i u

e
a

(C.)(C.)(C.)V(C.)(C.)
Antepenultimate stress

Enabled clusters: 200

Can occur only at the end of a word

m n p
m m:
n n:
p p:
pʰ
t
tʰ
k kn kp
kʰ
kʷ
q qn
qʰ
b
bʰ
d
dʰ
g gm gn
gʰ
gʷ gʷm
r rm rn rp
l lm ln lp
j jm jn jp
h hm hp
hʷ hʷm
s sm sp
 m n
p t k q
pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ
s kʷ
b d g
bʰ dʰ gʰ
gʷ
r l j h
hʷ

pʰ t tʰ k kʰ kʷ
mt mtʰ
nt ntʰ nk nkʰ nkʷ
pt pk pkʷ
p:ʰ pʰtʰ pʰkʰ
t: tk tkʷ
tʰpʰ t:ʰ tʰkʰ
kt k:
kʰpʰ kʰtʰ k:ʰ
k:ʷ
qt
qʰpʰ qʰtʰ

rpʰ rt rtʰ rk rkʰ rkʷ

lpʰ lt ltʰ
jpʰ jt jtʰ jk jkʰ jkʷ
hpʰ ht htʰ hk hkʰ hkʷ
hʷt hʷk hʷkʰ hʷkʷ
st sk skʰ skʷ
q qʰ b bʰ d dʰ
mb mbʰ
nq nqʰ nd ndʰ
pq
pʰqʰ
tq
tʰqʰ

q:
qʰ:
b: bd
b:ʰ bʰdʰ
db d:
d:ʰ
gb gd
gʰbʰ gʰdʰ
gʷb gʷbʰ gʷd gʷdʰ
rq rqʰ rb rbʰ rd rdʰ
lb lbʰ ld ldʰ
jq jqʰ jb jbʰ jd jdʰ
hq hqʰ hb hbʰ
hʷb hʷbʰ hʷd hʷdʰ
g gʰ gʷ r l j
ml mj
ng ngʰ ngʷ nj
pr pl pj
pʰj
tr tl tj
tʰj
kr kl kj
kʰj
kʷj
qr ql

bg bgʷ br bl bj
bʰgʰ bʰj
dg dgʷ dr dl dj
dʰgʰ dʰj
g: gr gl gj
g:ʰ gʰj
g:ʷ gʷj
rg rgʰ rgʷ r: rl rj
lg lgʰ lgʷ l: lj
jg jgʰ jgʷ jl j:
hgʷ hr hl hj
hʷgʷ
sr
h hʷ s
ms
ns
ps

th thʷ

kh khʷ ks

kʷh kʷhʷ
qh qhʷ

bh bhʷ

dh dhʷ

gh ghʷ

gʷh gʷhʷ
rh rs
lh ls
jh
h:
h:ʷ
 English
about (prep.)
animal
apple
around (dst prep.)
around (loc prep.)
big
blue
brave
brown/orange
carrot
chestnut
child
cold
deep
deer
dirt
dog
eagle
eye
falcon
fat (noun)
fire
flower
green
hill
horse
hot
house
in (dst prep.)
in (loc prep.)
lake
large
man
name
outside of (dst prep.)
outside of (loc prep.)
peach
place
potato
rain
raspberry
river
roof/ceiling
rye
salt
salty
 sea
shy
skies
small
stone
strawberry
sunlight
surface
sweet
to answer
to arrive
to ask
to be born
to be called
to catch
to chase
to cry
to entrap
to escape
to fall
to find
to fly
to give birth to
to grow
to hear
to hit the road
to hunt
to kill
to know
to make
to move
to name
to place
to run
to search for
to shout
to sleep
to stand
to stay
to wake up
tool
tree
wall
water
wheat
wind
wolf
woman
yellow
Proto-Langue Gender/Class
úl + G Preposition
gúkʰar Animate Unaspirated
muláma Animate Vow.
qáh + A Preposition
qáh + L Preposition
nullábur Adj. -abur
mumásur Adj. -asur
elásur Adj. -asur
napmésur Adj. -esur
káme Animate Vow.
humáme Animate Vow.
rúba Animate Vow.
umásur Adj. -asur
dʰapʰésus Adj. -esus
nápam Animate Unaspirated
áhʷtu Inanimate Vow.
dáruk Animate Unaspirated
súgur Animate Unaspirated
hérgʷ Animate Lab.
qʰuru Animate Vow.
tʰúm Animate Unaspirated
qúhes Animate Unaspirated
bráqʰa Animate Vow.
pintásur Adj. -asur
húdrat Inanimate Voiceless
pánet Animate Unaspirated
qullésus Adj. -esus
gʷód Inanimate Voiced
é+A Preposition
+L Preposition
kʷénad Inanimate Voiced
bʰetrésur Adj. -esur
mjádʰ Animate Asp.
mjálem Verb -em
áher + G Preposition
áher + L Preposition
uqáma Animate Vow.
méne Inanimate Vow.
qʰámam Animate Unaspirated
ilágʷ Inanimate Voiced
gómes Animate Unaspirated
arsúq Animate Unaspirated
lugáqa Inanimate Vow.
málu Animate Vow.
gʷéh Inanimate Voiced
gʷésus Adj. -esus
 nullásuq Inanimate Vow.
mahrábur Adj. -abur
nulgáqun Animate Unaspirated
ehʷtásur Adj. -asur
knám Inanimate Nas.
jaména Animate Vow.
súm Animate Unaspirated
ukʷúma Inanimate Vow.
kamásur Adj. -asur
uhúmem Verb -em
lumádʰim Verb -im
bʰárem Verb -em
násim Verb -im
láttur Verb -ur
emúsur Verb -ur
pesámim Verb -im
usturámem Verb -em
halmúsur Verb -ur
súmpem Verb -em
sagákʷur Verb -ur
úqu Verb -u
síkʷur Verb -ur
nésim Verb -im
gúhrim Verb -im
máhʷu Verb -u
siládem Verb -em
húsim Verb -im
bʰásim Verb -im
gémur Verb -ur
dulámim Verb -im
pʰarqúlem Verb -em
lámem Verb -em
menémim Verb -im
pésur Verb -ur
gʰádur Verb -ur
astirémim Verb -im
pʰáttur Verb -ur
akʷásim Verb -im
muhʷúrem Verb -em
hulamámur Verb -ur
erúma Inanimate Vow.
qʰé Animate Vow.
pʰemélu Inanimate Vow.
súqu Inanimate Vow.
hládu Animate Vow.
urúham Animate Unaspirated
muméha Animate Vow.
hlúma Animate Vow.
peptésus Adj. -esus
 Othe

may hav

later distin

may have th

may have been

usable for the seeab

 only the

has the mea

Nouns
Animate
Aspirated stem
Singular Paucal
Nom Cʰ -er
Acc -a -ej
Dat -es -eras
Gen -e -ere
Inst -am -em
Com -an -en
Loc -as -ese
Voc -i -ej

Unaspirated stem
Singular Paucal
Nom C -us
Acc -e -use
Dat -em -usem
Gen -e -use
Inst -eme -use
Com -ema -usa
Loc -u -usur
Voc -i -usir

Labialized stem
Singular Paucal
Nom Cʷ -er
Acc -u -ur
Dat -usum -er
Gen -us -er
Inst -is -urus
Com -is -er
Loc -us -es
Voc -e -ej

Vowel stem
Singular Paucal
Nom V -r
Acc -j -raj
Dat -m -ram
Gen -s -ras
Inst -me -rame
Com -se -rase
Loc -n -ran
Voc -je -re

Inanimate
Nasal stem
Singular Paucal
 Nom N -aren
Acc -a -arna
Dat -e -arne
Gen -un -arnun
Inst -um -arnum
Com -uq -anurq
Loc -urn -arn
Voc -i -arni

Voiced stem
Singular Paucal
Nom C+ -ide
Acc -i -ideji
Dat -id -idedi
Gen -is -idesi
Inst -ine -idine
Com -ina -idina
Loc -in -idin
Voc -e -ide

Voiceless stem
Singular Paucal
Nom C- -uru
Acc -a -ura
Dat -ad -urad
Gen -as -uras
Inst -am -uram
Com -ama -urama
Loc -an -uran
Voc -u -uru

Vowel stem
Singular Paucal
Nom V -d
Acc -a -da
Dat -e -de
Gen -sa -dasa
Inst -se -dase
Com -san -dan
Loc -saman -daman
Voc -i -di

Adjectives
-abur
Animate
Singular Paucal Plural
Nom -abur -apsur -
Acc -aber -apsir -a
Dat -aser -apser -e
Gen -abun -aksun -es
Inst -abuj -aksuj -em
 Com -abum -aksum -en
Loc -aban -aksan -emis
Voc -abi -aksi -i

-asur
Animate
Singular Paucal Plural
Nom -asur -umur -en
Acc -aser -umer -a
Dat -as -us -e
Gen -asun -usun -as
Inst -asej -usej -am
Com -asem -usem -an
Loc -asi -usi -amis
Voc -i -is -ej

-esur
Animate
Singular Paucal Plural
Nom -esur -arem -ar
Acc -er -erem -er
Dat -em -enem -en
Gen -es -esem -esum
Inst -um -unem -un
Com -umer -umrem -usem
Loc -i -imem -im
Voc -e -ejem -ej

-esus
Animate
Singular Paucal Plural
Nom -esus -ekʷus -ehʷ
Acc -u -ekʷu -uhʷ
Dat -e -ekʷe -ehʷ
Gen -es -ekʷes -esehʷ
Inst -um -ekʷum -uhʷum
Com -umes -ekʷume -uhʷes
Loc -a -ekʷa -ahʷ
Voc -i -ekʷi -ihʷ

Pronouns
Personal
1P
Singular Paucal
Nom men mukʷen
Acc mu mukʷu
Dat mem mukʷem
Gen mes muks
Inst mehu mekʷu
Com mehum mekʷus
Loc mehi mekʷi
Voc -

3P/a
Singular Paucal
Nom hun hugen
Acc hunna hugan
Dat hunne huge
Gen hus huks
Inst hum humes
Com hume hukse
Loc hi hiks
Voc -
Plural Collective "man" Singular
-ir -ame Nom mjadʰ
-ija -ama Acc mjadʰa
-is -ames Dat mjadʰes
-i -ame Gen mjadʰe
-im -amam Inst mjadʰam
-in -aman Com mjadʰan
-is -amas Loc mjadʰas
-ij -ami Voc mjadʰi

Plural Collective "dog" Singular

-uj -arum Nom daruk
-uje -are Acc daruke
-ujem -ame Dat darukem
-ujes -ere Gen daruke
-usej -amam Inst darukeme
-usaj -aman Com darukema
-usuj -ames Loc daruku
-usij -aji Voc daruki

Plural Collective "eye" Singular

-ur -ese Nom hergʷ
-ura -esu Acc hergʷu
-is -esim Dat hergʷusum
-i -esis Gen hergʷus
-um -esem Inst hergʷis
-un -esen Com hergʷis
-is -eses Loc hergʷus
-uj -esi Voc hergʷe

Plural Collective "flower" Singular

-gʰ -s Nom braqʰa
-gʰej -saj Acc braqʰaj
-gʰem -sum Dat braqʰam
-gʰes -sus Gen braqʰas
-gʰeme -sume Inst braqʰame
-gʰese -suse Com braqʰase
-gʰen -sun Loc braqʰan
-gʰe -se Voc braqʰaje

Plural Collective "stone" Singular

 -i -iser Nom knam
-ina -isar Acc knama
-ine -iser Dat kname
-inun -isur Gen knamun
-ijum -isumur Inst knamum
-ijuq -isuqur Com knamuq
-ijun -isunur Loc knamurn
-ini -isri Voc knami

Plural Collective "lake" Singular

-eg -edur Nom kʷenad
-egi -edri Acc kʷenadi
-ege -ed Dat kʷenadid
-eges -edris Gen kʷenadis
-egen -edren Inst kʷenadine
-egena -edran Com kʷenadina
-egin -edrin Loc kʷenadin
-ege -eder Voc kʷenade

Plural Collective "hill" Singular

-ah -ase Nom hudrat
-aha -asa Acc hudrata
-ahad -asad Dat hudratad
-ahas -asah Gen hudratas
-aham -asam Inst hudratam
-ahama -amas Com hudratama
-ahan -anas Loc hudratan
-ahe -us Voc hudratu

Plural Collective "tool" Singular

-er -ku Nom eruma
-edar -ka Acc eruma
-eder -kʷe Dat erume
-edas -kas Gen erumasa
-edes -kʷes Inst erumase
-edan -kan Com erumasan
-eman -kʷen Loc erumasaman
-e -kʷi Voc erumi

Inanimate
Collective Singular Paucal Plural Collective
-ahur -eksur -isur -epsa -urum
-aher -eksed -isir -epse -ure
-ahim -ekses -isider -epses -usum
-ahis -eksas -isidus -epsen -uren
-ahin -eksam -isidum -epsej -urej
 -ahime -eksama -isidur -epsem -usur
-ahem -eksan -isedi -epsan -usedi
-ahi -eksu -isidi -epsi -usi

Inanimate
Collective Singular Paucal Plural Collective
-ehur -imer -ahet -eler -ul
-eher -imera -ahat -elar -ule
-es -imes -ahetes -elas -ulum
-ehes -imsun -ahtun -elsun -uren
-em -imsem -ahtum -eltum -urej
-en -imen -ahmen -elmen -ulur
-emis -imsi -ahis -elsis -uledi
-ehi -e -ahe -ele -uli

Inanimate
Collective Singular Paucal Plural Collective
-ehur -esur -ehet -is -il
-eher -er -ehat -isil -ile
-es -em -ehtes -isedur -ilem
-ehes -es -ehtin -isedes -iren
-em -um -ehtim -isedum -irej
-en -umer -ehmen -isemer -iler
-emis -i -ehis -isedi -iledi
-ehi -e -eh -isede -eli

Inanimate
Collective Singular Paucal Plural Collective
-eq -esen -urqu -urqus -uril
-uq -esa -urqa -urqil -urile
-eq -ese -urqad -urqedur -urilem
-eseq -esun -urqas -urqes -uren
-umeq -esum -urqam -urqem -urej
-useq -esuq -urqama -urqer -urer
-aq -esuren -urqan -urqedi -uredi
-iq -esi -urqu -urqed -ure

2P
Plural Collective Singular
nuhen agʷen Nom hʷer
nuhsu agʷu Acc hru
nuhse agʷe Dat hre
nuhses agʷes Gen hres
nuhu agʷu Inst herum
nuhum agʷ Com hermes
nuhi agʷi Loc hera
- Voc hri

3P/i
Plural Collective Singular
eps nepsen Nom upes
epsa nepsan Acc upas
epse nepse Dat upe
epis nepis Gen upses
epsum nepsum Inst usem
epsem nepsem Com upsem
epsi nepsi Loc usi
- Voc -
 Paucal Plural Collective
mjadʰer mjadʰir mjadʰame
mjadʰej mjadʰija mjadʰama
mjadʰeras mjadʰis mjadʰames
mjadʰere mjadʰi mjadʰame
mjadʰem mjadʰim mjadʰamam
mjadʰen mjadʰin mjadʰaman
mjadʰese mjadʰis mjadʰamas
mjadʰej mjadʰij mjadʰami

Paucal Plural Collective

darukus darukuj darukarum
darukuse darukuje darukare
darukusem darukujem darukame
darukuse darukujes darukere
darukuse darukusej darukamam
darukusa darukusaj darukaman
darukusur darukusuj darukames
darukusir darukusij darukaji

Paucal Plural Collective

hergʷer hergʷur hergʷese
hergʷur hergʷura hergʷesu
hergʷer hergʷis hergʷesim
hergʷer hergʷi hergʷesis
hergʷurus hergʷum hergʷesem
hergʷer hergʷun hergʷesen
hergʷes hergʷis hergʷeses
hergʷej hergʷuj hergʷesi

Paucal Plural Collective

braqʰar braqʰagʰ braqʰas
braqʰaraj braqʰagʰej braqʰasaj
braqʰaram braqʰagʰem braqʰasum
braqʰaras braqʰagʰes braqʰasus
braqʰarame braqʰagʰeme braqʰasume
braqʰarase braqʰagʰese braqʰasuse
braqʰaran braqʰagʰen braqʰasun
braqʰare braqʰagʰe braqʰase

Paucal Plural Collective

 knamaren knami knamiser
knamarna knamina knamisar
knamarne knamine knamiser
knamarnun knaminun knamisur
knamarnum knamijum knamisumur
knamanurq knamijuq knamisuqur
knamarn knamijun knamisunur
knamarni knamini knamisri

Paucal Plural Collective

kʷenadide kʷenadeg kʷenadedur
kʷenadideji kʷenadegi kʷenadedri
kʷenadidedi kʷenadege kʷenaded
kʷenadidesi kʷenadeges kʷenadedris
kʷenadidine kʷenadegen kʷenadedren
kʷenadidina kʷenadegena kʷenadedran
kʷenadidin kʷenadegin kʷenadedrin
kʷenadide kʷenadege kʷenadeder

Paucal Plural Collective

hudraturu hudratah hudratase
hudratura hudrataha hudratasa
hudraturad hudratahad hudratasad
hudraturas hudratahas hudratasah
hudraturam hudrataham hudratasam
hudraturama hudratahama hudratamas
hudraturan hudratahan hudratanas
hudraturu hudratahe hudratus

Paucal Plural Collective

erumad erumer erumaku
erumada erumedar erumaka
erumade erumeder erumakʷe
erumadasa erumedas erumakas
erumadase erumedes erumakʷes
erumadan erumedan erumakan
erumadaman erumeman erumakʷen
erumadi erume erumakʷi

"shy" Animate
Singular Paucal Plural
Nom mahrabur mahrapsur mahr
Acc mahraber mahrapsir mahra
Dat mahraser mahrapser mahre
Gen mahrabun mahraksun mahres
Inst mahrabuj mahraksuj mahrem
 Com mahrabum mahraksum mahren
Loc mahraban mahraksan mahremis
Voc mahrabi mahraksi mahri

"brave" Animate
Singular Paucal Plural
Nom elasur elumur elen
Acc elaser elumer ela
Dat elas elus ele
Gen elasun elusun elas
Inst elasej elusej elam
Com elasem elusem elan
Loc elasi elusi elamis
Voc eli elis elej

"large" Animate
Singular Paucal Plural
Nom bʰetresur bʰetrarem bʰetrar
Acc bʰetrer bʰetrerem bʰetrer
Dat bʰetrem bʰetrenem bʰetren
Gen bʰetres bʰetresem bʰetresum
Inst bʰetrum bʰetrunem bʰetrun
Com bʰetrumer bʰetrumrem bʰetrusem
Loc bʰetri bʰetrimem bʰetrim
Voc bʰetre bʰetrejem bʰetrej

"deep" Animate
Singular Paucal Plural
Nom dʰapʰesus dʰapʰekʷus dʰapʰehʷ
Acc dʰapʰu dʰapʰekʷu dʰapʰuhʷ
Dat dʰapʰe dʰapʰekʷe dʰapʰehʷ
Gen dʰapʰes dʰapʰekʷes dʰapʰesehʷ
Inst dʰapʰum dʰapʰekʷum dʰapʰuhʷum
Com dʰapʰumes dʰapʰekʷume dʰapʰuhʷes
Loc dʰapʰa dʰapʰekʷa dʰapʰahʷ
Voc dʰapʰi dʰapʰekʷi dʰapʰihʷ

Paucal Plural Collective

gʷeh tuhen badʰur
gʷuh tuhsu badʰu
gʷe tuhse badʰe
gʷes tuhses badʰes
grum tuhu badrum
grmes tuhum barmes
grma tuhi badra
 gir tuj badʰi

Paucal Plural Collective

upru urqus lades
upras urqa ladas
upre urqe lade
upres urqes ladses
uprem urqem ladem
upre urqe ladsem
upri uriq ladi
-
 Inanimate
Collective Singular Paucal Plural Collective
mahrahur mahreksur mahrisur mahrepsa mahrurum
mahraher mahreksed mahrisir mahrepse mahrure
mahrahim mahrekses mahrisider mahrepses mahrusum
mahrahis mahreksas mahrisidus mahrepsen mahruren
mahrahin mahreksam mahrisidum mahrepsej mahrurej
mahrahime mahreksama mahrisidur mahrepsem mahrusur
mahrahem mahreksan mahrisedi mahrepsan mahrusedi
mahrahi mahreksu mahrisidi mahrepsi mahrusi

Inanimate
Collective Singular Paucal Plural Collective
elehur elimer elahet eleler elul
eleher elimera elahat elelar elule
eles elimes elahetes elelas elulum
elehes elimsun elahtun elelsun eluren
elem elimsem elahtum eleltum elurej
elen elimen elahmen elelmen elulur
elemis elimsi elahis elelsis eluledi
elehi ele elahe elele eluli

Inanimate
Collective Singular Paucal Plural Collective
bʰetrehur bʰetresur bʰetrehet bʰetris bʰetril
bʰetreher bʰetrer bʰetrehat bʰetrisil bʰetrile
bʰetres bʰetrem bʰetrehtes bʰetrisedur bʰetrilem
bʰetrehes bʰetres bʰetrehtin bʰetrisedes bʰetriren
bʰetrem bʰetrum bʰetrehtim bʰetrisedum bʰetrirej
bʰetren bʰetrumer bʰetrehmen bʰetrisemer bʰetriler
bʰetremis bʰetri bʰetrehis bʰetrisedi bʰetriledi
bʰetrehi bʰetre bʰetreh bʰetrisede bʰetreli

Inanimate
Collective Singular Paucal Plural Collective
dʰapʰeq dʰapʰesen dʰapʰurqu dʰapʰurqus dʰapʰuril
dʰapʰuq dʰapʰesa dʰapʰurqa dʰapʰurqil dʰapʰurile
dʰapʰeq dʰapʰese dʰapʰurqad dʰapʰurqedur dʰapʰurilem
dʰapʰeseq dʰapʰesun dʰapʰurqas dʰapʰurqes dʰapʰuren
dʰapʰumeq dʰapʰesum dʰapʰurqam dʰapʰurqem dʰapʰurej
dʰapʰuseq dʰapʰesuq dʰapʰurqama dʰapʰurqer dʰapʰurer
dʰapʰaq dʰapʰesuren dʰapʰurqan dʰapʰurqedi dʰapʰuredi
dʰapʰiq dʰapʰesi dʰapʰurqu dʰapʰurqed dʰapʰure
Stem formation
Infinitive Present Impf. Past Pf. Past

-em - -am -aks

-im -em -is -iks

-u - -er -ar

-ur -ren -eren -aren

Suffixes
Singular Paucal Plural
1P -im -uks -imi
2P -is -iks -imis
3P -it -eks -imit

Modal suffixes
Intransitive -
Indicative
Transitive -eg
Intransitive -esi
Subjunctive
Transitive -esig
Intransitive -as
Hypothetical
Transitive -asir
Intransitive -ugur
Optative
Transitive -ugir
Intransitive -is
Imperative
Transitive -isir
 Future "to ask" Infinitive Present
bʰarem bʰar
-eks
"to grow" Infinitive Present
-eps guhrim guhrem

-as "to hear" Infinitive Present

mahʷu mahʷ
-es
"to know" Infinitive Present
gemur gemren

Collective "to ask" Singular Paucal

-em 1P bʰarim bʰaruks
-es 2P bʰaris bʰariks
-et 3P bʰarit bʰareks

"if may ask" Singular Paucal

1P bʰarasim bʰarasuks
2P bʰarasis bʰarasiks
3P bʰarasit bʰaraseks

"if asked" Singular Paucal

1P bʰaramasim bʰaramasuks
2P bʰaramasis bʰaramasiks
3P bʰaramasit bʰaramaseks
 Impf. Past Pf. Past Future
bʰaram bʰaraks bʰareks

Impf. Past Pf. Past Future

guhris guhriks guhreps

Impf. Past Pf. Past Future

mahʷer mahʷar mahʷas

Impf. Past Pf. Past Future

gemeren gemaren gemes

Plural Collective
bʰarimi bʰarem
bʰarimis bʰares
bʰarimit bʰaret

Plural Collective
bʰarasimi bʰarasem
bʰarasimis bʰarases
bʰarasimit bʰaraset

Plural Collective
bʰaramasimi bʰaramasem
bʰaramasimis bʰaramases
bʰaramasimit bʰaramaset