Biology and Human Welfare 14 Marks

4. Biotechnology and its Applications 10 marks

5. Ecology and Environment 15 Marks

TOTAL 70 Marks
 PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks agencies and examples; outbreeding
devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double
All structures (internal and external) are required
fertilization; post fertilization events -
to be taught along with diagrams.
development of endosperm and embryo,
1. Reproduction development of seed and formation of fruit;
special modes - apomixis, parthenocarpy,
(i) Reproduction in Organisms polyembryony; Significance of seed
Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all dispersal and fruit formation.
organisms for continuation of species; Pre-fertilisation structures and events.
modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual
reproduction; asexual reproduction - binary Structure of microsporangium, T.S. of
fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule anther microsporogenesis, structure and
formation, fragmentation; vegetative development of pollen grain, viability of
propagation in plants. pollen grain, economic importance of
pollen grain. Pistil – structure of
Definition of life span; life span of a few megasporangium (L.S. of anatropous
organisms (banana, rice, rose, banyan, ovule), megasporogenesis, structure and
butterfly, fruit fly, tortoise, crocodile, parrot, development of female gametophyte.
crow, elephant, dog, horse, and cow).
Types of pollination (autogamy,
Asexual reproduction – definition, types chasmogamy, cleistogamy, geitonogamy,
(binary fission in Amoeba and Paramoecium, xenogamy), adaptations in flowers
budding in yeast and Hydra, conidia in
pollinated by wind, water and insects.
Penicillium, zoospores in Chlamydomonas,
gemmules in sponges), definition of clone. Advantages of self and cross-pollination.
Contrivances for prevention of self-
Vegetative propagation – definition, pollination. Pollen-pistil interaction in
vegetative propagules (tuber of potato,
terms of (incompatibility/compatibility),
rhizome of ginger, bulbil of Agave, leaf buds
of Bryophyllum, offset of water hyacinth, events leading to fertilisation), definition of
runner of grass, sucker of pineapple, bulb of triple fusion and double fertilization,
onion). significance of double fertilization.
Apomixis, polyembryony, parthenocarpy to
Sexual reproduction: Plants – definition,
be explained briefly. Significance of seed
phases of life cycle (juvenile/vegetative,
reproductive and senescence), unusual and fruit formation. Significance of
flowering phenomenon (bamboo and dispersal of seeds.
Strobilanthes kunthiana). Animals – seasonal Post-fertilisation events - embryo formation
breeders (definition and examples). (monocot and dicot); types of endosperm
Events in sexual reproduction – pre- (cellular, nuclear and helobial); changes in
fertilisation (gametogenesis and gamete the ovule and ovary for seed and fruit
transfer in plants and animals), chromosome formation.
number in the cells of house fly, fruit fly, (iii) Human Reproduction
butterfly, human beings, rat, dog, maize,
apple, onion; fertilization (definition, types - Male and female reproductive systems;
microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;
external and internal), post-fertilisation
gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and
(embryogenesis), definition and example of
oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation,
parthenogenesis, differences between asexual embryo development upto blastocyst
and sexual reproduction. formation, implantation; pregnancy and
(ii) Sexual reproduction in flowering plants placenta formation (elementary idea);
parturition (elementary idea); lactation
Flower structure; development of male and (elementaryidea).
female gametophytes; pollination - types,
 Organs of male and female reproductive - definition and application only. Causes,
system and their functions; internal structure symptoms and methods of prevention of
of testis and ovary to be taught with the help sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhoea,
of diagrams; gametogenesis- syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital
spermatogenesis (including spermiogenesis warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis- B, AIDS).
and spermiation) oogenesis; hormonal
control of gametogenesis, structure of sperm 2. Genetics and Evolution
and mature ovum, menstrual cycle - different (i) Principles of inheritance and variation
phases and hormone action, differences
between oestrous and menstrual cycle, Heredity and variation: Mendelian
menarche and menopause, physico-chemical inheritance; deviations from Mendelism -
events during fertilisation, implantation, incomplete dominance, co-dominance,
embryonic development up to blastocyst multiple alleles and inheritance of blood
formation, important features of human groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of
embryonic development (formation of heart, polygenic inheritance; chromosomal theory
limbs, digits, appearance of hair on head, of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; sex
eyelashes, separation of eye lids, external determination - in humans, fruit fly, birds
genital organs and first movement of foetus and honey bee; linkage and crossing over;
with reference to time period) placenta and mutation; sex linked inheritance -
its functions. Parturition; lactation – haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian
hormonal control and importance. disorders in humans; chromosomal
disorders in humans.
(iv) Reproductive Health
Explanation of the terms heredity and
Need for reproductive health and prevention variation; Mendel's Principles of
of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); inheritance; reasons for Mendel's success;
birth control - need and methods, definition of homologous chromosomes,
contraception and medical termination of autosomes and sex chromosomes; alleles –
pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility dominant and recessive; phenotype;
and assisted reproductive technologies - genotype; homozygous; heterozygous,
IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for monohybrid and dihybrid crosses; back cross
general awareness). and test cross, definitions to be taught with
Definition of reproductive health, programs simple examples using Punnett square.
of reproductive health (family planning, Incomplete dominance with examples from
RCH), population explosion - role of plants (snapdragon - Antirrhinum) and co-
government in controlling the population, dominance in human blood group, multiple
contraceptives methods and their methods of alleles – e.g. blood groups, polygenic
action (natural-periodic abstinence, inheritance with one example of inheritance
withdrawal or coitus interruptus, lactational of skin colour in humans (students should be
amenorrhea; artificial – barriers, IUDs, oral taught examples from human genetics
pills, implants and surgical methods, through pedigree charts). Biological
definition of medical termination of importance of Mendelism. Pleiotropy with
pregnancy (MTP) and reasons for it; causes reference to the example of Phenylketonuria
of infertility. Amniocentesis – role in (PKU) in human beings and starch synthesis
detecting genetic defects. Assisted in pea seeds. Chromosomal theory of
reproductive technologies: IVF, IUT, ZIFT, inheritance; autosomes and sex
ICSI, GIFT, artificial insemination (AI, IUI). chromosomes (sex determination in humans,
 fruit fly, birds, honey bees and grasshopper), Human Genome Project: goal;
sex-linked inheritance - with reference to methodologies [Expressed Sequence Tags
Drosophila (wings & eyes), and man (EST), Sequence Annotation], salient
(haemophilia & colour blindness), definition features and applications. DNA finger
and significance of linkage and crossing printing – technique, application and ethical
over. Mutation: spontaneous, induced, gene issues to be discussed briefly. Rice Genome
(point – transition, transversion and frame- Project.
shift); chromosomal aberration: euploidy (iii) Evolution
and aneuploidy; human genetic disorders:
haemophilia, phenylketonuria, thalassaemia, Origin of life; biological evolution and
colour blindness, sickle cell anaemia; evidences for biological evolution
chromosomal disorders: Down’s syndrome, (palaeontology, comparative anatomy,
Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome. embryology and molecular evidences);
Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic
(ii) Molecular basis of Inheritance
theory of evolution; mechanism of
Search for genetic material and DNA as evolution - variation (mutation and
genetic material; structure of DNA and recombination) and natural selection with
RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; examples, types of natural selection; gene
central dogma; transcription, genetic code, flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's
translation; gene expression and regulation principle; adaptive radiation; human
- lac operon; human and rice genome evolution.
projects; DNA fingerprinting.
Origin of life - abiogenesis and biogenesis,
Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes with effect of oxygen on evolution to show that
reference to nucleosome; properties of genes reducing atmosphere is essential for abiotic
such as ability to replicate, chemical synthesis. Important views on the origin of
stability, mutability and inheritability. Search life, modern concept of origin of life, Oparin
for DNA as genetic material - Griffith’s Haldane theory, definition of protobionts,
experiment, Hershey and Chase’s coacervates), vestigial organs; Miller and
experiment, Avery, McLeod and McCarty’s Urey experiment. Evidences of evolution:
experiment; double helical model of DNA morphological evidences, definition and
(contributions of Meischer, Watson and differences between homologous and
Crick, Wilkins, Franklin and Chargaff); types analogous organs (two examples each from
of RNA (tRNA, mRNA and rRNA, snRNA, plants and animals). Embryological
hnRNA); central dogma – concept only; evidences – theory of recapitulation,
reverse transcription (basic idea only), definition and differences between ontogeny
Meselson and Stahl’s experiment, replication and phylogeny. Palaeontological evidence –
of DNA (role of enzymes, namely DNA definition of fossils. Geological time scale
polymerase and ligase), transcription, post- (with reference to dominant flora and fauna)
transcriptional processing in eukaryotes Biogeographical evidence – definition of
(splicing, capping and tailing). Intron, exon, biogeography, molecular (genetic) evidences
cistron, (definitions only). Discovery and -for example genome similarity, universal
essential features of genetic code. Definition genetic code; Darwin's finches (adaptive
of codon. Protein synthesis - translation radiation).
in prokaryotes. Gene expression in Lamarckism: brief idea of Lamarck's theory,
prokaryotes; lac operon in E. coli. evidences in favour of Lamarckism such as
evolution of long neck of giraffe to be
 discussed. Darwinism: salient features of treatment, characteristics of cancer cells
Darwinism, contribution of Malthus, example (loss of contact inhibition and metastasis).
of giraffe’s neck according to Darwinism, Immunity (definition and types – innate and
criticism of Darwinism. Examples of natural acquired, active and passive, humoral and
selection – industrial melanism, resistance of cell-mediated), structure of a typical
mosquitoes to DDT and resistance of antibody molecule, types of antibodies - IgG,
bacteria to antibiotics, Neo-Darwinism IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE, vaccination and
(Modern Synthetic Theory); Variation - immunisation, allergies and allergens –
causes of variation, Hugo de Vries theory of definitions and general symptoms of
mutation - role of mutation in evolution; allergies; autoimmunity, primary and
Hardy Weinberg’s principle, factors affecting secondary lymphoid organs and tissues, brief
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium: gene migration idea of AIDS – causative agent (HIV), modes
or gene flow, genetic drift (Founder’s effect, of transmission, diagnosis (ELISA),
bottle-neck effect), mutation, genetic symptoms, replication of retrovirus in the
recombination and natural selection, types of infected human cell (including diagram) and
natural selection (directional, disruptive and prevention.
stabilizing). Evolution of man - three Alcoholism and smoking - effects on health.
features of each of the ancestors Drugs: effects and sources of opioids,
Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus, cannabinoids, cocaine and barbiturates.
Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo Reasons for addiction; prevention and
erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, control of alcohol and drug abuse.
Cro-magnon man and Homo sapiens leading (ii) Strategies for enhancement in food
to man of today. production
3. Biology and Human Welfare Improvement in food production: plant
breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein,
(i) Human Health and Diseases
biofortification, apiculture and animal
Pathogens; parasites causing human husbandry.
diseases (common cold, dengue, Measures for proper maintenance of dairy
chikungunya, typhoid, pneumonia, farms and poultry farms; apiculture and
amoebiasis, malaria, filariasis, ascariasis, pisciculture – definition, brief idea and
ring worm) and their control; Basic advantages of each.
concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, Animal breeding - brief idea of inbreeding,
HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and out-breeding, cross-breeding and artificial
alcohol abuse. insemination, Multiple Ovulation Embryo
Communicable and non-communicable Transfer Technology (MOET). Advantages of
diseases; modes of transmission, causative artificial insemination.
agents, symptoms and prevention; viral Plant breeding – a brief reference to green
diseases (common cold, chikungunya and revolution. Steps in plant breeding
dengue), bacterial diseases (typhoid and (germplasm collection, evaluation, selection,
pneumonia), protozoal diseases cross hybridisation or artificial hybridisation
(amoebiasis, and malaria, graphic outline (concept of emasculation and bagging),
of life cycle of Plasmodium), helmintic selection and testing of superior
diseases (ascariasis, and filariasis); fungal recombinants, testing, release and
(ringworm); cancer - types of tumour commercialisation of new cultivars),
(benign, malignant), causes, diagnosis and advantages of mutation breeding, examples
of some Indian hybrid crops like wheat, rice,
 maize, sugarcane, millet. Definition of 4. Biotechnology and its Applications
heterosis.
(i) Biotechnology - Principles and processes
Application of plant breeding for disease
resistant (examples of some disease- Genetic Engineering (recombinant DNA
resistance varieties of crops for example technology).
wheat (Himgiri), Brassica (Pusa swarnim),
Definition and principles of biotechnology;
cauliflower (Pusa shubhra, Pusa snowball K
isolation of genomic (chromosomal) DNA
– 1), Cow pea (Pusa komal), chilli (Pusa
sadabahar), insect resistance (examples of (from bacteria/plant cell/animal cell, by cell
some insect resistant varieties of lysis), isolation of gene of interest (by
crops – Brassica (Pusa Gaurav), flat electrophoresis), steps of formation of
bean (Pusa sem 2, Pusa sem 3), okra (Pusa recombinant DNA, discovery, nomenclature,
sawani, Pusa A–4)), improved food quality features and role of restriction enzymes
(biofortification) protoplasmic fusion. Tissue (EcoRI, HindII), ligase; cloning vectors
culture (technique and application – (features of a good cloning vector, examples
micropropagation, somaclones, disease free
of cloning vectors like pBR322,
plants and somatic hybridisation), single cell
Agrobacterium, retroviruses, bacterial
protein – source and significance.
artificial chromosome (BAC), yeast artificial
(iii) Microbes in Human Welfare
chromosome (YAC)), methods of transfer of
In household food processing, industrial rDNA into a competent host, e.g. by direct-
production, sewage treatment, energy method (temperature shock), microinjection,
generation and microbes as biocontrol gene gun, methods of selection of
agents and biofertilisers. Antibiotics;
recombinants (antibiotic resistance,
production and judicious use.
insertional inactivation/blue-white selection),
Use of microbes in: household products: cloning of recombinants, i.e., gene
Lactobacillus (curd), Saccharomyces amplification (by in vivo or in vitro method -
(bread), Propionibacterium (Swiss cheese);
using PCR technique), bioreactor (stirred
industrial products: beverages (with and
tank and sparged tank), downstream
without distillation), antibiotics (Penicillin
– discovery and use); sources (microbes) processing.
and uses of organic acids, alcohols and (ii) Biotechnology and its applications
enzymes (lipase, pectinase, protease,
streptokinase) in industry, source Applications of biotechnology in health and
(microbes) and applications of Cyclosporin- agriculture: human insulin and vaccine
A, Statins. Sewage treatment – primary and production, stem cell technology, gene
secondary treatment; production of biogas therapy; genetically modified organisms -
(methanogens, biogas plant, composition of Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues,
biogas and process of production); harmful biopiracy and biopatents.
effects of chemical pesticides; microbes as In agriculture: for production of crops
biocontrol agents (ladybird, dragonfly,
tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought,
Bacillus thuringiensis Trichoderma,
salt, heat); pest-resistant crops (Bt-crops,
Nucleopolyhedrovirus
(Baculovirus), IPM and microbes as RNAi with reference to Meloidogyne
biofertilisers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum, incognita); biofortification (golden rice,
Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza, Cyanobacteria). wheat – Atlas 66, maize hybrids, iron
fortified rice).
 In medicine: insulin, gene therapy - with Population interactions – definition of
reference to treatment of SCID, molecular mutualism, competition (interspecific,
interference, competitive release and
diagnosis by PCR, ELISA and use of
Gause’s Principle of Competitive
DNA/RNA probe. Exclusion), predation (adaptations in
Transgenic animals for bioactive products organisms to avoid predation), parasitism
like alpha-1-antitrypsin for emphysema, (ecto-, endo-, and brood parasites),
alpha-lactalbumin; vaccine safety testing, commensalism, amensalism with examples
of each.
chemical safety testing; study of diseases.
Role of GEAC, definition and two examples (ii) Ecosystem
of biopiracy, biopatent; ethical issues. Ecosystems: patterns, components;
productivity and decomposition; energy
5. Ecology and Environment flow; pyramids of number, biomass,
energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and
(i) Organisms and Populations phosphorous); ecological succession;
Organisms and environment: habitat and ecological services - carbon fixation,
niche, population and ecological pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release
adaptations; population interactions - (in brief).
mutualism, competition, predation,
Definition and types of ecosystems;
parasitism; population attributes - growth,
birth rate and death rate, age distribution. structure of ecosystem (brief idea
about biotic and abiotic components).
Definition of ecology; major biomes; Structure and function of pond ecosystem;
abiotic factors (temperature, water, light, ecosystem functions: (i) Productivity – gros
soil – definition of stenothermal, primary productivity (GPP), net
eurythermal, stenohaline and euryhaline), primary productivity (NPP) and
responses to abiotic factors (regulate, secondary productivity (ii) Decomposition
conform, migrate, suspend); ecological (fragmentation, leaching, catabolism,
adaptations: morphological, physiological humification and mineralization), factors
and behavioural in response to loss of affecting rate of decomposition (iii) Energy
water and extremes of temperature in plant flow. Various types of food chains – grazing
and animals including humans. Definition and detritus, food webs, trophic levels,
of habitat and niche.
ecological pyramids – energy, number and
Definition of population; population biomass (iv) Nutrient cycle – definition of
attributes: sex ratio, types of age biogeochemical cycles – gaseous (Carbon)
distribution pyramids for human and sedimentary (Phosphorous). Graphic
population; definition of population density, representation of the above cycles.
natality, mortality, emigration,
Definition of PAR, 10% Law, standing crop
immigration, carrying capacity. Ways to
and standing state.
measure population density. Calculation of
natality and mortality. Succession: definition to explain the
meaning, kinds of succession (hydrarch,
Population growth: factors affecting
xerarch; primary and secondary succession
population growth and population growth
with examples), definition of pioneer
equation; growth models: exponential
community, climax community and sere;
growth and logistic growth along with
significance of ecological succession.
equations, graph and examples of the same;
life history variations: definition of Ecological services and their cost.
reproductive fitness and examples.
(iii) Biodiversity and its Conservation precipitators, catalytic converter, CNG,
Bharat stages, noise pollution: harmful
Concept of biodiversity; patterns of
effects and control; Water pollution, major
biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss
sources and its control, composition of waste
of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation;
water, thermal pollution, eutrophication -
hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction,
cultural and accelerated, BOD, effect of
Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national
sewage discharge on BOD and dissolved
parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites
oxygen content in river; case studies of waste
Definition of biodiversity, few examples of water treatment (FOAM and EcoSan); Soil
each type of biodiversity - species, ecosystem pollution – sources, effects and control,
and genetic. Global biodiversity and agrochemicals and their harmful effects,
proportionate number of species of major integrated organic farming, contribution of
taxa of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates; Ramesh Chandra Dagar, biomagnification
patterns of biodiversity (latitudinal gradients, and bioconcentration; solid waste
species-area relationship – graph and management, Radioactive waste
equation), “rivet popper hypothesis”, management, e-waste.
importance of species diversity to the
A brief understanding of the concept of
ecosystem (narrowly utilitarian, broadly
deforestation (slash and burn agriculture or
utilitarian, ethical).
jhum cultivation’s contribution), greenhouse
Examples of some recently extinct organisms, effect. Impact of global warming in terms of
causes of loss of biodiversity (habitat loss climatic changes, rise in sea levels, melting
and fragmentation, over-exploitation, alien of ice caps, El Nino effect; impact on animals
species invasion, co-extinction). and plants due to climate changes. Ozone
Biodiversity conservation: In-situ methods - depletion – causes, ozone hole, Dobson unit,
protected areas: biosphere reserves, national effects on plants and animals, methods to
parks, wildlife sanctuaries, sacred groves; control ozone depletion, Montreal protocol.
ex-situ methods - captive breeding, zoo, Any one of the following case studies as
botanical gardens, cryopreservation, wild success stories addressing environmental
life safari, seed banks, tissue culture. issues: Chipko Movement, Joint Forest
Definitions and examples of each of the Management, contribution of Ahmed Khan of
above. Hotspots, Ramsar sites and Red Data Bangalore.
Book. Environmental Acts — Environmental
Historic conventions on biological diversity Protection Act, Water (prevention and
(the Earth Summit and the World Summit). control of pollution), Air (prevention and
control of pollution act).
(iv) Environmental Issues
Air pollution and its control; water PAPER II
pollution and its control; agrochemicals and PRACTICAL WORK – 15 Marks
their effects; solid waste management;
1) Taxonomy: Study floral characteristics through
radioactive waste management; greenhouse
dissection of flowers, drawing floral formula and
effect and climate change; ozone layer
diagrams of following families:
depletion; deforestation; any one case
study as success story addressing (i) Malvaceae: type – China rose / Hollyhock.
environmental issue(s).
(ii) Leguminosae: subfamily – Papilionaceae –
Definition of pollution and pollutant; type – Sweet pea/ Pea/ Bean/ Sesbania/
environmental issues: air pollution and its Clitoria (single flower).
control, major sources of gaseous and
(iii) Solanaceae: type – Petunia / Datura / Brinjal
particulate pollutants, control devices for air
Flower / Solanum nigrum.
pollution such as: scrubbers and electrostatic
 (iv) Liliaceae: type – Onion or Amaryllidaceae – Students should be taught to set up and
type – Lily/Spider lily/ Tiger lily/ Tube rose/ demonstrate the experiments with correct
Gladiolus. diagram of the setup, record their
observations methodically and give
Floral characteristics should be explained by
conclusions. This will give a clear idea of the
dissection of flowers. Students should be
physiological processes. Questions can be
taught how to cut vertical section of the flower
asked based on the above physiological
and draw accurately labelled diagrams. The
processes studied.
technique of drawing floral diagrams with the
mother axis in the right position is necessary. (iii) To study the effect of enzyme (amylase)
Floral formula should be correctly written. action at three different temperatures and pH
Identification of the correct family giving on starch solution.
reasons, technique of cutting T.S. and L.S of Effect of enzyme (amylase/ diastase) action
ovary should be explained and accordingly at three different temperatures (low- below
correct labelled-diagram should be drawn. 10oC, optimum - 37oC and high – above
70oC) and pH (acidic, neutral and basic) on
Students should know the examples of plants
starch solution.
(belonging to each family) which are of
economic importance. The examples of (iv) To isolate DNA from available plant
common names of plants must be supported material.
with correct scientific names as well. Isolation of DNA from spinach leaves, green
pea seeds, pulp of banana and papaya.
NOTE: In the examination, candidates will
be tested on any one of the above families. Take half a ripe and peeled banana into a
beaker and add 50 ml of extraction fluid
2) Simple biochemical and physiological
(1.5gm table salt +10 ml liquid detergent
experiments
+90 ml distilled water). Place the beaker in a
(i) Study of arrangement/distribution of stomata water bath set at 60 °C for 15 minutes. Stir
in dicot and monocot leaves. gently with a glass rod. Filter 5ml of cooled
(ii) Study of soils from two different sites. content into a clean test tube and add 5ml of
Collect soil samples from two different areas cold 90% ethanol. DNA molecules separate
and make a comparative study of their out and appear as white fibres.
texture, moisture content, humus content, 3) Slide preparation
water holding capacity and pH.
(i) Germination of pollen grain in a nutrient
Guidelines for collection of soil samples:
medium.
• Texture - loamy, sandy and clayey soil.
(ii) T.S. of ovary of any locally available flower,
• Moisture content – Soil samples are to be to show marginal / axile placentation.
collected from a dry place and a wet
place. Alternatively, samples of soil can (iii) T.S. of a hydrophyte stem.
be dried to different degrees in oven/by (iv) T.S. of a xerophytic leaf (Nerium).
keeping in sun.
(v) L.S. of monocot and dicot seed (soaked seeds
• Humus Content – Collect one sample from
of maize/wheat, pea/ bean.)
roadside/barren land and one sample
from garden/cultivated field. The technique of staining and mounting
• Water holding capacity – Pour given neatly should be explained. Students should
amount of water in known weight of soil also know how to make labelled outline
sample and record the volume of water diagrams. They should also be taught to
retained by the soil sample. identify the mount under low/ high power of
microscope. Two identifying features of the
• pH – Add water to the soil sample and test above need to be mentioned.
with pH paper.
4) Spotting: (three minutes to be given for each PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE –
spot which includes identification, drawing a 15 Marks
labelled diagram and writing at least two Project Work – 10 Marks
identifying characteristics). The project work is to be assessed by a Visiting
NOTE: Spotting must be done on a separate Examiner appointed locally and approved by the
answer sheet during examination, which Council.
should be handed over to the Examiner The candidate is to creatively execute one
immediately after spotting. project/assignment on an aspect of biology.
(i) Identify and comment on the following: Preference is to be given to investigatory projects.
(a) T.S. of ovary of mammal (Permanent Teachers may assign or students may choose any one
slide). project of their choice. Students can choose any other
(b) T.S. of testis of mammal (Permanent project besides the ones indicated in the list.
slide). Following is only a suggestive list of topics:
(c) Germinating pollen grain (slide/chart). (i) Genetic disorders
(d) T.S. of ovary to show the type of (ii) Gene therapy
placentation (marginal, axile, basal, (iii)Human Genome Project
parietal). (iv) DNA fingerprinting
(e) T.S. of blastula / blastocyst of a mammal (v) Bio-piracy
(chart/ slide). (vi) Cancer.
(f) Whole mount of Plasmodium sporozoite (vii) AIDS/Hepatitis.
(slide /chart). (viii)Drug addiction and community.
(g) Whole mount of Entamoeba histolytica (ix) Role of micro-organisms in industry.
trophozoite (slide/chart). (x) Human population.
(h) Preserved specimen/ chart/ model of (xi) Mendelian Inheritance
Ascaris. (xii) Environmental resistance.
(ii) Comment upon ecological adaptations of (xiii)Traditional and modern methods: Study of a
plants and animals. few traditional methods of pest deterrence vis-
a-vis modern methods of pest control - viability
Models/ virtual images/ charts of one of traditional methods in today's scenario and
plant and one animal found in xeric and limitations and dangers of modernmethods.
aquatic habitats. (xiv) Role of agrochemicals in increasing food
. (iii) Flowers adapted to pollination by different production.
agencies – insect and wind. Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Project Work:
Students should be able to identify the type of
Format of the Project:
pollination of the given flower, draw the
– Content
diagram of the flower and give two reasons – Introduction
for the type of pollination. Example: Hibiscus – Presentation (graphs, tables, charts, newspaper
and grass. cuttings, handmade diagrams, photographs,
Students should be taught how to identify, statistical analysis if relevant)
draw, label and give significantly visible – Conclusion/ Summary
characteristics as observed, of each spot, in a – Bibliography
given time of three minutes. ‘T.S.’, ‘model’, Projects should be handwritten by the candidate.
‘whole mount’, ‘chart’, ‘image’ of the Written pages should not exceed 15-20 pages.
specimen should be mentioned as a part of
identification.
 Practical File – 5 Marks 24. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty: DNA is the
The Visiting Examiner is required to assess students genetic material
on the basis of the Biology Practical file maintained 25. Hershey and Chase: DNA is the genetic material
by them during the academic year. 26. Meselson and Stahl: Semi-conservative
Each practical done during the year, needs to be replication of DNA
recorded by the student in the Practical file and the 27. G. Gamow: Triplet nature of codons
same must be checked, signed and dated by the
teacher. 28. S Ochoa: discovered polynucleotide
phosphorylase
SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS: 29. Wallace: divided the Earth into biogeographical
1. Oparin: Coacervates, Conditions on primitive regions
earth were favourable for chemical evolution 30. M S Swaminathan: Green revolution in India
2. Stanley Miller & Harold Urey: Recreated 31. H Boyer: discovered Restriction Enzyme
probable conditions on primitive earth
32. S Cohen: method to transfer plasmid DNA in
3. Ernst Haeckel: Proposed the recapitulation theory host cells
4. Charles Darwin: Natural Selection 33. R Mishra: Father of Indian Ecology
5. Lamarck: Inheritance of acquired characters 34. E Wilson: coined the term Biodiversity
6. Hugo de Vries: Mutation 35. P Ehrlich: Rivet Popper Hypothesis
7. T. R. Malthus: Theory of Human Population 36. Sanger: DNA/Protein sequencing
Growth/ Essays on population
8. Alec Jeffrey: DNA finger printing
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO BE STUDIED
9. Temin and Baltimore: Reverse transcription.
1. DDT – Dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane
10. Jacob, Monad and Lwoff: proposed Lac operon.
2. ECG – Electrocardiogram
11. Watson & Crick: Structure of DNA
3. C. T. Scan – Computed Tomographic Scanning
12. Nirenberg and Khorana: Genetic code
4. IUCD/IUD – Intra uterine contraceptive device
13. Benzer: Cistron, recon, muton
5. SCID – Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency
14. Gregor Mendel: Father of genetics
6. MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging
15. Sutton and Boveri: Chromosomal theory of
inheritance 7. SSBP–Single Strand Binding Protein
16. Hugo de Vries, Correns and Tschermack: 8. PKU- Phenyl ketonuria
Rediscovered Mendelism 9. ADA- Adenosine Deaminase
17. T H Morgan: Linkage 10. RCH- Reproductive and Child Health Care
18. P Maheshwari: Plant tissue culture Programmes
19. A Sturtevant: Chromosomal mapping 11. MMR- Maternal Mortality Rate
20. Henking: Discovered X-chromosome 12. IMR- Infant Mortality Rate
21. F. Meischer: Isolated nucleic acid from pus cells, 13. LAB- Lactic Acid Bacteria
called Nuclein 14. PID- Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases
22. Chargaff: Rule of equivalence in DNA structure 15. ET- Embryo Transfer
23. F. Griffith: Transformation in bacteria 16. IUT- Intra Uterine Transfer
17. ISCI- Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection 30. LSD- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
18. IUI- Intra Uterine Insemination 31. IRRI- International Rice Research Institute
19. snRNA- Small Nuclear Ribo Nucleic Acid 32. IARI- Indian Agricultural Research Institute
20. hnRNA- Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribo Nucleic 33. EFB- European Federation of Biotechnology
Acid 34. GMO- Genetically Modified Organism
21. sRNA- Soluble Ribo Nucleic Acid 35. GPP- Gross Primary Productivity
22. UTR- Untranslated Region 36. NPP- Net Primary Productivity
23. EST- Expressed Sequence Tags 37. GFC- Grazing Food Chain
24. SNPs-Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms 38. DFC- Detritus Food Chain
25. VNTRs- Variable Number of Tandem Repeats 39. IUCN- International Union for Conservation of
26. CMI- Cell Mediated Immunity Nature and Natural Resources
27. MALT- Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue 40. CPCB- Central Pollution Control Board
28. NACO- National AIDS Control Organisation 41. CNG- Compressed Natural Gas
29. MOET- Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer 42. JFM- Joint Forest Management
Technology