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This document covers the fundamentals of chemical reactions and equations, including their characteristics, types, and balancing methods. It explains key concepts such as oxidation, reduction, corrosion, and rancidity, along with advanced topics like stoichiometry and the limiting reagent. Additionally, it provides practice problems for students to apply their understanding.

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26 views4 pages

Module

This document covers the fundamentals of chemical reactions and equations, including their characteristics, types, and balancing methods. It explains key concepts such as oxidation, reduction, corrosion, and rancidity, along with advanced topics like stoichiometry and the limiting reagent. Additionally, it provides practice problems for students to apply their understanding.

Uploaded by

premkavnish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module: Chemical Reactions and Equations

Class 10 (NCERT-Based with Olympiad and IIT-JEE Foundation Topics)

1. Introduction to Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process where reactants transform into products with new properties. It
involves breaking and forming of chemical bonds, leading to energy changes.

Key Characteristics of a Chemical Reaction:

1. Change in State: Solid to gas, liquid to gas, etc.

2. Change in Color: E.g., Blue copper sulfate turns white on heating.

3. Evolution of Gas: Bubbles observed in reactions like acid + metal.

4. Formation of Precipitate: Insoluble solid formed in a solution.

5. Change in Temperature: Exothermic (heat released) or endothermic (heat absorbed).

2. Chemical Equations

A chemical equation represents a reaction using symbols and formulas. It must be balanced to satisfy
the Law of Conservation of Mass.

Steps to Balance a Chemical Equation:

1. Write the unbalanced equation.

2. Count the number of atoms of each element on both sides.

3. Use coefficients to balance the atoms.

4. Ensure all atoms are balanced.

Example 1:

Unbalanced Equation:
H2+O2→H2OH2+O2→H2O

Balanced Equation:
2H2+O2→2H2O2H2+O2→2H2O

Example 2:

Unbalanced Equation:
Fe+H2O→Fe3O4+H2Fe+H2O→Fe3O4+H2

Balanced Equation:
3Fe+4H2O→Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2O→Fe3O4+4H2

3. Types of Chemical Reactions


1. Combination Reaction:

Two or more substances combine to form a single product.


General Form: A+B→ABA+B→AB

Example:

2Mg+O2→2MgO2Mg+O2→2MgO

2. Decomposition Reaction:

A single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.


General Form: AB→A+BAB→A+B

Types of Decomposition:

1. Thermal Decomposition: Heat is required.


Example: 2Pb(NO3)2→2PbO+4NO2+O22Pb(NO3)2→2PbO+4NO2+O2

2. Electrolytic Decomposition: Electricity is used.


Example: 2H2O→Electricity2H2+O22H2OElectricity2H2+O2

3. Photochemical Decomposition: Light is required.


Example: 2AgBr→Light2Ag+Br22AgBrLight2Ag+Br2

3. Displacement Reaction:

A more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound.
General Form: A+BC→AC+BA+BC→AC+B

Example:

Zn+CuSO4→ZnSO4+CuZn+CuSO4→ZnSO4+Cu

4. Double Displacement Reaction:

Ions exchange between two compounds to form new compounds.


General Form: AB+CD→AD+CBAB+CD→AD+CB

Example:

Na2SO4+BaCl2→BaSO4+2NaClNa2SO4+BaCl2→BaSO4+2NaCl

5. Redox Reaction:

Oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons) occur simultaneously.

Example:

CuO+H2→Cu+H2OCuO+H2→Cu+H2O
• CuOCuO is reduced (gains H2H2).

• H2H2 is oxidized (loses electrons).

4. Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation:

• Loss of electrons.

• Gain of oxygen.

• Loss of hydrogen.

Reduction:

• Gain of electrons.

• Loss of oxygen.

• Gain of hydrogen.

Example:

Zn+CuSO4→ZnSO4+CuZn+CuSO4→ZnSO4+Cu

• ZnZn is oxidized (loses electrons).

• Cu2+Cu2+ is reduced (gains electrons).

5. Corrosion and Rancidity

Corrosion:

Gradual destruction of metals by chemical reactions with the environment.


Example: Rusting of iron (4Fe+3O2+6H2O→4Fe(OH)34Fe+3O2+6H2O→4Fe(OH)3).

Rancidity:

Oxidation of fats and oils in food, leading to a bad smell and taste.
Prevention: Use of antioxidants, refrigeration, and airtight containers.

6. Advanced Topics (Olympiad and IIT-JEE Foundation)

1. Stoichiometry:

Calculation of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

Example:

How many grams of O2O2 are required to burn 36g of CC?


Solution:
C+O2→CO2C+O2→CO2
1 mole of CC (12g) reacts with 1 mole of O2O2 (32g).
36g of CC requires 3212×36=96g1232×36=96g of O2O2.

2. Limiting Reagent:

The reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction.

Example:

If 2g of H2H2 reacts with 32g of O2O2, find the limiting reagent.


Solution:
2H2+O2→2H2O2H2+O2→2H2O
2g of H2H2 = 1 mole, 32g of O2O2 = 1 mole.
H2H2 is the limiting reagent.

3. Mole Concept:

1 mole = 6.022×10236.022×1023 particles.

Example:

Calculate the number of moles in 18g of H2OH2O.


Solution:
Molar mass of H2O=18g/molH2O=18g/mol.
Number of moles = 1818=11818=1 mole.

7. Practice Problems

1. Balance the equation:


NH3+O2→NO+H2ONH3+O2→NO+H2O

2. Identify the type of reaction:


AgNO3+NaCl→AgCl+NaNO3AgNO3+NaCl→AgCl+NaNO3

3. Calculate the mass of CO2CO2 produced when 24g of CC is burned.

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