ERVICES AND COMPO? = Services Of Operating System: Following are the list of services provided by the operating systems ‘TS OF OPERATIN 1. Program execution 2. 1/0 operations 3. Error detection 4. File and directory operations 5. Communications 6. User interface 7. Accounting 8. Resource allocation 9. protection and security 7 OSservices provided to the user:- Program execution: - The operating system provides an environment where the user can conveniently run programs. To run a program, the program is loaded into the main memory and then CPU is assigned to that process for its execution. Operating system performs this function for the convenience of the user. It also performs other important tasks like allocation and de-allocation of memory, CPU scheduling ete. It also provides service to end process execution with error or without error, VO operations: - When a program is running, it may require input/output resources such as @ file or devices such as printer. For efficiency and protection users usually cannot control I/O devices directly. So the operating system provides V/O devices to the program. Error detection: -The operating system needs to be constantly aware of possible errors. Errors is related to the memory, CPU, 1/0 device and in the user program. Memory error, Power failure, stack overflow, file not found, printer is not, an attempt to access an illegal ‘memory location are the example of error detection... For each type of error, the operating system should take the appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing File and directory operations:- user may need to read and write data from and to the files and directories. Operating system manages the secondary storage. User gives a command for reading or writing toa file. User also wants to open a file, save a file, rename file, modify file and delete a file from the storage disk. All these operations perform by user with the help of Operating system. Communication: - In the system, one process may need to exchange information with another process. Such communication may occur between processes that are executing on different computer systems tied together by a computer network. Communication can be implemented via shared memory, message passing, pipe and socket.User Interface; - All operating systems have a user interface that allows users to Communicate with 1 he system To types of user interfaces are available:- * Command line interface (CLI); «It uses t them. For example working on MS-DOS. Graphical user interface (GUI): - Thig interface is a window system with a pointing device to direct V0, select from menus and make selections and keyboard to enter the Xt For example, Windows system provides icons for selecting an application. Double clicking on that icon will open that application, QS services provided to the system:- hen there are multiple users or multiple processes running at the be allocated to each of them, Operating system ‘manages resource eee urees are CPU, main memory, file storage and VO of CPU, operating system does CPU scheduling. Operating allocate printers, modems, USB storage drives, and other ‘ext commands and a keyboard for entering => allocation to the processes, Thi devices, For maximizing use system contains routines to peripheral devices, b. Accounting: - Operating system ke allocated to users. This computing services. as os SS Sy _Sustem Catt =>. * System call is an interface between a running program and operating system. It allows User to access services provided by operating system. This system calls are procedures ly language instructions. Each operating system has its own name for each system call. Each system call is associated with a number that identifies itself, System call is a technique by which a program executin, kemel’s mode. Following fig shows the working of system call. ig in user mode can request theNr asst” >) q open () user mode ati i ae al PETTY t— FF system call interface oo kere mode. [ open () tt Implementation i =}-___>olopen() i system call hi | : retun Fig: working of system call ‘+ There are 5 different categories of system calls: 1, Process Management 2. File Management 3. Device Management 4. Information Maintenance 5._ inter-process Communication * System calls related to Process Control: $f, Abort, Load, Execute, Terminate process, Ready process, Dispatch process, Suspend, Resume, Get Process attribute, set attribute. ‘+ System calls Related to File Management: Create file, delete file Open file, Close file Create directory Read, Write, Reposition Get file attribute , set file attribute System calls Related to Device Management: Request a device, Release a device, ( File ¢S Read, Write, Reposition, Get device attribute, Set device attribute. consider as abstratt os vittuad dott System calls Related to Information Maintenance: Get Time or Date, Set Time or Date, Get System data, Set system data, Get processifile/device attributes, Set Processifile/Device attributes. * System calls Related to inter-process Communication: create, delete communication connection, send, receive messages, transfer status information, attach or detach remote devices,Ans: System calls Related to File management: Create file: This system call is used to create a new file in any bi disaa? Delete file: This system call is used to delete a specific file from the gi | Open file: This system call is used to an existing file. Close file: This system call is used to-cfose an already opened file. tr tia ep Read file: This system call is used to read a file which is already opened. By using call any information which is desired can be read from the file. | Write file: This system call is used to write some data toa file. Reposition file: It means to change the position ofa file pointer within the file. If there are many numbers of pages in a file then we can move forward or backward to any position within that file, Get file attribute: A file has certain attributes like file_name, file_type, filesize, date of | creation, modification, access permission etc, By using this system call we can check any of the attributes of a particular file, Set file attribute: With the help of this system call, an 'y of the attributes which can be modified or changed can be “SET”, Creation and deletion of user and system processes, Suspension and resumption of processes, Providing mechanism for process synchronization, Providing mechanism for process communication, Providing mechanism for deadlock handling, Main-Memory Management ‘The major activities/functions of an operating system in regard to main memory management are: 1. Keeping track of the status of each locat location is either free or allocated. 2. allocation techniques and polic ‘must be updated 3. Deallocation techniques and policy information must be updated, tion of main memory. Le. each memory 'Y Must be selected and allocation information must be selected. After deallocation, status“File Management _ ‘The major activties/functions of an operating system in regard to file management are: creating and deleting of files. creation and deletion of directories. mapping files onto secondary storage. backing up files on stable storage medi provides support for manipulation of files and directories. yee ‘VO System Management ‘The major activities/functions of an operating system in regard to 1/O system management are: |. input output operation management 2. Hiding complexity of 10 devices from user. 3. memory management for i/o devices Keep i/o devices continuously busy. ‘Secondary storage management. * Secondary storage is a mechanism by which the computer may store information in such a way that this information may be retrieved ata later time, * Secondary storage device is used for storing all the data and programs. ‘© These programs and data, when access by computer system it must be kept in main memory. Size of main memory is small and also lost data when power is lost. For this reason secondary storage device is used. * The major activities/functions of an operating system in regard Secondary storage management are: |. Managing free space available on secondary storage devices. 2. Allotment of storage space when new files have to be written or create. 3. Disk scheduling, ve ne Se =p Use Of Operating System Tools Task scheduler ‘Windows can perform a task at a scheduled time and scheduled date. Not only one time does it work, but windows can do a particular task scheduled every day at a particular time or at particular interval. One can find the task scheduler by going to the tools. From tools, one has to go to the control panel. From control panel, he or she has to go to administrative tools to find the task scheduler. In windows 7, windows vista or windows 8, one may find the task scheduler in an updated version. Thus it makes the windows user equipped with the best scheduler and that also without the support of any other software. A Ta shudder senice allows you to pester automated task 09 a choosen com pulerrSoomple Cup » wee rae 4 { Performance monitor * Itis the option t to actually monit 'ed to the computer, then the device with Device manager tray or Sdministrative window. The hardware may be of various types, like the Ceybare tte USB ported devices like pen drive, a Tablet or « mobile, a Mouse and a Keyboard or even a camer, Most of the time the eors ter detects the driver of the device ‘er is done instantly and : stalled separately, ice is to be added ma8er tool. Once the device is ree, PviPeS and printers, ‘add 9 Yo obility settings!changes in those software or drives will not be possible for them, whom the access to change or configure it is given by the administrator. By this end user policy one administrator can allow or disallow any user on those computers to get an access over few websites or not. By these the users can also be restricted to surf freely at their work place as most of the irrelevant website; basically the irrelevant websites to the job will not be opened from there.