Experiment No.

04
Objective:
To evaluate the value of voltages for a given power system by using nodal equations and by
using building block method on MATLAB.

Theory:
Definitions:
The definition of single line diagram, reactance diagram and admittance diagram is given
following:

Single Line Diagram:

In power engineering, a single-line diagram or single-line diagram (SLD) is a simplified
notation for being a three-phase power system. The single-line diagram has its largest
application in power flow studies.

Electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus bars, and
conductors are shown by standardized schematic symbols. Instead of being each of three
phases with a separate line or terminal, only one conductor is represented.

Reactance Diagram:
In power engineering, a reactance diagram shows the combined resistance of the component
or a device in a power system. For resistive components or devices, reactance will be real.
For capacitors and inductor component and devices, reactance will be imaginary.

The general formula to find reactance is given following: -

1
Xc=
2 πfC

XL=2 πfL

V=IZ

Where in the above equations, Xc shows the reactance of a capacitor, XL shows the reactance
of an inductor.
Admittance Diagram:
In power engineering, admittance diagram shows the conductivity of a component or a device
in a power system. It is the reciprocal of the reactance of the component or device in the
power system.

So, we can say its general formula is given following:

1
Admittance=
Reactance

Single Line Diagram:

The single line diagram for this experiment is given following:

Figure 4.1: Single Line Diagram

Where

Ia=-j1.20

Ib=-0.72-j0.96

Ic=-j1.20
Reactance Diagram:
The reactance diagram for above given single line diagram is given following: -

Figure 4.2: Reactance Diagram

After solving for the combine branch, which is attached with each source, we have updated
reactance diagram as following:
 Figure 4.3: Reactance Diagram

Admittance Diagram:
The admittance diagram for above given reactance diagram is given following: -

Figure 4.4: Admittance Diagram

Procedure:
To find the nodal voltage, we will follow two different procedures, and check the end result: -

By Node Analysis:

In this method, we find the nodal voltage of the power system by using traditional KCL
analysis. We first write the nodal equations and then convert them into matrix form. Then we
solve the matrix to the value of voltage at each node.

The general formula for matrix solution is given following: -

VY=I
Where is the above equation, V is nodal voltage, Y is branch admittance and I is the branch
current. This whole procedure can be easily performed by MATLAB by code. So, node
analysis by MATLAB coding is given following:

i. First, open MATLAB software on computer.

ii. Then open the new script.
iii. Then enter the given code in the new script, to find the nodal voltage.
iv. After executing the given code, we can get out desired output.

Code by Node Analysis:

% Define each component of the admittance diagram
Ya=-5i;
Yb=-4i;
Yc=-8i;
Yd=-5i;
Ye=-2.5i;
Yf=-0.8i;
Yg=-0.8i;
Yh=-0.8i;
Ia=-1.20i;
Ib=-0.72-0.96i;
Ic=-1.20i;
% Define system of equations
syms v1 v2 v3 v4;
% Write nodal equations for the admittance diagram
equation1= {v1*(Ya+Yb+Yf)}-(v4*Ya)-(v3*Yb)==Ia;
equation2= {v2*(Yd+Ye+Yh)}-(v4*Yd)-(v3*Ye)==Ic;
equation3= {v3*(Yc+Yb+Ye+Yg)}-(v4*Yc)-(v1*Yb)-(v2*Ye)==Ib;
equation4= {v4*(Ya+Yc+Yd)}-(v1*Ya)-(v3*Yc)-(v2*Yd)==0;
% Separate the admittance and current matrix from the system of equations
[admittance,current]=equationsToMatrix([equation1, equation2, equation3, equation4],[v1, v2,
v3, v4]);
% Find voltage by obtained admittance and current matrix
voltage=(admittance^-1)*current

Output by Node Analysis:

voltage =

1.4111 - 0.2668i

1.3831 - 0.3508i

1.4059 - 0.2824i
 1.4010 - 0.2971i

By Building Blocks:
This method is very similar to the earlier one. The only difference is the method of
initialization.

The procedure by MATLAB is given following:

i. First, open MATLAB software on computer.

ii. Then open the new script.
iii. Then enter the given code in the new script, to find the nodal voltage.
iv. After executing the given code, we can get out desired output

Code by Building Blocks:

% Define building block for each component of admittance matrix
Ya=[-5i 5i;5i -5i];
Yb=[-4i 4i;4i -4i];
Yc=[-8i 8i;8i -8i];
Yd=[-5i 5i;5i -5i];
Ye=[-2.5i 2.5i;2.5i -2.5i];
Yf=[-0.8i];
Yg=[-0.8i];
Yh=[-0.8i];
% Extract the values from building blocks and put them in conventional admittance finding
matrix
admittance=[Ya(1,1)+Yb(1,1)+Yf(1,1) 0 Yb(1,2) Ya(1,2);0 Yd(1,1)+Ye(1,1)+Yh(1,1) Ye(1,2)
Yd(1,2);Yb(2,1) Ye(2,1) Yb(2,2)+Yc(1,1)+Ye(2,2)+Yg(1,1) Yc(1,2);Ya(2,1) Yd(2,1) Yc(2,1)
Ya(2,2)+Yc(2,2)+Yd(2,2)];
% Define current matrix
current=[-1.20i;-0.72-0.96i;-1.20i;0];
% Find voltage by obtained admittance and current matrix
voltage=(admittance^-1)*current
Output by Building Blocks:
voltage =

1.4111 - 0.2668i

1.3831 - 0.3508i

1.4059 - 0.2824i

1.4010 - 0.2971i

Questions:
1. Describe the importance of per unit system in power system and differentiate the base
value and per unit values?
2. Describe the complex power in the power system?
3. Describe the reason of charging the voltage source while evaluating the bus
impedance matrix from the reactance diagram of a power system?
4. Describe the admittance, impedance, susceptance and conductance w.r.t transmission
line?
Answers:

1. Describe the importance of per unit system in power system and

differentiate the base value and per unit values?
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2. Describe the complex power in the power system?
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3. Describe the reason of charging the voltage source while evaluating the
bus impedance matrix from the reactance diagram of a power system?
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4. Describe the admittance, impedance, susceptance and conductance w.r.t
transmission line?
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Conclusion:

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