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3.1 Integration by Parts Calculus With Analytic Geometry II

Integration by parts is a technique used to evaluate integrals that cannot be easily solved by substitution. The formula is ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du, where u and v are functions with continuous derivatives. The acronym LIATE helps in selecting u based on the type of functions present in the integral.

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15 views2 pages

3.1 Integration by Parts Calculus With Analytic Geometry II

Integration by parts is a technique used to evaluate integrals that cannot be easily solved by substitution. The formula is ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du, where u and v are functions with continuous derivatives. The acronym LIATE helps in selecting u based on the type of functions present in the integral.

Uploaded by

kl
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

1 Integration by Parts
Calculus with Analytic Geometry II
By now we have a fairly thorough procedure for how to evaluate many basic
integrals. However, although we can integrate ∫ 𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 by using the
substitution, 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , something as simple looking as ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 defies us. Many
students want to know whether there is a product rule for integration. There isn’t,
but there is a technique based on the product rule for differentiation that allows us
to exchange one integral for another. We call this technique integration by parts.

The Integration-by-Parts Formula


If, ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥), then by using the product rule, we obtain
ℎ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑓(𝑥). Although at first it may seem counterproductive,
let’s now integrate both sides of this equation:
∫ ℎ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑔 (𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥))𝑑𝑥.
This gives us
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
Now we solve for ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥:
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
By making the substitutions 𝑢 = 𝑓 (𝑥) and 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥), which in turn make
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥, we have the more compact form
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢.

Theorem 3.1: Integration by Parts


Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥) be functions with continuous derivatives. Then, the
integration-by-parts formula for the integral involving these two functions is:
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢.
NOTE:
1. The advantage of using the integration-by-parts formula is that we can use it
to exchange one integral for another, possibly easier, integral.
2. In some cases, it may be necessary to apply integration by parts more than
once.
3. By making the substitutions 𝑢 = 𝑓 (𝑥) and 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥), which in turn make
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

3.1 Integration by Parts |1


How do we know how to choose 𝒖 and 𝒅𝒗? LIATE
Sometimes it is a matter of trial and error; however, the acronym LIATE can often
help to take some of the guesswork out of our choices. The acronym LIATE can
often help to take some of the guesswork out of our choices. This acronym stands
for:
• Logarithmic Functions,
• Inverse Trigonometric Functions,
• Algebraic Functions,
• Trigonometric Functions, and
• Exponential Functions.

This mnemonic serves as an aid in determining an appropriate choice for u. The


type of function in the integral that appears first in the list should be our first
choice of u. When we have chosen u, dv is selected to be the remaining part of the
function to be integrated, together with dx.

For example, if an integral contains a logarithmic function and an algebraic


function, we should choose u to be the logarithmic function, because L comes
before A in LIATE.

Theorem 3.2: Integration by Parts for Definite Integrals


Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥) be functions with continuous derivatives on [𝑎, 𝑏 ].
Then
𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 | − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎

3.1 Integration by Parts |2

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