ONE MARKS

1. Find the projection of 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ on the vector 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
2. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are 𝑖̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂
𝑥−5 𝑦−1 𝑧−6
3. Find the coordinates of the point where the line −2
= 3
= −5
crosses the ZX plane
4. Write the direction cosines of the line equally inclined to the three coordinate axes
𝑥−5 𝑦−1 𝑧−6
5. If 2
= 3
= 5
, write the direction ratios and direction cosines
6. A line makes an angles 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 with all three coordinates respectively. Find
cos 2𝛼 + cos 2𝛽 + cos 2𝛾
𝜋
7. If the angle between the vectors 𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝛼𝑘̂ 𝑖𝑠 2 then find 𝛼
8. Find the value of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 if 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂
9. Find a unit vector along the direction of 𝑎⃗ − 2𝑏⃗⃗ where 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and
𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
10. Show that the points 𝐴(3, −4, −4), 𝐵 (2, −1, 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 (1, −3, −5) forms right angled triangle
11. Find a vector of magnitude of 11 units in the direction of 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ where the points 𝑃(1, 3,2) and 𝑄(−1, 0, 8)
12. The two vectors 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ and 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ represents 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ respectively of triangle ABC. Find the length of
the median through A.
13. Find the value of 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) is a unit vector
14. Find a vector of magnitude 5 units in the direction of resultant of the vectors
𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
15. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ are the sides of triangle taken in order then find 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗
16. Write the direction cosines of the vector √2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
17. For what value of , the vectors 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂ are collinear?
18. In a triangle OAC , if B is the midpoint of AC and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏⃗⃗ then find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐶
19. Find the distance of the point 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 from x – axis
( )
20. Find the perpendicular distance from the point 𝐴(5, −8, 10) to the XY plane

TWO OR THREE MARKS

21. Find the distance between the lines 𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) and
𝑟⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ + 𝜇(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ )
22. Find the value of 𝑝 if (2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 27𝑘̂ ) × (𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑝𝑘̂) = ⃗0⃗
23. Find the shortest distance between the lines 𝑟⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ + 𝜆(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) and
𝑟⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 0𝑘̂ + 𝜇(3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ )
24. Find a unit vector which is perpendicular to 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ where 𝑎⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
25. Using vectors show that (2, −1, 3), (3, −5, 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−1, 11, 9) are collinear
26. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ represents two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find the unit
vector along its both diagonals
27. Find the point R which divides the line segment joining the points 𝐴(1, 2, 1) and 𝐵(−1, 1, 1) in the ratio 2: 1
(i) Internally (ii) Externally
28. Find the midpoint of the vector joining the points 𝑃 (2, 3, 4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(4, 1, −2)
29. Using vectors show that the points 𝐴(−2, 3, 5), 𝐵(7, 0, −1), 𝐶 (−3, −2, −5) and 𝐷 (3, 4, 7) are such that AB
and CD intersect at 𝑃 (1, 2, 3)
𝜋 𝜋
30. If a unit vector 𝑎⃗ makes an angle 3 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖̂, 4 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑗̂ and an angle 𝛾 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑘̂ then find 𝛾 and the vector
31. Find (𝑎⃗ + 3𝑏⃗⃗) ∙ (2𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) where 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
32. Find the angle between the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 5𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = 6𝑖̂ − 8𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
33. For any vector 𝑟⃗ prove that 𝑟⃗ = (𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑖̂)𝑖̂ + (𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑗̂)𝑗̂ + (𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑘̂ )𝑘̂
34. If 𝑎⃗ = 5𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ then show that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ are perpendicular
 35. Find |𝑎⃗ | and |𝑏⃗⃗| if (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗) ∙ (𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗) = 27 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑎⃗| = 2|𝑏⃗⃗|
36. If two vectors 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ are such that |𝑎⃗| = 3 , |𝑏⃗⃗| = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 6. Find |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| and |𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗|
37. If two vectors 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ are such that |𝑎⃗| = 2 , |𝑏⃗⃗| = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 1.
Find (3𝑎⃗ + 2𝑏⃗⃗) ∙ (𝑏⃗⃗ − 2𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
38. For two vectors 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ prove that the vector |𝑎⃗|𝑏⃗⃗ + |𝑏⃗⃗|𝑎⃗ is orthogonal to the vector |𝑎⃗|𝑏⃗⃗ − |𝑏⃗⃗|𝑎⃗
39. If 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0, |𝑎⃗| = 3 , |𝑏⃗⃗| = 5, |𝑐⃗| = 7 find the angle between 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗
40. If two vectors 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ are such that |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| = |𝑎⃗| then prove that 2𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ is perpendicular to 𝑏⃗⃗
41. Find the components of the unit vector which is perpendicular to the vectors
𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
42. Show that the vectors 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ form the sides of a right angled triangle

43. Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of triangle ABC, where the co-ordinates of its vertices are A (3, -
1, 2) ,B (1, -1, 3) and C (4, -3, 1).
44. If 𝑎⃗ = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0 then 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0 , but the converse need not be true. Justify your answer with example.
45. If 𝑎⃗ is a unit vector and (𝑥⃗ + 𝑎⃗ ) ∙ (𝑥⃗ − 𝑎⃗) == 8, then find |𝑥⃗|
46. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector prove that the magnitude of their difference is √3
47. Show that the vector 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ is equally inclined with the axes
48. Find 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ , if 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
49. If (2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 𝜆𝑘̂) × (𝜇𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) = 0 ⃗⃗ then find 𝜆 and 𝜇
50. For any vector 𝑎⃗ , prove that |𝑎⃗ × 𝑖̂| + |𝑎⃗ × 𝑗̂| + |𝑎⃗ × 𝑘̂ | = 2|𝑎⃗|2
51. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are 𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ , 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
52. Find the vector of magnitude 12 which is perpendicular to the vectors
2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ , 3𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
53. |𝑎⃗| = 13, |𝑏⃗⃗| = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 60 then find |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗|
2 2
54. If |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗| + |𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗| = 400 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑎⃗| = 5 then find |𝑏⃗⃗|
55. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are 𝐴(3, −1, 2), 𝐵 (1, −1, 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 (4, −3, 1)
56. Prove that the points A, B and C with position vectors are 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ are collinear if and only if
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗ = 0
⃗⃗
57. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ are three vectors such that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0
⃗⃗, then prove that
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗ = 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗
58. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ are given vectors then find a vector 𝑏⃗⃗ satisfying 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑐⃗ and 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 3
59. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ , 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂. Find the unit vectors which are
perpendicular its diagonals, and using diagonal vector find the are of parallelogram.
60. Find 𝑖̂ ∙ (𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂) + 𝑗̂ ∙ (𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂) + 𝑘̂ ∙ (𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂)

FIVE MARKS
4−𝑥 𝑦 1−𝑧
61. Find the image of the point (2, 3, −8) in the line = = . And also find the perpendicular distance
2 6 3
from the given point to the line.
62. Let 𝑎⃗ = 4𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ . Find a vector 𝑑⃗ which is perpendicular to both
𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑑⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗ = 21
63. The scalar product of the vector 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ with a unit vector along the sum of the vectors
𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ = 𝜇𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ is equal to 1. Find the value of 𝜇 and hence find the unit vector
along 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗
64. If with reference to a right handed system of mutually perpendicular unit vectors 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘̂ we have
𝛼⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ . Express 𝛽⃗ in the form 𝛽⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽2 where ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽1 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝛼⃗ and
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽2 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝛼⃗
65. Find the value of x for which the angle between the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + 4𝑥𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and
𝑏⃗⃗ = 7𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑥𝑘̂ is obtuse
66. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ are three mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude, prove that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ is equally
inclined with vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ . Also, find the angle.
67. Let 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ be three vectors of magnitude 3, 4 and 5 respectively. If each one is perpendicular to the sum of
other two vectors, prove that |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗| = 5√2
68. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ are three unit vectors such that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = ⃗0⃗ , then find the value of
𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗ ∙ 𝑎⃗
69. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ are three mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then find |2𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗|
70. Three vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ satisfies 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = ⃗0⃗ . Find 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗ ∙ 𝑎⃗
if |𝑎⃗ | = 1 , |𝑏⃗⃗| = 4, |𝑐⃗| = 2
71. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝜇𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = 4𝑖̂ − 9𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ are perpendicular then find 𝜇
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 |𝑎̂−𝑏 | ̂
72. If 𝑎̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏̂ are two unit vectors then prove that sin 2 = |𝑎̂ − 𝑏̂| , cos 2 = |𝑎̂ + 𝑏̂| and tan 2 = |𝑎̂+𝑏̂|

73. If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ find 𝜆 such that 𝑎⃗ is perpendicular to 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗
74. Find |𝑎⃗ | 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑏⃗⃗| , if (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗) ∙ (𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗) = 12, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑎⃗| = 2|𝑏⃗⃗|
75. If |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| = 60, |𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗| = 40 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝑏| = 46 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 |𝑎⃗|
76. Find the angle between 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ , if |𝑎⃗| = √3 , |𝑏⃗⃗| = 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = √6
77. Find the equation of the line passing through 𝐴(2, 4, −5) and parallel to the vector
3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂
78. Find the equation of the line passing through the points 𝐴(2, 3, 5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 (−1, 2, 4).
79. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (−4, 1, −2) and parallel to the line
𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧+5
𝐿: = =
−3 2 1
𝑥−5 𝑦−1 𝑧+2
80. Write the vector equation of the line in Cartesian form 2
= 3
= −4
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
81. Find the points on the line 3
= 2
= 2
at a distance of 5 units from the point 𝑃(1, 3, 3)
82. Find the fixed point on the line 3𝑥 + 1 = 6𝑦 − 2 = 1 − 𝑧 and also find the DR’S and DC’S
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−4 𝑦−1 𝑧
83. Show that the lines = = and = = are intersect and also find the point of intersection.
2 3 4 5 2 1
𝑥−5 𝑦+2 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
84. Show that the lines 7
= −5
= 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1
= 2 = 3 are perpendicular each other.
85. Find the value of 𝜆 so that the lines
1−𝑥 7𝑦−14 𝑧−3 7−7𝑥 𝑦−5 6−𝑧
3
= 2𝜆
= 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝜆
= 1
= 5
are perpendicular.

86. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (2, 1, 3) and perpendicular to the lines
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =
1 2 3 −3 2 5
87. Find the shortest distance between the lines
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−2 𝑦−3 𝑧−5
= = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = =
2 3 4 3 4 5
88. Find the shortest distance between the parallel lines 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂) and
𝑟⃗ = (3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ ) + 𝜇(4𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂ )
𝑥 𝑦−1 𝑧−2
89. Find the image of a point (1, 6, 3) in the line 1 = 2
= 3
. Also write the equation of the line joining the
given point and the image.
1
90. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑒 𝑥
 1+tan 𝑥
91. ∫ 𝑥+log sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
92. ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥+6𝑒 𝑥 +5 𝑑𝑥
1
93. ∫ 1+√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
94. ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 √𝑥+1)
1
95. ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 3+1) 𝑑𝑥

96. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥

cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥
100. ∫ (cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥 ) (2 + 2 sin 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 5
101. ∫ 1+𝑥 12 𝑑𝑥

102. ∫ √sec 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
103. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3/4√𝑥 1/2−1
1
104. ∫ (sin 𝑥+2 cos 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1
105. ∫ √3 sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥