You can repeat this process raising

complex numbers to powers. Abraham

DeMoivre did this and proved the
Numerical Solution to CE following theorem:
Problems Abraham de Moivre DeMoivre’s Theorem
(LEC & LAB) (1667 - 1754)
If z = r(cos + i sin ) is a complex number,
Today’s subject:
then z n = r n (cos n + i sin n )
• Course policies & overview where n  1 is a positive integer.
• Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers
This says to raise a complex number to a power, raise the
modulus (r) to that power and multiply the argument
(angle) by that power.

1 2

This theorem is used to raise complex numbers

to powers. It would be a lot of work to find (− 3+i )
4
Solve the following over the set of complex numbers:

( )( )( )( ) z3 = 1
We know that if we cube root both sides we
= − 3+i − 3+i − 3+i − 3+i you would need to FOIL
and multiply all of these
could get 1 but from College Algebra we know
that there are 3 roots. So we want the
together and simplify complex cube roots of 1.
Instead let's convert to polar form powers of i --- UGH!
and use DeMoivre's Theorem. Using DeMoivre's Theorem with the power being a
 1 
 = tan −1   but in Quad II  = 5
r= (− 3) 2
+1 = 4 = 2
2
− 3 6
rational exponent (and therefore meaning a root), we can
develop a method for finding complex roots. This leads
to the following formula:
(− )
4
  5 5  
  = 2 4  cos  4  5  + i sin  4  5 
4
3 + i =  2  cos + i sin
  6 
    + 2 k    + 2 k  
6   6   6 
z k = n r  cos   + i sin  
  10    10  
 1  3     n   n 
= 16  cos   + i sin   = 16  − +  − i
 
 2
  3   3    2  
w here k = 0 , 1, 2 ,  , n − 1
= − 8 − 8 3i
3 4

1
Let's try this on our problem. We want the cube roots of 1.   0 2k   0 2k 
zk = 3 1 cos +  + i sin + , for k = 0, 1, 2
We want cube root so our n = 3. Can you convert 1 to   3 3  3 3 
polar (trig) form? (hint: 1 = 1 + 0i)   0 2(0)   0 2(0) 
0 z0 = 3 1 cos +  + i sin + = 1cos (0 ) + i sin (0 ) = 1
r = (1) + (0) = 1  = tan −1   = 0  3 3  3 3  Here's the root we
2 2
1 already knew.
  0 2 k   0 2 k     0 2 (1)   0 2 (1)  
z k = 1  cos  +
3
 + i sin  +  , for k = 0, 1, 2 z1 = 3 1  cos +  + i sin  + 
  3 3  3 3    3 3  3 3  
We want cube   2   2   1 3 If you cube any of
Once we build the formula, we use it first = 1 cos  + i sin   = − + i these numbers
with k = 0 and get one root, then with k = 1 root so use 3   3   3  2 2
you get 1.
  0 2 (2 )   0 2 (2 )  
to get the second root and finally with k = 2 numbers here
z 2 = 3 1  cos +  + i sin  +  (Try it and see!)
for last root.
 3 3  3 3  
   2 k    2 k  
z k = n r  cos  +  + i sin  +    4 
= 1 cos
 4
 + i sin 
 1
 = − −
3
i
 n n   n n    3   3  2 2

5 6

1 3 1 3
− + i, − −
Find the 4th root of z = 81( cos80 + i sin80)
We found the cube roots of 1 were: 1, i
2 2 2 2
Let's plot these on the complex
plane about 0.9
each line is 1/2 unit
Notice each of
the complex
roots has the Find the three cube roots of z = -2+2i
same magnitude
(1). Also the
three points are
evenly spaced
on a circle. This
will always be
true of complex
roots.

7 8

2
 (−2 + 2i) 3 =  
1
8 (cos135o + isin135o )
1 3
1. Find the 4th root of 81 r = 4 81 = 3

 12  3  135 + 360k 135 + 360k 

2. Divide theta by 4 to get 80
1
= = 20
the first angle. 4 8  cos + isin 
   3 3 
3. Divide a full circle (360) by 360
= 90 between answers
4 to find out how far apart 4 For k = 0, 1, and 2, the roots are:
the answers are.
 (
2 cos 45o + i sin 45o )
4. List the 4 answers. z1 = 3 ( cos 20 + i sin 20 )

• The only thing that changesz2 = 3 ( cos ( 20 + 90 ) + i sin ( 20 + 90 ) ) = 3 ( cos110 + i sin110 ) (

2 cos165o + i sin 165o )
is the angle.

z3 = 3 ( cos (110 + 90 ) + i sin (110 + 90 ) ) = 3 ( cos 200 + i sin 200 )
2 (cos 285 o
+ i sin 285 )
o
•
( ( ) ( )) (
The number of answers z = 3 cos 200 + 90 + i sin 200 + 90 = 3 cos 290 + i sin 290
equals the number of roots. 4
)

9 10

Different forms of complex numbers Programme 1: Complex numbers 1

1. Rectangular Form Polar form of a complex number
z=a+jb

A complex number can be

2. Trigonometric Form
expressed in polar coordinates r
z=r(cos + jsin) and .
z=r cis z = a + jb
= r (cos + j sin  )
3. Polar Form
where: a = r cos , b = r sin 
z=r 

4. Exponential Form and:

z=rej
r 2 = a 2 + b2
11 12

3
 Example 15-7. Determine the
product of the following 2 complex
z1  z2 = r1ei1  r2ei 2 = r1r2ei (1 + 2 ) , numbers:
z1 = 8ei 2 z 2 = 5e−i 0.7
z 3 = z1z 2 = (8ei 2 )( 5e−i 0.7 ) = 40ei1.3
r1 i (1 − 2 )
z1  z2 = e .
r2
z 3 = 40(cos1.3 + i sin1.3)
= 40(0.2675 + i0.9636)
= 10.70 + i38.54 14

13 14

Example 15-9. Determine the

quotient z1/z2 for the following 2
Exponential form of a complex number
numbers: i 2 − i 0.7
z1 = 8e z 2 = 5e z=rej
Recall the Maclaurin series:
z1 8ei 2
z4 = = − i 0.7 = 1.6ei 2.7 x 2 x3 x 4 x5
z 2 5e ex = 1 + x + + + + +
2! 3! 4! 5!
z 4 = 1.6(cos 2.7 + i sin 2.7) x3 x5 x 7
sin x = x − + − +
3! 5! 7!
= 1.6(−0.9041 + i0.4274) x2 x4 x6
cos x = 1 − + − +
= −1.447 + i 0.6838 15
2! 4! 6!

15 16

4
 Exponential form of a complex number

So that: Exponential form of a complex number

( j ) ( j ) ( j ) ( j )
2 3 4 5

e j = 1 + j + + + + +
Therefore:
2! 3! 4! 5!
2 3 4 5
= 1 + j − −j
+ +j +
2!3! 4! 5! z = r ( cos + j sin  ) = re j
  2
 4
  3 5 
= 1 − + −  + j  − + − 
 2! 4!   3! 5! 
= cos + j sin 

17 18

Exponential form of a complex number

Logarithm of a complex number
Since:
j
z = re
then:

ln z = ln r + ln e j = ln r + j

19