higher education

& training
Department:
Higher Education and Training
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

T1450(E)(J27)T
AUGUST 2012

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

POWER MACHINES N6
(8190046)

27 July (X-Paper)
09:00-12:00

REQUIREMENTS: Steam tables

Calculators may be used.

Candidates will require drawing instruments, pens and a ruler.

This question paper consists of 7 pages and a 6-page formula sheet.

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DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
POWER MACHINES N6
TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100

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NOTE: If you answer more than the required FIVE questions, only the first five
questions will be marked. All work you do not want to be marked, must
be clearly crossed out.

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INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer any FIVE questions.

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2. Questions may be answered in any order, but subsections of questions must
be kept together.
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3. ALL formulae used, must be written down.

4. Show ALL the intermediate steps.

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5. Questions must be answered in BLUE or BLACK ink.

6. ALL the sketches and diagrams must be done in pencil in the ANSWER
BOOK.
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7. Read ALL the questions carefully.

8. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.
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9. Write neatly and legibly.

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QUESTION 1

The initial conditions for an engine operating on the dual cycle principle are 101,1 kPa
and 27 °C respectively.
Compression and expansion are adiabatic.
The volumetric compression ratio is 15:1.
The total heat supplied during a cycle is 171,832 kJ/kg of gas.
Two-thirds of the total heat is supplied at constant volume and the rest at constant
pressure.
The temperature after expansion is 1,271 times the initial temperature.

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Take R for air as 0,287 kJ/kg.K and Cv as 0,718 kJ/kg.K.

Calculate the following:

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1.1 The value of gamma (3)

1.2 The missing absolute temperatures at all the principal points (8)

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1.3 The missing pressures in kPa at all the principal points (5)

1.4 The heat lost through the exhaust in kJ/kg gas (2)
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1.5 The air standard efficiency (2)
[20]
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QUESTION 2

Steam leaves the blades of a velocity compounded, two-stage impulse turbine with a
velocity of 120 m/s.
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The inlet and outlet angles of the first row of moving blades are both 26° to the rotation
of the blades.
The inlet and outlet angles of the second row of moving blades are both 30° to the
rotation of the blades.
The average blade speed is 180 m/s.
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There is a 7,5% loss of velocity across all the blades due to friction.
Steam flows at a rate of 12 kg/s.

2.1 Use the scale 1 cm = 60 m/s and construct velocity diagrams for the turbine in
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the ANSWER BOOK. Indicate the lengths of ALL the lines as well as the
magnitude of the angles on the diagrams. (10)

2.2 Determine from the velocity diagrams:

2.2.1 The nozzle angle

2.2.2 The angle at exit from the fixed blades

2.2.3 The angle at entry to the fixed blades

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2.2.4 The angle at which the steam leaves the turbine

2.2.5 The nozzle velocity in m/s

2.2.6 The velocity of the steam leaving the first stage in m/s

2.2.7 The velocity of the steam entering the second stage in m/s

2.2.8 The power developed by the turbine in MW

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2.2.9 The blade efficiency of the turbine (10)
[20]

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QUESTION 3

A boiler plant supplies 5 330 kg of steam per hour at a pressure of 780 kPa and 0,98
dry from feed water at 44,8 °C.

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It uses coal with a calorific value of 32 MJ/kg.
The equivalent evaporation from and at 100 °C of the boiler is 9,221.
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3.1 Calculate the following by using steam tables only:

3.1.1 The mass of coal used in kg/hour

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3.1.2 The thermal efficiency of the boiler (7)

3.2 If the boiler is equipped with an economiser which increases the feed water
temperature to 102,3 °C and the efficiency of the evaporator with 4,963%
whilst all the other conditions remained the same, calculate the following by
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using steam tables only:

The saving of the coal in kg/hour. (7)

3.3 If the boiler is further equipped with a superheater which increases the plant
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efficiency to 82%, while all the other conditions remain the same as in
QUESTION 3.2, calculate the final temperature of the steam.

Take Cp for superheated steam as 2,01 kJ/kg.K. (6)

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[20]

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QUESTION 4

An engine working on the Otto cycle principle has a volumetric compression ratio of
9:1.
The cylinder has a diameter of 120 mm and the stroke length is 145 mm.
The atmosphere has a pressure of 103 kPa.
The pressure after compression is 17,4 times the initial pressure.
During constant volume heat addition the temperature increases 1,9 times.

Calculate the following:

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4.1 All the missing volumes at the principal points in m3/cycle (5)

4.2 The compression index which is equal to the expansion index (3)

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4.3 All the missing pressures at the principal points in kPa (5)

4.4 The work done by the engine in kJ/cycle (5)

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4.5 The heat rejected by the exhaust in kJ/kg, if Cv for the air is 0,718 kJ/kg.K
and the temperature drop is 277 °C (2)
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QUESTION 5
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Gas expanded through a convergent-divergent nozzle at a rate of 390 kg/min.

At the throat, the diameter of the nozzle is 44,66 mm, the pressure is 1 481,83 kPa and
the temperature is 347,04 °C.
The nozzle efficiency is 89,8%.
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The Mach-number is 1,428.

Take R for air as 0,288 kJ/kg.K.

Ignore the velocity of the gas at the inlet and calculate the following:
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5.1 The area in mm2, the specific volume, the velocity in m/s at the throat of the
nozzle and the value of gamma (7)
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5.2 The pressure in kPa and the absolute temperature at the nozzle inlet (3)

5.3 The specific heat capacity of the air at constant pressure, the velocity of the
air in m/s, the actual absolute temperature, the isentropic absolute
temperature and the pressure in kPa at the exit of the nozzle

HINT: The velocity at the throat, Cc = JlOOQyRTc (10)

[20]

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QUESTION 6

The following information is known about a two-stage, single-acting air compressor:

Intercooling is complete and the stage pressures are in geometric progression for
maximum efficiency.
Inlet conditions are 95 kPa and 27 °C.
The heat loss during compression in the first stage is 1,35 kJ.
The delivery pressure is 1,52 MPa.
The index (n) for both compression and expansion is 1,3.

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The compressor rotates at 240 r/min.
The volumetric efficiencies, based on inlet conditions of each stage, are 95%.
Take R for air as 0,287 kJ/kg.K, Cp as 1,005 kJ/kg.K and Cv as 0,718 kJ/kg.K.

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Calculate the following:

6.1 The pressure in the intercooler (2)

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6.2 The temperature after compression (2)

6.3 The mass of air delivered in kg/min (4)

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6.4 The heat to the intercooler in kJ/s (2)

6.5 The power required to drive the compressor if the mechanical efficiency is
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86% (4)

6.6 The heat to the two water jackets in kJ/s (2)

6.7 The volume of the free air delivered in cubic metres per second (2)
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6.8 The stroke volume of the first stage (2)

[20]
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QUESTION 7

A vapour compression refrigeration plant uses 0,5 kg carbon dioxide per second as
refrigerant.
The plant operates between pressure limits of 3 128 kPa and 6 748 kPa.
The refrigerant is a dry saturated vapour at the compressor inlet and at the inlet to the
condenser it has a temperature of 65 °C
The specific heat capacity of the superheated refrigerant is 2,18 kJ/kg.K.
The saturated liquid refrigerant leaves the condenser at a temperature of 22 °C.
The specific heat capacity of the liquid refrigerant is 4,12 kJ/kg.K.

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The specific volume of the saturated refrigerant at the compressor inlet is
0,012 m3/kg.
The stroke length of the compressor is 1,2 times the piston diameter.
The volumetric efficiency of the compressor is 92,1% and its rotational frequency is

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240 r/min.

The following are extracts from carbon dioxide tables:

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Saturation temperature (°C) Pressure Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
(kPa) Liquid (hf) Vapour (hg)
- 4 3128 74,3 320
269,2
+ 27
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6748 172,3

Calculate the following:

7.1 The specific enthalpy of the refrigerant after isentropic compression and the
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power required in kW to drive the compressor (5)

7.2 The mass of the refrigerant in kg/cycle, the volume of the refrigerant in
m3/cycle, the swept volume of the compressor in m3/cycle, the diameter of
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the piston in mm and the length of the stroke in mm (8)

7.3 The specific enthalpy of the refrigerant at the condenser outlet, the refrigerant
effect in kJ/s and the actual coefficient of performance (7)
[20]
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TOTAL: 100
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 T1450(E)(J27)T

POWER MACHINES N6

FORMULA SHEET

Any applicable formula may also be used.

ENGLISH GENERAL AFRIKAANS

PaVa = mRTa

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R = Cp-Cv
Cp
r = Cv

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PV n =c PV n =k

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PV y =c PV y =k
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Ji.fur'-fJiP 1
= m.Cv.AT
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Av

A V-,
As = m \Cv . In -2- + Cp . In —
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p
As- = m . Cv . In —

As = m . Cp . In —
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V,

As - m . R . In -L
PI
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Q = m.Cp.AT
Q = m . Cv .

Sfg ~Sg~Sf
S = Sf+xSfg

hsu =h +Cp(tsu_t

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 T1450(E)(J27)T

ENGLISH GENERAL AFRIKAANS

n-\ = n
(^-1941)
hws=hf+ xhfg su hns =hf+ xhfg

V, + K V
V
r ws
-xVg r= * ns =xV
•*• * g

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Different formulae for Verskillende for mules vir
work done (Wd) arbeid verrig (Av)
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V
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n-l
Pa

PiVi-P2V2
7-1
m.Cp.AT
n-\1
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xn
n-l
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n-\r l n -1
xn
mRT, vps>
n-l

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 T1450(E)(J27)T

ENGLISH GENERAL AFRIKAANS

Different formulae for Verskillende formules

work done (Wd) vir arbeid verrig (Av)

= area ofPV-diagram = area van PV-diagram

= work done first stage = arbeid verrig eerste

+ work done second stadium + arbeid verrig
stage + ... tweede stadium +

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Wdnett = Wdt - Wdc Avnett =Avt ~

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Wdnett = fi,nett A^nett = Qn

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Different formulae for Verskillende formules
air standard efficien- vir lugstandaardrende-
cies (ASE) mente (LSR)
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y-\ 1-
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r r
rprc

heat added - heat rejected warmte toegevoeg - warmte afgestaan

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=1 -
heat added warmte toegevoeg

Different volumetric Verskillende volumetriese

efficiencies, rivoi rendemente, r]voi
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Volume of air taken in Volume lug ingeneem

Swept volume Slagvolume
Volume of free air Volume vrylug
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Swept volume Slagvolume

V,

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 T1450(E)(J27)T

ENGLISH GENERAL AFRIKAANS

Different thermal Verskillende termiese
efficiencies, r}therm. rendemente, ijterm.
Wd Av
heat supplied •warmte toegevoeg

BP RD
'ibrake therm. x~,T7 'Irem term. ixnxr
mf/sxCV mb/s x WW

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IP ID
'lind. therm. ^^7 'lind. term. jrnxr
mf/sxCV mbls x WW

m, (hs - h\v) m, (hs - hw)

TJ —
'/term. TT/TT/

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mfxCV mb x WW
J.J -/I J. "1 ~ J- A
lie T I!, .
L1 *-\3 - l\

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RD
TJ —
'Imech. jp '/meg. ™

Indicated efficiency ratio

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Indikateurrendementverhouding
™ind. therm. 'lind. term.
ASE LSR
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Brake efficiency ratio Remrendementverhouding
^brake therm. 'Irem. term.
ASE LSR
BP = 1n T-Fxr on - 7-7- TN
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60 60

BP = Pbrake mean LANE RD = Premgem,LANE

IP = Pind. mean LANE ID = Pind.gem.LANE

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mv mbih
ISFC-mflh
IP ID
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mflh PORT/ mblh

AO-D K —
BP RD
T\ - KVW
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RF VF
rnp- KVW = —
Wd Av
P — m . U . A Vw D = m.U . AFw
*F ax in • A
= W)
L\YV rf Faks. =m.AVf

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 T1450(E)(J27)T

ENGLISH GENERAL AFRIKAANS

2.U.bVw
*\dia. =

P -
*c ~

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c,=
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mVc mV
A,**
~cT
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77 =
hc-h2
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rj =

ms (hs ~hw)
EE = EV = ^
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mf x 2 2 5 7 x2 257

Visa. =
Wd poly.
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Wd
Q
'learn.
-i_Ik
j,

h=u+pV

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 T1450(E)(J27)T

gZ2+U2+P2V2+
c2

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rs
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Pa
et
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