DBMS: Triggers & JDBC

Akhilesh Arya
 Triggers
• A trigger is a set of SQL statements that
reside in system memory with unique names
• It is a specialized category of stored
procedure that is called automatically when a
database server event occurs
• Each trigger is always associated with a table
Cont..
• The following are the main characteristics
that distinguish triggers from stored
procedures:
– We cannot manually execute/invoked triggers
– Triggers have no chance of receiving parameters
– A transaction cannot be committed or rolled back
inside a trigger
Components of trigger
Syntax:
create trigger [trigger_name]
[before | after] (timing)
[insert | update | delete] (event)
on [table_name]
[for each row]
[trigger_body] {SQL statements}
• create trigger [trigger_name]: Creates or replaces an existing
trigger with the trigger_name.
• [before | after]: This specifies when the trigger will be
executed.
• [insert | update | delete]: This specifies the DML operation.
• [table_name]: This specifies the name of the table associated
with the trigger.
• [for each row]: This specifies a row-level trigger, i.e., the
trigger will be executed for each row being affected.
• [trigger_body]: This provides the operation to be performed
as trigger is fired (SQL statements)
 #Before insert trigger
delimiter //
create trigger age_verify
before insert on customers
for each row
if new.age<0 then set new.age=0;
end if;
//
 #After insert trigger
delimiter //
create trigger check_null_dob
after insert
on employees
for each row
begin
if new.birthdate is null then
insert into message(message_id, message)
values(new.id, concat('Hi', new.name, 'please update your date of
birth.')
end if;
//
 #Before update trigger
delimiter @@
create trigger upd_trigger
before update
on employees
for each row
begin
if new.salary=10000 then
set new.salary=85000;
elseif new.salary<10000 then
set new.salary=72000;
end if;
@@
 #Before delete trigger
delimiter //
create trigger salary_delete
before delete
on salary
for each row
begin
insert into salarydel(eid, valid_from, amount)
values(old.eid,old.valid_from,old.amount);
end //
 ODBC
• ODBC stands for Open Database Connectivity
• ODBC is an SQL-based Application Programming
Interface (API) created by Microsoft that is used by
Windows software applications to access databases via
SQL
• The main reason of using ODBC is its cross-platform
data access standard power.
 Components of ODBC
There are 4 main components of ODBC these are as follows :
• Application:
– This component basically calls ODBC function and submits SQL
statements.
• Driver Manager:
– The role of this component is to load driver for each application.
• Driver:
– Role of this component to handle all function calls and then
submits each SQL requests to a data source.
• Data Source:
– Role of this component to access data.
• User submit the request from Application
application to the driver manager

• Driver manager loads driver for each ODBC Driver

application Manager

ODBC Driver
• ODBC Driver processes ODBC activity
calls, sends SQL requests to a specific
data source and returns results in the
system.
Database
 JDBC
• JDBC is an SQL-based API created by Sun Microsystems to
enable Java applications to use SQL for database access.
• The JDBC classes are contained in the Java Package java.sql
and javax.sql.
JDBC helps you to write Java applications that manage these
three programming activities:
– Connect to a data source, like a database.
– Send queries and update statements to the database
– Retrieve and process the results received from the database in
answer to your query
 JDBC Architecture
Application
(JAVA, Servlet, applet etc.)

JDBC API

JDBC Driver Manager

JDBC Driver

SQL Data
Oracle
Server Source
Steps to connect JDBC?
1. Import the required package for the
corresponding database.
2. Load and register the JDBC drivers.
– First load then register the same
3. Establish the connection
4. Create a statement
5. Execute the query
6. Process the results
7. Close the connections
 ODBC JDBC
ODBC Stands for Open Database Connectivity. JDBC Stands for java database connectivity.

Introduced by Microsoft in 1992. Introduced by SUN Micro Systems in 1997.

We can use ODBC for any language like

We can use JDBC only for Java languages.
C,C++,Java etc.

We can choose ODBC only windows platform. We can Use JDBC in any platform.

Mostly ODBC Driver developed in native

JDBC is developed in JAVA language.
languages like C,C++.

For Java applications it is not recommended to use

For Java application it is highly recommended to
ODBC because performance will be down due to
use JDBC because there are no performance &
internal conversion and applications will become
platform dependent problem.
platform Dependent.

ODBC is procedural. JDBC is object oriented.