Curso

Módulo: Projecto AVAC – Dimensionamento e Selecção

Formador Joao Sousa

Data 2019
 HVAC System Control
period one
Fundamentals of Automatic Control
 Terminology

controlled
variable

airflow
sensor

controller
controlled
device
controlled
agent
 Open Loop

outdoor-air
sensor

airflow

controller
chilled
water
valve
 Closed Loop

discharge-air
temperature sensor

airflow

controller
valve
chilled
water
 Control Reset

discharge-air
outdoor-air
temperature sensor
sensor

airflow

controller
valve

chilled
water
 Control "Points"

• Binary input point (BIP)

– Examples: fan status (on/off), dirty filter
• Binary output point (BOP)
– Examples: start/stop fan or pump, open/close
damper
• Analog input point (AIP)
– Examples: temperature, pressure, airflow
• Analog output point (AOP)
– Examples: control valve or damper position,
temperature setpoint
 Types of Control Action

• Two-position (on/off)
• Floating
• Proportional
• Proportional–Integral (PI)
• Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID)
controlled-variable controller output
Two-Position (On/Off)

100%

0%

A on
+ 5°F
deviation

0°F setpoint differential

B
- 5°F
off

time
controlled-variable controller output
Floating

100%

0%

switch differential
A B open
+ 5°F
deviation

stop
0°F setpoint differential
D stop
- 5°F
C close

time
controlled-variable controller output
Proportional

100%

0%

+ 5°F
deviation

A offset
throttling
0°F setpoint
range
- 5°F

time
 controlled-variable controller output
deviation

+ 5°F

0°F
100%

- 5°F
0%

setpoint

time
B
Integral
controlled-variable controller output
Proportional–Integral (PI)

PI
100%

integral proportional
0%

+ 5°F
deviation

0°F setpoint

- 5°F

time
 controlled-variable controller output
deviation

+ 5°F

0°F
100%

- 5°F
0%

A
B

setpoint
C

time
Derivative
 Proportional–Integral–Derivative
(PID)
controlled-variable controller output

PID
100%
PI

derivative
0%

+ 5°F
deviation

0°F setpoint

- 5°F

time
Comparison of Control Actions
controlled-variable deviation

offset
PID
setpoint
PI overshoot

time
 Controller Technologies

• Pneumatic
• Analog-electric
• Microprocessor-based
Pneumatic Control System

pressure-
reducing valve
main line
compressor
air branch line
air
drier filter

controller
storage
tank controlled
device

drain
 Pneumatic Controller

bimetal
element

nozzle flapper
set
screw

main orifice branch

line line
Pneumatic Controlled Device

actuator
chamber
branch line
valve
stem
diaphragm
spring
plug

valve
seat
Analog-Electric Controller
Electronic Controlled Device

actuator

valve
stem

plug

valve
seat
Microprocessor-Based Controller
DDC Controlled Device
 Comparison of Technologies

Pneumatic Microprocessor-
• No communication based
capabilities • Allows system-wide
• Expensive and communication
complicated to provide • Fewer hardware
complex control components
strategies
• Easily accommodates
• Inherently proportional complex control
• Extensive maintenance strategies
requirements • Provides many types of
control action
• Fewer maintenance
requirements
 HVAC System Control
period two
Automatic Control of HVAC Systems

© American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Control of an HVAC System

building
management

system-level
control

unit-level control
 Benefits of Unit-Level Control

• Stand-alone control
• Safeties, alarms, and diagnostics
• Installed, tested, and commissioned in
factory

unit-level control
Unit-Level Control
 VAV air handler
Discharge-Temperature Control
Loop

discharge-air
temperature sensor

valve

controller
 VAV air handler
Ventilation Control Loop

return-air damper

outdoor-air
damper

controller
 VAV air handler
Economizer Control Loop

outdoor-air
temperature sensor controller
 VAV air handler
Mixed-Air-Temperature Control
Loop

mixed-air temperature sensor

controller
 VAV air handler
Static-Pressure Control Loop

duct static-
supply fan pressure sensor

controller
 VAV air handler
Building-Pressure Control Loop
relief fan
indoor-
pressure
sensor
outdoor-
pressure
sensor

controller
 VAV air handler
Pneumatic Controls

main line controllers

 Equipment Protection

unit-
level
controlle
r
air-cooled
water chiller
System-Level Control

system-level
control

unit-level control
 Chilled-Water VAV System

cooling VAV terminal

tower units

VAV air
handler

exhaust fan
water-cooled pumps
chiller
system-level
controller

boiler
 System-Level Operating Modes

Occupied Mode Unoccupied Mode

• Terminal units maintain • Terminal units maintain
“occupied” setpoints “unoccupied” setpoints
• Outdoor-air damper • Outdoor-air damper is
delivers proper amount of closed
ventilation air • Supply fan, cooling coil,
• Air is cooled or heated to and heating coil operate
desired setpoint only as needed
• Supply fan operates
continuously, modulating
to maintain system static-
pressure setpoint
 Rooftop VAV System

packaged rooftop VAV terminal

air conditioner units

system-level
controller
 Morning Warm-Up

system system
on off

occupie
d
setpoint zone
occupied hours temperatur
unoccupie e
d
setpoint

6 AM Noon 6 PM
 Air-Cooled Chiller, Fan-Coil
System
dedicated
outdoor-air unit

fan-coil
units

air-cooled
system-level chiller
controller

pumps
boiler
 Two-Pipe Changeover
Requirements
140°F
(60°C)
supply-water temperature

deadband
120°F
(49°C) 15°F
hot water (8°C)

80°F
(27°C)
30°F
(17°C)
40°F
(4°C) chilled water
0°F 20°F 40°F 60°F 80°F
(-18°C) (-7°C) (4°C) (16°C) (27°C)
outdoor dry-bulb
 Water-Source Heat-Pump
System
exhaust fan
cooling
tower
dedicated
outdoor-air unit
pumps

water-source
boiler heat pumps

system-level controller
 Loop Temperature Control

cooling tower
off
pumps on

boiler off

heat pumps in
heat pumps in heating mode
cooling mode
 System Optimization

system-level
control

unit-level control
 VAV system
Fan-Pressure Optimization

damper
static- position
pressure s
supply
fan sensor

fan speed or
inlet-vane
position
VAV
system-level terminal units
controller
 rooftop VAV system
Optimum Start

time clock

optimum
occupie start
d
setpoint zone
temperatur
occupied hours e
unoccupie
d
setpoint

6 AM Noon 6 PM
 air-cooled chiller, fan-coil system
Chilled-Water Reset

air-cooled
chiller leaving-water
temperature
47°F
(8.3°C)
constant-
volume coil
pump54°F
(12.2°C)

valve
position system-level
controller
 water-source heat-pump system
Optimized Loop Control
100
combined energy use, kW

90 coolin
g
80 tower

70 heat
pump
60 s

50
90°F optimized
(32°C) control
loop water-temperature setpoint
 failure recovery
Sequences of Operation

chiller-plant
controller
 failure recovery
Stand-Alone Operation
heat pump with
unit-level controller

system-level
controller
thermostat
 failure recovery
Selection of Controlled Devices
• Normally-closed actuator
• Normally-open actuator
• Position-maintained actuator
 HVAC System Control
period three
Building Automation Systems

© American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

Building Management

building
management

system-level
control

unit-level control
Responding to Comfort
Complaints
Graphical User Interface
Time-of-Day Scheduling
Centralized Alarms and
Diagnostics
 Remote Access

• Alarm notification
• Dial-in access
 Reports

• Trend logs
• Alarm activity
• Building energy
use
• After-hours
tenant
occupancy
• Equipment
diagnostics and
performance
Preventive Maintenance
Integration with Other Systems

return-
air
damper

smoke-
control
dampers

normal HVAC operation smoke-control

operation
 Connecting Multiple Sites

• Centralized
monitoring
• Diagnose or
predict problems
with systems
• Combine energy
usage for
negotiating
energy contracts
 HVAC System Control
period four
Interoperability

© American Standard Inc. 2002 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC017-EN

 Network

node node

node server

node
 Dedicated Versus Shared
Networks
• Dedicated network
– Easier to design and install
– More expensive
• Shared network
– Less expensive (shares infrastructure)
– More difficult to ensure security
 LAN Versus WAN

building A building B

router router
 Intranet Versus Internet

building A building B

router router

firewall

Internet
 "Tiered" BAS Architecture

PC workstation
LAN for
system controllers
HVAC
system lighting
controller LAN for system
unit controller
controllers fire- security
protection system
system controlle
controller r

equipment with unit

controllers
 Communications Protocols

• Proprietary
– Used, produced, or marketed under exclusive
legal right of an individual or organization
• Open
– Available to public domain and is shared among
vendors
• Standard
– Open protocol that has been formalized by a
governing body
 Gateways

PC workstation
proprietary protocol
LAN
gateways
lightin
HVAC fire
proprietary g
protocol LAN protectio securit
gateways n y
 System-Level Interoperability

PC workstation
open, standard protocol
LAN

lightin
HVAC fire
proprietary g
protocol LAN protectio securit
gateways n y
 Unit-Level Interoperability

PC workstation
proprietary protocol
LAN
gateways
lightin
HVAC fire
open, standard g
protocol LAN protectio securit
n y
 Interchangeability

• Plug-and-play
• Standard object
types Binary input
Binary output
– Analog input
– Analog output Binary value
– Analog value Loop
– Multi-state input Command
– Multi-state output File
– Device Calendar
– Event enrollment Schedule
– Notification class Program
– Trend
– Group
 LonTalk

• LonMark functional profiles

– Boiler controller Rooftop unit
controller
– Chilled ceiling controller
– Chiller Space-comfort
controller
– CO2 sensor
Temperature
– Damper actuator sensor
– Discharge-air controller
Thermostat
– Fan-coil controller
Unit-ventilator
– Heat pump controller
– Lighting-panel controller Variable-speed
– Occupancy sensor motor drive
– Pressure sensor VAV controller
 "Tiered" BAS Architecture

PC workstation

BACnet protocol

lightin
HVAC fire
g
LonTalk protocol protectio securit
n y
"Flat" BAS Architecture

PC workstation

open, standard protocol LAN

HVAC System Control
period five
Review
 Review—Period One

controlled
variable

airflow
sensor

controller
controlled
device
controlled
agent
Review—Period Two

building
management

system-level
control

unit-level control
 Review—Period Three

• Building
automation system
functions
– Respond to
comfort
complaints
– Centralize
scheduling
– Receive alarms
and diagnostics
– Provide remote
access
 Review—Period Four

PC workstation
LAN for
system controllers

lightin
HVAC LAN for fire
unit
g
controllers protectio securit
n y
 Notas finais

• Os conteúdos deste manual de formação são da

exclusiva responsabilidade do formador.
• As fontes mencionadas foram fornecidas pelos
autores.
• Os direitos são cedidos pelo autor ao ISQ para
efeitos de formação.
Contacto do formador
JOAO SOUSA
[email protected]
919483202