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Random documents with unrelated
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blade provided with a socket. For casting the flat
celts there was, indeed, no need of a mould formed
of two pieces; a simple recess of the proper form cut
in a stone, or formed in loam, being sufficient to give
the shape to a flat blade of metal, which could be
afterwards wrought into the finished form by
hammering. And secondly, as will subsequently be
seen, a gradual development can be traced from the
flat celt, through those with flanges and wings, to
the palstave form, with the wings hammered over so
as to constitute two semicircular sockets, one on
each side of the blade; while on certain of the
socketed celts flanges precisely similar to those of
the palstaves have been cast by way of ornament on
the sides, and what was thus originally a necessity in
construction has survived as a superfluous
decoration. There is at least one instance known of
the intermediate form between a palstave with
pocket-like recesses on each side of a central plate
and a celt with a single socket. In the museum at
Trent[391] there is an instrument in which the socket
is divided throughout its entire length into two
compartments with a plate between, and, as
Professor Strobel says, resembling a palstave with
the wings on each side united so as to form a socket
on each side. The evolution of the one type from the
other is thus doubly apparent, and it is not a little
remarkable that though palstaves with the wings
bent over are, as has already been stated, of rare
occurrence in the British Islands, yet socketed celts,
having on their faces the curved wings in a more or
less rudimentary condition, are by no means
unfrequently found. The inference which may be
drawn from this circumstance is that the discovery of
the method of casting socketed celts was not made
in Britain but in some other country, where the
palstaves with the converging wings were abundant
and in general use, and that the first socketed celts
employed in this country, or those which served as
patterns for the native bronze-founders, were
imported from abroad.
Although socketed celts, with distinct curved
wings upon their faces, are probably the earliest of
their class, yet it is impossible to say to how late a
period the curved lines, which eventually became the
representatives of the wings, may not have come
down. This form of ornamentation was certainly in
use at the same time as other forms, as we know
from the hoards in which socketed celts of different
patterns have been found together. As has already
been recorded, the socketed form has also been
frequently found associated with palstaves, especially
with those of the looped variety.
 The form of the tapering socket varies
considerably, the section being in some instances
round or oval, and in other cases presenting every
variety of form between these and the square or
rectangular. There is usually some form of moulding
or beading round the mouth of the celt, below which
the body before expanding to form the edge is
usually round, oval, square, rectangular, or more or
less regularly hexagonal or octagonal. The
decorations generally consist of lines, pellets, and
circles, cast in relief upon the faces, and much more
rarely on the sides. Not unfrequently there is no
attempt at decoration beyond the moulding at the
top. The socketed celts are, almost without
exception, devoid of ornaments produced by
punches or hammer marks, such as are so common
on the solid celts and palstaves. This may be due to
their being more liable to injury from blows owing to
the thinness of the metal and to their being hollow.
They are nearly always provided with a loop at one
side, though some few have been cast without loops.
These are usually of small size, and were probably
used as chisels rather than as hatchets. A very few
have a loop on each side.
The types are so various that it is hard to make
any proper classification of them. I shall, therefore,
take them to a certain extent at hazard, keeping
those, however, together which most nearly
approximate to each other. I begin with a specimen
showing in a very complete manner the raised wings
already mentioned.
This instrument formed part of
a hoard of celts and fragments of
metal found at High Roding,
Essex, and now in the British
Museum, and is represented in
Fig. 110. With it was one with two
raised pellets beneath the
moulding round the mouth, and
one with three longitudinal ribs.
The others were plain.
Another (4 inches), with a
treble moulding at the top, from
Wateringbury, Kent, was in the
Douce and Meyrick Collections,
and is now also in the British
Museum.
I have a German celt of this Fig. 110.— Fig. 111.—
type, but without the pellets, High Roding. Dorchester,
found in Thuringia. Others are ½. Oxon. ½.
engraved by Lindenschmit,[392]
Montelius,[393] and Chantre.[394] I have a good example from
Lutz (Eure et Loir).
On many French celts the wings are shown by depressed
lines or grooves on the faces. I have specimens from a hoard
found at Dreuil, near Amiens, and from Lusancy, near Rheims.
Others with the curved lines more or less distinct have been
found in various parts of France.
 There is an example from Maulin in the Museum at Namur,
and a Dutch example is in the Museum at Assen.
In Fig. 111 is shown a larger celt in my own collection,
found in the neighbourhood of Dorchester, Oxon. The wing
ornament no longer consists of a solid plate, but the outlines
of the wings of the palstave are shown by two bold projecting
beads which extend over the sides of the celt as well as the
faces. The socket is circular at the mouth, but the neck of the
instrument below the moulding is subquadrate in section. In
the socket are two small projecting longitudinal ribs, probably
intended to aid in steadying the haft. Such projections are not
very uncommon, and are sometimes more than two in
number.
A celt ornamented in a similar manner, but with two raised
bands near the mouth, was found with several other socketed
celts and some palstaves with the wings bent over at
Cumberlow,[395] near Baldock, Herts. Some of these are in
the British Museum.
Another with two small pellets between the curved lines
was found in a hoard at Beddington,[396] Surrey.
Fig. 112 represents another celt of much the same
character, but with a bolder moulding at top, and a slight
projecting bead all round the instrument just below the two
curved lines representing the palstave wings, which on these
celts have just the appearance of heraldic “flanches.” On the
face not shown there is a triangular projection at the top like
a “pile in chief” between the flanches. Inside the socket there
are two longitudinal projections as in the last. The original of
this figure, which has been broken and repaired with the
edge of another celt, is in the Blackmore Museum at
Salisbury, and was probably found in Wilts.
In the British Museum is an example of this type (4
inches) which has on one face only a pellet in the upper part
 of the
compartment
between the two
“flanches.” It
was found at
Hounslow.
Another (4
inches) from the
Heathery Burn
Cave, Durham, is
now in the
collection of
Canon
Greenwell, F.R.S.
I have one with
the pattern less
Fig. 112.—Wilts. ½. Fig. 113.—Harty. ½. distinct from a
hoard found in
the Barking Marshes, Essex, in 1862. A celt much of the same
pattern, but without the transverse line below the flanches,
was found on Plumpton Plain,[397] near Lowes.
The same type occurs in France. I have examples from a
hoard found at Dreuil, near Amiens. The same ornament is
often seen on Hungarian celts, though usually without the
lower band.
In Fig. 113 is shown one of the celts from the hoard
discovered in the Isle of Harty,[398] Kent, to which I shall
have to make frequent reference. Besides eight more or less
perfect unornamented socketed celts, various hammers,
tools, and moulds, five celts of this type were found. Although
so closely resembling each other that they were probably cast
in the same mould, in fact in that which was found at the
same time, there is a considerable difference observable
among them, especially in the upper part above the loop. In
the one shown in the figure there are three distinct beaded
mouldings above the loop, and above these again is a plain,
somewhat expanding tube. In one of the others, however,
there are only the two lowest of the beaded mouldings, and
the upper half-inch of the celt first mentioned is absolutely
wanting. The three others show very little of the plain part
above the upper moulding. As will subsequently be explained,
the variation in length appears to be connected with the
method of casting, and to have arisen from a greater part of
the mould having been “stopped off” in one case than
another.
It
will be
noticed
that the
“flanche
s” on
these
celts are
placed
below
the loop
and not
close
under
the cap-
mouldin
g. The Fig. 114.—Harty. ½. Fig. 115.—Dorchester, Oxon.
beads
which form them are continued across the sides. Running part
of the way down inside the socket are two longitudinal ridges
which are in the same line as the runners by which the metal
found its way into the mould. The vertical ridge above the
topmost moulding shows where there is a channel in the
mould for the metal to pass by. If the celts had been skilfully
 cast so that their top was level with the upper moulding, no
traces of this would have been visible.
In Fig. 114 is shown one of the plain socketed celts from
the same hoard. The mould in which it was cast was found at
the same time, as well as the half of a mould for one of
smaller size. The five other plain celts from the same hoard
were all rather less than the one which is figured, and appear
to have been cast in three different moulds, as the beading
round the top varies in character, and in some is double and
not single. The two projections within the socket are in these
but short, though strongly marked.
In the British Museum is a celt of this kind, 4 inches long,
found at Newton, Cambridgeshire, which on its left face, as
seen with the loop towards the spectator, has a small
projecting boss 1½ inch below the top.
Five socketed celts of this plain character (2½ inches to
3¾ inches) were found together at Lodge Hill, Waddesdon,
Bucks, in 1855, and were lithographed on a private plate by
Mr. Edward Stone.
The outline and general character of the celt shown in Fig.
115 may be taken as representative of one of the most
common forms of English socketed celt. This particular
specimen differs, however, from the ordinary form in having a
ridge or ill-defined rib on each face which adds materially to
the weight and somewhat to the strength of the instrument.
It was found near Dorchester, Oxon.
A nearly similar celt found in Mecklenburg has
been figured by Lisch.[399]
A larger celt of the same general character, found
with a hoard of bronze objects in Reach Fen, Burwell
Fen, Cambridge, is shown in Fig. 116. This may also
be regarded as a characteristic specimen of the
 soc
ket
ed
celt
s
usu
ally
fou
nd
in
Eng
lan
Fig. 116.—Reach Fen. ½ Fig. 117.—Reach Fen. ½ d,
tho
ugh the second moulding is often absent, and there
is a considerable range in size and in the proportion
of the width to the length. No doubt much of this
range is due to some instruments having been more
shortened by use and wear than others. The edge of
a bronze tool must have been constantly liable to
become blunted, jagged, or bent, and when thus
injured was doubtless, to some extent, restored to its
original shape by being hammered out, and then re-
ground and sharpened. The repetition of this process
would, in the course of time, materially diminish the
length of the blade, until eventually it would be worn
out, or the solid part be broken away from the
socketed portion.
Celts of this general character, plain with the exception of
a single or double beading at the top, occur of various sizes,
and have been found in considerable numbers. In my own
collection are specimens (3 inches) from Westwick Row, near
Gorhambury, Herts, found with lumps of rough metal; from
Burwell Fen, Cambridge (3¼ inches), found also with metal, a
spear-head like Fig. 381 and a hollow ring; from Bottisham,
Cambridge (3 inches), and other places.
In the Reach Fen hoard already mentioned were some
other celts of this type. They were associated with gouges,
chisels, knives, hammers, and other articles, and also with
two socketed celts, one like Fig. 133, and two like Fig. 124, as
well as with two of the type shown in Fig. 117, with a small
bead at some little distance below the principal moulding
round the mouth. One of them has a slightly projecting rib
running down each corner of the blade, a peculiarity I have
noticed in other specimens. The socket is round rather than
square.
I have other examples of this type from a hoard of about
sixty celts found on the Manor Farm, Wymington,
Bedfordshire (3¾ inches); from Burwell Fen, Cambridge (4
inches); and from the hoard found at Carlton Rode, Norfolk (4
inches). This last has the slightly projecting beads down the
angles.
Socketed celts partaking of the character of the three
types last described, and from 2 inches to 4 inches in length,
are of common occurrence in England. Some with both the
single and double mouldings were found in company with
others having vertical beads on the face like Fig. 124, and a
part of a bronze blade at West Halton,[400] Lincolnshire. I
have seen others both with the single and double moulding
which were found with some of the ribbed and octagonal
varieties, a socketed knife, parts of a sword and of a gouge,
and lumps of metal, at Martlesham, Suffolk. These are in the
possession of Captain Brooke, of Ufford Hall, near
Woodbridge. Another, apparently with the double moulding,
was found with others (some of a different type), seven
spear-heads, and portions of a sword, near Bilton,[401]
Yorkshire. These are now in the Bateman Collection. Another
with the single moulding was found near Windsor.[402] Others
with the double moulding, to the number of forty, were found
with twenty swords and sixteen spear-heads of different
patterns, about the year 1726, near Alnwick Castle,[403]
Northumberland. Some also occurred in the deposit of nearly
a hundred celts which was found with a quantity of cinders
and lumps of rough metal on Earsley Common,[404] about 12
miles N.W. of York, in the year 1735. A socketed celt with the
single moulding was found with spear-heads, part of a
dagger, and some small whetstones, near Little Wenlock,[405]
Shropshire. Four socketed celts of this class with the double
moulding were found, with a socketed gouge and about 30
pounds weight of copper in lumps, at Sittingbourne,[406]
Kent, in 1828. They are, I believe, now in the Dover Museum.
One (4¾ inches), obtained at Honiton,[407] Devonshire, has a
treble moulding at the top, that in the middle being larger
than the other two. The socket is square.
A plain socketed celt, 2¼ inches long, was found in
digging gravel near Cæsar’s Camp,[408] Coombe Wood,
Surrey. It is now in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries.
In the collection of Messrs. Mortimer, at Fimber, is a celt with
the double moulding (3 inches long), found at Frodingham,
near Driffield, which has four small ribs, one in the centre of
each side running down the socket. Another, with the double
moulding (4 inches), and with a nearly round mouth to the
socket, was found at Tun Hill, near Devizes, and is in the
Blackmore Museum, where is also one found near Bath (3¾
inches) with the mouldings more uniform in size.
A socketed celt without any moulding at the top, which is
hollowed and slopes away from the side on which is the loop,
is said to have been found in a tumulus near the King Barrow
on Stowborough Heath,[409] near Wareham, Dorset.
Socketed celts of this character occur throughout the
whole of France, but are most abundant in the northern
parts. They are of rare occurrence in Germany.
The same form is found among the Lake habitations of
Switzerland. Dr. Gross has specimens from Auvernier and
Mœrigen,[410] which closely resemble English examples.
A celt of the
same general
character as Fig.
114, but of
peculiar form,
narrowing to a
central waist, is
shown in Fig.
118. The
original was
found at
Canterbury, and
was kindly
Fig. 118.—Canterbury. ½ Fig. 119.—Usk. ½
presented to me
by Mr. John Brent, F.S.A.
Broad socketed celts nearly circular or but slightly oval at
the neck, and closely resembling the common Irish type (Fig.
167) in form and character, are occasionally found in England.
That shown in Fig. 119 is stated to have been discovered at
the Castle Hill, Usk, Monmouthshire.
I have seen another (3¼ inches) in the collection of Mr. R.
Fitch, F.S.A., which was found at Hanworth, near Holt,
 Norfolk.
Among those found at Guilsfield,[411] Montgomeryshire,
was one of somewhat the same character, but having a
double moulding at the top. Another,[412] with a nearly
square socket, has above a double moulding, a cable
moulding round the mouth, like that on Fig. 172. In the same
hoard were looped palstaves, gouges, spears, swords,
scabbards, &c.
Another, that, to judge from a bad engraving, had no
moulding at the top, which was oval, is said to have been
found under a supposed Druid’s altar near Keven Hirr Vynidd,
[413] on the borders of Brecknockshire.

Another variety, with a

nearly square socket and long
narrow blade is shown in Fig.
120, the original of which was
found at Alfriston, Sussex. The
loop is imperfect, owing to
defective casting. The socket is
very deep, and extends to
within an inch of the edge.
Instruments of this type are
principally, if not solely, found
in our southern counties. The
type is indeed Gaulish rather
than British, and is very
abundant in the north-western
Fig. 120.—Alfriston. ½
part of France. It appears
probable that not only was the type originally
introduced into this country from France, but that
there was a regular export of such celts to Britain.
For I have in my collection a celt of this type, 4½
inches long, that was found under the pebble beach
at Portland, and in which the core over which it was
cast still fills the socket, the clay having by the heat
of the metal been converted into a brick-like
terracotta. It could, therefore, never have been in
use, as no haft could have been inserted. It is
waterworn and corroded by the action of the sea, the
loop having been almost eaten and worn away, so
that it is impossible to say whether the surface and
edge were left as they came from the mould. In the
large hoard, however, of bronze celts of this type
which was found at Moussaye, near Plénée-Jugon, in
the Côtes du Nord, the bulk were left in this
condition, and with the burnt clay cores still in the
sockets.
I have another celt of the same size and form as
that from the Portland beach, which was found near
Wareham, Dorset, and appears to have been in use.
Two found with many others in the New Forest[414] (3 and
5 inches long) are engraved in the Archæologia. The larger
has a rib 3 inches long running down the face and
terminating in an annulet.
Others of the same type have been found at Hollingbury
Hill,[415] and near the church at Brighton,[416] Sussex.
 Among the celts found at Karn Brê, Cornwall, in 1744,
were some of this character, but expanding more at the
cutting edge. Others were more like Fig. 124, though longer
in proportion. With them are said to have been found several
Roman coins, some as late as the time of Constantius
Chlorus. Others (5 inches long) seem to have formed part of
the hoard found at Mawgan,[417] Cornwall, in which there
was also a fine rapier. Another, from Bath,[418] is in the Duke
of Northumberland’s museum at Alnwick. Another has been
cited from Cornwall.[419]
Celts of this form are of rare occurrence in the North of
England, but one, said to have been disinterred with Roman
remains at Chester-le-Street,[420] Durham, is in the Museum
of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Celts like Fig. 120 are of very
frequent occurrence in Northern
France; large hoards, consisting
almost entirely of this type, have
been found. A deposit of sixty was
discovered near Lamballe[421]
(Côtes du Nord), and one of more
than two hundred at Moussaye,
near Plénée-Jugon, in the same
department. Most of the celts in
both these hoards had never been
used, and in a large number the
core of burnt clay was still in the
socket. A hoard of about fifty is
said to have been found near
Bevay,[422] Belgium.
Plain socketed celts nearly
square at the mouth have
occasionally been found in
Germany. One from
 Fig. 121. Fig. 122. Pomerania[423] is much like Fig.
Cambridge High Roding.
120 in outline.
Fens. ½ ½
The form of narrow celt, which
I regard as of Gaulish derivation, is not nearly so elegant as
that of a more purely English type of which an example is
shown in Fig. 121. The original was found in the Cambridge
Fens, and is in my own collection. Within the socket on the
centre of each side is a raised narrow rib running down 2
inches from the mouth, or to within ¾ inch of the bottom of
the socket.
The type is rare; but a specimen (5 inches) of nearly the
same form as the figure was found, with palstaves, sickles,
&c., near Taunton, Somerset.[424] There is also a resemblance
to the Barrington celt, Fig. 148.
I have already mentioned a celt with a moulded top,
which, on one of its faces, is ornamented with a small
projecting boss. In Fig. 122 is shown an example with two
pellets beneath the upper moulding. It was found with others
at High Roding, Essex, and is now in the British Museum.
Another with three such knobs on each face, placed near the
top of the instrument, is shown in Fig. 123. The original is in
the British Museum, and was found at Chrishall,[425] Essex,
where also several plain celts with single or double mouldings
at the top, some spear-heads, and a portion of a socketed
knife were dug up.
A large brass coin of Hadrian, much defaced, is said to
have been found at the same time. As in other instances, the
evidence on this point is unsatisfactory, and if it could be
sifted, would probably carry the case no farther than to prove
that the Roman coins and the bronze celts were found near
the same spot, and possibly by the same man, on the same
day. In illustration of this collection of objects of different
dates, I may mention that I lately purchased a fifteenth-
 century jeton as having been found with Merovingian gold
ornaments.

Fig. 123.—Chrishall. ½ Fig. 124.—Reach

Fen. ½ Fig. 125.—Barrington. ½

Some of the Breton celts, in form like Fig. 120, have two
or three knobs on a level with the loop.

Another and common kind of ornament on the

faces of socketed celts consists of vertical lines, or
ribs, extending from the moulding round the mouth
some distance down the faces of the blade. They
vary in number, but are rarely less than three. In
some instances the ribs are so slight as to be almost
imperceptible, a circumstance which suggests the
probability of celts in actual use having served as the
models or patterns from which the moulds for
casting others were made, as in each successive
moulding and casting any prominences such as these
ribs would be reduced or softened down. On any
other supposition it is difficult to conceive how an
ornamentation so indistinct as almost to escape
observation could have originated. There are some
celts which on one face are quite smooth and plain,
while on the other some traces of the ribs may just
be detected. The same is the case with some of the
celts which have the slightest possible traces of the
“flanches,” such as seen on Fig. 111. The smearing
of metal moulds with clay, to prevent the adhesion of
the castings, would tend to obliterate such
ornaments.
A celt with the vertical ribs from the hoard of Reach Fen,
Cambridge, is shown in Fig. 124. There are slight projecting
beads running down the angles. The three ribs die into the
face of the blade. Another of nearly the same type, but with
coarse ribs somewhat curved, is shown in Fig. 125. It has not
the beads at the angles. This specimen was found in
company with a celt like Fig. 116, and with a gouge like Fig.
204, at Barrington, Cambridge, and is in my own collection.
Celts of wider proportions, and having the three ribs
farther apart, have been frequently found in the Northern
English counties. I have one (3¼ inches) from Middleton, on
the Yorkshire Wolds, which was given me by Mr. H. S.
Harland; and Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., has several from
Yorkshire. The celt which was found near Tadcaster,[426] in
that county, and which has been so often cited, from the fact
of its having a large bronze ring passing through the loop, on
which is a jet bead, is also of this type. There can be little
doubt that the ring and bead, which not improbably were
found at the same time as the celt, were attached to it
subsequently by the finder, in the manner in which they may
now be seen in the British Museum. A celt with three ribs,
from the hoard found at Westow,[427] in the North Riding, has
been figured, as has been one from Cuerdale,[428] near
Preston, Lancashire, and one (4½ inches) from Rockbourn
Down,[429] Wilts, now in the British Museum. One (3¾ inches
long) was found near Hull,[430] in Yorkshire; and five others
at Winmarley,[431] near Garstang, Lancashire, together with
two spears, one of them having crescent-shaped openings in
the blade (Fig. 419).
Another was found, with other bronze objects, at
Stanhope,[432] Durham.
The celts found with spear-heads and discs near Newark,
and now in Canon Greenwell’s collection, are of this type, but
of different sizes. That found at Cann,[433] near Shaftesbury,
with, it is said, a human skeleton and two ancient British
silver coins, had three ribs on its face.
Several others were found in the hoard at West Halton,
[434] Lincolnshire, already mentioned. Others were discovered
in company with a looped palstave, some spear-heads,
ferrules, fragments of swords, and a tanged knife, near
Nottingham,[435] in 1860. Seven or eight such celts, and the
half of a bronze mould in which to cast them, were found
with a socketed knife, spear-heads, and numerous other
objects, in the Heathery Burn Cave,[436] near Stanhope,
Durham, of which further mention will subsequently be made.
Many have also been found in Yorkshire and Northumberland.
The type is not confined to the Northern Counties, for
specimens occurred in the great find at Carlton Rode,[437]
near Attleborough, Norfolk. I have seen another, 4 inches
long, which was found with many other socketed celts and
other articles at Martlesham, Suffolk, in the hoard already
mentioned (p. 113). I have one (3⅝ inches) from Llandysilio,
Denbighshire. Another, with traces of the three ribs, was
found at Pulborough,[438] Sussex. This specimen is in outline
more like Fig. 130. A socketed celt of this kind (5 inches
long), with three parallel ribs on the flat surface, was found
near Launceston,[439] Cornwall. Some long celts of the same
kind were found at Karn Brê, in the same county, as already
mentioned.
In some celts with the three
ribs on their faces, found in
Wales, the moulding at the top
is large and heavy, and forms a
sort of cornice round the celt,
the upper surface of which is
flat. That engraved as Fig. 126
was found at Mynydd-y-Glas,
near Hensol, Glamorganshire,
and is now in the British
Museum. In the same collection
is another of much the same
character, but of ruder fabric,
4¾ inches long, with a square
socket, found in 1849 with
others similar, in making the
South Wales Railway, in Great Fig. 126.—Mynydd-y-Glas. ½
Wood,[440] St. Fagan’s,
Glamorganshire. The loop is badly cast, being filled up with
metal.
Canon Greenwell has a celt of this type (4 inches), found
at Llandysilio, Denbighshire, with two others having three
somewhat converging ribs (3¾ inches and 3¼ inches), a
socketed knife, and part of a spear-head.
 Two others (5⅛ inches and 4⅜ inches) were found with
part of a looped palstave[441] and a waste piece from a
casting, and lumps of metal, on Kenidjack Cliff, Cornwall.
Another (4 inches) from Cornwall is in the British Museum.
One from Sedgemoor, Somersetshire, is in the Taunton
Museum.
The three-ribbed type occurs occasionally in France.
Examples are in the Museums of Amiens, Toulouse, Clermont
Ferrand, Poitiers, and other towns. Three vertical ribs are of
common occurrence on celts from Hungary and Styria.
In some rare examples the three ribs converge as they go
down the blade. One such is shown in Fig. 127. The original is
in the possession of Sir A. A. Hood, Bart., and was found with
twenty-seven other socketed celts, some of oval and some of
square section, two palstaves, two gouges, two daggers,
twelve spear-heads, and numerous fragments of celts and
leaf-shaped swords, as well as rough metal and the refuse
jets from castings. The whole lay together about two feet
below the surface at Wick Park,[442] Stogursey, Somerset.
In other rare instances there is a transverse bead running
across the blade below the three vertical ribs. The celt shown
in Fig. 128 was found near Guildford, Surrey, and is in the
collection of Mr. R. Fitch, F.S.A.
 Fig. 127.—Stogursey. ½ Fig. 128.—Guildford. ½
Fig. 129.—Frettenham. ½

On other celts the vertical ribs are more or less than three
in number. A specimen with four ribs, also in Mr. Fitch’s
collection, is engraved as Fig. 129. It was found at
Frettenham, Norfolk.
Others with four ribs occurred in the find at West Halton,
[443] Lincolnshire, already mentioned. One was also found at

the Castle Hill,[444] Worcester, and another at Broust in

Andreas,[445] Isle of Man. Examples with three and four ribs
from Kirk-patrick and Kirk-bride, Isle of Man, are in the
collection of Mr. J. R. Wallace of Distington, Whitehaven.
One (4⅛ inches) with five ribs was found in the hoard at
Martlesham, Suffolk, also already mentioned.
One (3¾ inches) with six small vertical ribs on the faces,
found at Downton, near Salisbury, is in the Blackmore
Museum. In a celt with square socket from the Carlton Rode
find there are traces of six ribs on one of the faces only. This
specimen, in my own collection, is in good condition, and the
probability is in favour of this almost complete obliteration of
the pattern being due to a succession of moulds having been
formed, each rather more indistinct than the one before it, in
which the model that served for the mould was cast.
Celts closely resembling Fig. 129 are in the museums at
Nantes and Narbonne.[446]
As an instance of a celt having only two of these vertical
ribs upon it, I may mention a large one in my own collection
(4¾ inches) found in the Isle of Portland. The mouth of the
socket is oval, but the external faces are flat, the sides being
rounded. The ribs run about 2½ inches down the faces, but
the metal is too much oxidised to see whether they end in
pellets or no.

Fig. 130.—Ely. ½ Fig. 131.—Caston.

½
 It is not unfrequently the case that the ribs thus terminate
in roundels or pellets. That from the Fens, near Ely, which has
been kindly lent me by Mr. Marshall Fisher, and is shown in
Fig. 130, is of this kind, though the pellets are so indistinct as
to have escaped the eye of the engraver. This celt is
remarkable for the unusually broad and heavy moulding at
the top. The notches in the edge, which the engraver has
reproduced, are of modern origin.
The celt from Caston, Norfolk, shown in Fig. 131, has also
the three ribs ending in pellets, but there are short diagonal
lines branching in each direction from the central rib near the
top.
I have another of the same kind, but longer, and without
the diagonal lines, from Thetford, Suffolk.
A celt of this type is in the Stockholm Museum.
In
Figs. 132
and 133
are
shown
two celts
of this
class, one
with five
short ribs
ending in
pellets,
from the
Carlton
Rode
find, and
Fig. 132.—Carlton Rode. ½ Fig. 133.—Fornham. ½
the other
with five longer ribs ending in larger roundels, from Fornham,
near Bury St. Edmunds. The latter was bequeathed to me by
my valued friend, the late Mr. J. W. Flower, F.G.S.
 It will be observed that in the Fornham celt the first and
last ribs form beadings at the angles of the square shaft. In
the other none of the beads come to the edge of the face. I
have a celt like Fig. 133, but shorter (4 inches), from the
hoard found in Reach Fen, already mentioned. Another (4⅛
inches), in all respects like Fig. 133, except that the outer ribs
are not at the angles, was found at Brough,[447] near
Castleton, Derbyshire, and is in the Bateman Collection,
where is also another (4¼ inches) from the Peak Forest,
Derbyshire. Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., has one (4½ inches)
from Broughton, near Malton, on one face of which there are
only four ribs, and in the place where the central rib would
terminate, a ring ornament. The other face of the celt has
only four ribs at regular intervals, ending in pellets. Another,
similar (5 inches), was found in the Thames, near Erith.[448] I
have seen another rather more hexagonal in section, which
was found in the Cambridge Fens.
Celts with vertical ribs ending in pellets are occasionally
found in France. One from Lutz (Eure et Loir) is in the
museum at Chateaudun; others are in that of Toulouse.
Another with four ribs, found at Cascastel, is in the museum
at Narbonne. Canon Greenwell has one from l’Orient, Brittany.
I have a small one like Fig. 120 in form, but barely 3
inches long, found near Saumur (Maine et Loire). It has five
ribs, arranged as on Fig. 133.
An example with a far larger array of vertical ribs than
usual is shown in Fig. 134. The ribs are arranged in groups of
three, and each terminates in a small pellet. The outer lines
are so close to the angles of the celt as almost to merge in
them. This instrument was found at Fen Ditton, Cambridge,
and is now in the collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S.
 Fig. 134.—Fen Ditton. ½ Fig. 135.—Bottisham. ½
Fig. 136.—Winwick. ½

On some celts there is, besides the row of roundels or

pellets at the end of the ribs, a second row a little higher up,
as is shown in Fig. 135, which represents a specimen in the
British Museum, from Bottisham Lode, Cambridge. The sides
of this celt are not flat, but somewhat ridged, so that in its
upper part it presents an irregular hexagon in section. There
are ribs running down the angles, with indications of terminal
pellets.
In the Warrington Museum is a curious variety of the celt
with the three vertical ribs ending in pellets, which by the
kindness of the trustees of the museum I have engraved as
Fig. 136. It will be seen that in addition to the vertical ribs
there is a double series of chevrons over the upper part of the
blade. The metal is somewhat oxidised, and the pattern is
made rather more distinct in the engraving than it is in the
 original. This celt has already been figured on a smaller scale,
and was found at Winwick,[449] near Warrington, Lancashire.
An ornamentation of nearly the same character, but
without pellets at the end of the ribs, occurs on a socketed
celt from Kiew,[450] Russia.

The vertical ribs or

lines occasionally end in
ring ornaments or circles
with a central pellet, like
the astronomical symbol
for the sun ☉. Next to
the cross this ornament
is, perhaps, the simplest
and most easily made, for
a notched flint could be
used as a pair of
compasses to produce a
Fig. 137.—Kingston. ½ circle with a well-marked
Fig. 138.—Cayton Carr. ½
centre on almost any
material, however hard. We find these ring
ornaments in relief on many of the coins of the
Ancient Britons, and in intaglio on numerous articles
formed of bone and metal, which belong to the
Roman and Saxon periods. On Italian palstaves they
are the commonest ornaments. But though so
frequent on metallic antiquities of the latter part of
the Bronze Age, it is remarkable that the ornament is
of very rare occurrence on any of the pottery which
is known to belong to that period.
A good example from Kingston, Surrey, of a celt with ring
ornaments at the end of the ribs is in the British Museum, and
is shown in Fig. 137. Canon Greenwell possesses a nearly
similar celt (5 inches) from Seamer Carr, Yorkshire, the angles
of which are ribbed or beaded. A socketed celt with the same
ornamentation, but with pellets having a central boss instead
of the ring ornaments, is in the museum at Nantes.[451] It
was found in Brittany.
Some of the Brittany celts like Fig. 120 have one ring-
ornament on each face, composed of two concentric circles
and a central pellet.
On a celt found at Cayton Carr, Yorkshire, and in the
collection of Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., there is a double row of
ring ornaments at the end of the three ribs. Below the
principal moulding at the top of the celt is a band of four
raised beads by way of additional ornament. It is shown in
Fig. 138. A nearly similar specimen is in the Museum of the
Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-on-Tyne.
In a very remarkable specimen from Lakenheath,[452]
Suffolk, preserved in the British Museum and engraved as Fig.
139, there are three lines formed of rather oval pellets,
terminating in ring ornaments, and alternating with them two
plain beaded ribs ending in small pellets. There are traces of
a cable moulding round the neck above.
 Fig. 139.—Lakenheath. ½ Fig. 140.—Thames. ½
Fig. 141.—Kingston. ½

In another variety, also in the British Museum, and shown

in Fig. 140, the three ribs ending in ring ornaments spring
from a transverse bead, between which and the moulding
round the mouth are two other vertical beads, about midway
of the spaces between the lower ribs. It is probable that this
celt was found in the Thames.
Another of remarkably analogous character was certainly
found in the Thames near Kingston,[453] and is now in the
Museum of the Society of Antiquaries. It is shown in Fig. 141.
On it are only two descending ribs, ending in ring ornaments,
the pellets in the centre of which are almost invisible; but
above the transverse bead are three ascending ribs, which
alternate with those that descend. All these ribs are double
instead of single.
 Fig. 142.—Kingston. ½

In some rare instances there are ring ornaments both at

the top and at the bottom of the vertical lines, as is seen on
one of the faces of the curious celt shown in Fig. 142, where
the usual ribs are replaced by rows of two or three slightly
raised lines. On the other face it will be seen that the
ornamentation is of a different character, with one ring
ornament at top and three below, the two outer of which are
connected with ribs diverging from two curved lines above.
The original was found, with three others less ornamented, at
Kingston,[454] Surrey, and is in the British Museum.
A nearly similar celt from Scotland is described at page
137.
In another very rare specimen the vertical lines are
replaced by two double chevrons of pellets, the upper one
reversed. There is still a ring ornament at the base, and lines
of pellets running down the margins of the blade. This
specimen, shown in Fig. 143, was found in the Thames,[455]
and is in the collection of Mr. T. Layton, F.S.A.
In another equally rare form there is a treble ring
ornament at the bottom of a single central beaded rib, and at
the top two “flanches,” represented by double lines, as shown
in Fig. 144. The neck of this celt is in section a flattened
hexagon. It was found at Givendale, near Pocklington,
Yorkshire, E. R., and is now in the British Museum.
In the celt shown in Fig. 145 the central rib terminates in
a pellet, and there are three curved ribs on either side. In this
case the section of the neck of the blade is nearly circular.
The specimen is in the British Museum, and was probably
found near Cambridge, as it formed part of the late Mr.
Lichfield’s collection. A celt ornamented in the same manner,
but without the central rib, was found near Mildenhall,
Suffolk, and is in the collection of Mr. H. Prigg.

Fig. 143.—Thames. Fig. 144.—Givendale. ½

Fig. 145.—Cambridge. ½
Fig. 146.—Blandford. ½

Another (4 inches), also in the British Museum, has two

ribs on each margin, parallel to the sides, as seen in Fig. 146.
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