Computer Programming

[ECEg-1052]

Chapter Four:
Control Statements

Compiled by Amanuel Z.(MSc.)

Outline
 Introduction
 Conditional Structure: If and else
 Repetitive Structures or loops
 Bifurcation of control and jumps.
 The selective Structure: switch
 4.1. Introduction

Control statements allow decision making within
programs.

Control statements come in several different forms:
➔
Conditional statements: to optionally execute C++
statements
➔
Loops: execute statements repeatedly until the exit
condition is satisfied.
➔
Branch: jump to a certain statement and continue
execution.

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 4.2. Conditional Structure: if and else
 It is used to execute an instruction or block of
instructions only if a condition is fulfilled.
 if can be used in different forms depending upon
nature of conditional test.
1. if
2. if…else
3. Nested – if

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 Simple if statement
General form: Entry

if (test expression)
Test False
{ expression
?
statement-block;
True
} Statement-block
statement-x;
Statement-x

General form Flowchart of simple if statement

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Cont’d...
 The ‘statement-block’ may be a single statement or a
group of statements.
 If the test expression is true, the statement-block is
executed.
 If it is false, statement-block is ignored (not executed)
and the program continues on the next instruction
after the conditional structure.

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Cont’d...
\* To display number is positive.*/
#include <iostream> Sample output 1:
using namespace std; Enter a number: 3
int main(){ number is positive
int num; Sample Output 2:
Enter a number:-3
cout<<"Enter a number:";
cin>>num;
if (num>0)
cout<<" number is positive ";
return 0;
} 7
Cont’d...

For a block of instructions, we use curly brackets { }:
Example:
if (x == 100){
cout << "x is ";
cout << x;
}

But for a single, we can ignore {}.
Example:
if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
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 The if – else statement
Form:
Entry
if (condition)
{ True False
Condition
statement block 1; ?

}
else statement statement
block 1 block 2
{
statement block 2;
}
statement-x; statement-x

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Cont’d...
For example:
if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
else
cout << "x is not 100";

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 Nested if statement

When a series of decisions are involved, use more
than one if…else statement.
Example:
if (x>0)
cout<<"The given number is +ve"<<endl;
else if (x<0)
cout<<"The given number is negative"<<endl;
else
cout<<"The given number is zero";

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Cont’d...
Exercise
1.Write a program that find whether the given number
is even or odd.

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Cont’d...
Solution
// To find whether given number is even or odd.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int no;
cout<<"enter a number";
cin>>no;
if ( no %2 == 0 )
cout<<no<<"is an even number";
else
cout<<no<<"is an odd number";
}
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 4.2 Repetitive Structures or loops
 Loops have as objective to repeat a statement a
certain number of times while a condition is
fulfilled.

The while loop

The do-while loop

The for loop

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 The while loop
Format:
while(expression)
statements;

While
(expression) statements
? True

False

Out of loop

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Cont’d...
Example:
/* Find the sum of even i=2;
numbers between 1 to n */ while (i <= n){
#include <iostream> sum = sum + i;
i = i + 2;
using namespace std;
}
int main(){
cout<<"sum= "<<sum;
int i, n, sum=0; }
cout<<"enter the end number:";
cin>>n;

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 The do-while loop
do
Format:
do
statements; statements

while (condition);

Condition
?
True

False

Out of loop
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Cont’d...

Example
sum = 0;
i = 1;
do{
sum += i;
i += 2;
} while (i <= 100);
cout<<“Sum of odd integers up to 100 is”<<sum;
Output:
Sum of odd integers up to 100 is 2500
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 The for loop
 Its format is:
for (initialization; condition; increase/decrease)
statement;
 Following steps are involved in the code:

Initialization condition checking body of the loop

increment/ decrement again condition checking

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Cont’d...

initialization

False Condition
?

Out of loop
True

statement

increase/decrease

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Cont’d...
Example 1:
sum = 0;
for (i=0 ; i <= 100 ; i++)
sum += i;
Example 2: Write a program to list a number and its square in two
columns for integers 1 up to 10.

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Cont’d...

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++) {
cout<<"The number is:"<<i;
int square=i*i;
cout<<" and its square is:"<<square;
cout<<endl;
}
}
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 4.3 Bifurcation of control and jumps.
The break instruction
 The format of the break statement is simply
break;
 Causes an immediate exit even if the condition for its
end is not fulfilled.
 It can be used to end an infinite loop, or to force it to
end before its natural end.

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Cont’d...

Examples
i=1;
while (1){
cout<<i<<" ";
if (i==10)
break;
i=i+1;
}
Output: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Cont’d...

// break loop example

#include <iostream> Output
using namespace std; 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3,
int main (){ countdown aborted!
int n;
for (n=10; n>0; n--) {
cout << n << ", ";
if (n==3){
cout << "countdown aborted!";
break;
}
}
return 0;
}
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 The continue instruction
Format: continue;
 The continue statement tells the compiler, “Skip the
following statements and continue with the next
iteration’’.
 In while and do loops, continue causes the control to
go directly to the test-condition and then to continue
the iteration process.
 In the case of for loop, the increment section of the
loop is executed before the test-condition is evaluated.

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Cont’d...
while (---------)
{
---------
---------
if (condition)
continue;
---------
---------
}
--------
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Cont’d...
// to add only positive numbers
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int i, n, sum=0;
cout<<"enter any 10 numbers\n";
for(i=1;i<=10;i++) {
cin>>n;
if (n==7)
continue;
sum += n;
}
cout << " sum of +ve numbers = "<<sum;
}
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Cont’d...

// example
#include <iostream> Output:
using namespace std; 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, End!
int main (){
for (int n=10; n>0; n--) {
if (n==5)
continue;
cout << n << ", ";
}
cout << "End!";
return 0;
} 29
 The goto instruction
 Allows making an absolute jump to another point in
the program.
 The destination point is identified by a label, which is
then used as an argument for the goto instruction.
 A label is made of a valid identifier followed by a
colon (:).

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Cont’d...

// goto loop example

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (){
int n=10;
loop:
cout << n << ", ";
n--;
if (n>0)
goto loop;
cout << "End!";
return 0;
Output:
} 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, End!
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 The exit function
 A function defined in cstdlib(stdlib.h) library.
 The purpose of exit is to terminate the running
program with an specific exit code.
 Its prototype is:
void exit (int exit code);
 if exit code= 0 means that the program finished
normally.

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Cont’d...
// exit function example
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
int main (){
int n=10;
while(n>0) {
cout << n << ", ";
n--;
if (n==6)
exit(0);
}
cout <<"End!"; Output:
return 0; 10, 9, 8, 7,
} 33
 The selective Structure: switch
General form:

switch (expression)
{
case constant1:
block of instructions 1;
break;
case constant2:
block of instructions 2;
break;
…
default:
default block of instructions;
}
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Cont’d...
 Inclusion of break at the end of each block is necessary
because if, for example, we did not include it after block of
instructions 1 the program would not jump to the end of the
switch selective block (}) and continue to execute the rest of
the blocks of instructions until the first appearance of break.

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Cont’d...
Example 1:
switch (x) {
case 1:
cout << "x is 1";
break;
case 2:
cout << "x is 2";
break;
default:
cout << "value of x unknown";
} 36
Cont’d...
Example 2:
switch (x) {
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
cout << "x is 1, 2 or 3";
break;
default:
cout << "x is not 1, 2 nor 3";
}

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Thank You !

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