A

MICRO PROJECT REPORT ON

“Demonstrate the use of Memory Management Tools in Operating

System”
In the partial fulfilment of Diploma in Computer Engineering
{5th Semester}

In the subject of
Operating System (22516)

Submitted by
Diksha K. Tijare
Tanvi U. Ghodmare
Krutika R. Solankey

Submitted to

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai (M.S)

Under guidance of
Prof. S.U.Rathod
Lecturer at Computer Engineering
Department of Computer Engineering
Government Polytechnic, Arvi, Dist.-Wardha (2024-2025)
 Government Polytechnic, Arvi
Department of Computer Engineering

Certificate

This certificate is certifying that students whose name is mentioned below

of 5th semester Diploma in Computer Engineering has satisfactionaly complete their
microproject entitled “Demonstrate the use of Memory Management tool” in the subject
Operating System (22516) for the academic year 2024-2025 as prescribed in MSBTE
curriculum.

Roll Name Enrollnment No. Exam seat No.

38. Diksha K. Tijare 2201320296
41. Tanvi U. Ghodmare 2201320304
62. Krutika R. Solankey 2201320331

Subject teacher Head of the Department Principal

Prof. S. U. Rathod Dr. M. A. Ali Dr. M. A. Ali

Place: Arvi
Date: / /2024
 Declaration

We under the signed here by declare that the micro project report entitled
Demonstrate the use of Memory Management Tool in Operating System. We further
declare that contents of this report are properly citied and well acknowledge. This present report
is not submitted to any other examination of this or any other institute for the award of any
diploma.

Place: Arvi (Signature)

Date: / /2024
…………………….

……………………..

……………………..
 Part 1: Micro-Project Proposal

Demonstrate the use of Memory Management tool in Operating System

Brief Introduction:

The term Memory can be defined as a collection of data in a specific format. It is used
to store instructions and process data. The memory comprises a large array or group of words
or bytes, each with its own location. The primary motive of a computer system is to execute
programs. These programs, along with the information they access, should be in the main
memory during execution. The CPU fetches instructions from memory according to the value
of the program counter.
A memory is a physical device used to store some sequence of instructions. Now, this
memory can be two types- one is primary and the other one is secondary memory. Primary
memory is used for the information in physical systems which function at high speed (i.e.
RAM), as a distinction from secondary memory, which are physical devices for program and
data storage which are slow to access but offer higher memory capacity [2] . Primary memory
is often associated with addressable semiconductor memory. There are two main types of
semiconductor memory: volatile and non-volatile (i.e., flash memory)
The main memory is central to the operation of a modern computer. Main Memory is a
large array of words or bytes, ranging in size from hundreds of thousands to billions. Main
memory is a repository of rapidly available information shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
Main memory is the place where programs and information are kept when the processor is
effectively utilizing them. Main memory is associated with the processor, so moving
instructions and information into and out of the processor is extremely fast. Main memory is
also known as RAM (Random Access Memory). This memory is a volatile memory. RAM lost
its data when a power interruption occurs. To achieve a degree of multiprogramming and proper
utilization of memory, memory management is important. Many memory management methods
exist, reflecting various approaches, and the effectiveness of each algorithm depends on the
situation.
 Memory Management for Windows Drivers

Kernel-mode drivers allocate memory for purposes such as storing internal data,
buffering data during I/O operations, and sharing memory with other kernel-mode and
usermode components. Driver developers should understand memory management in Windows
so that they use allocated memory correctly and efficiently. Windows manages virtual and
physical memory, and divides memory into separate user and system address spaces. A driver
can specify whether allocated memory supports capabilities such as demand paging, data
caching, and instruction execution. The memory manager is the kernel component that performs
the memory management operations in Windows. The memory manager implements a number
of kernel-mode support routines that drivers call to allocate and manage memory.
The memory-management capabilities of kernel-mode drivers are different from those
of user-mode applications. For more information about memory management for applications.

The Windows kernel-mode memory manager component manages physical memory

for the operating system. This memory is primarily in the form of random-access memory
(RAM). The memory manager manages memory by performing the following major tasks:
• Managing the allocation and deallocation of memory virtually and dynamically.
• Supporting the concepts of memory-mapped files, shared memory, and copy-
onwrite.

Aim of Micro-Project:
This micro-project aims to: -
“Demonstrate the use of Memory Management tool in Operating System”

Intended course Outcome:

Co a Install Windows operating system and configure it.

Co b Use operating system tools to perform various functions.
Co c Apply the Memory management techniques.
Literature Review:

Memory management is the process of controlling and coordinating a computer's main

memory. It ensures that blocks of memory space are properly managed and allocated so the
operating system (OS), applications and other running processes have the memory they need to
carry out their operations.
As part of this activity, memory management takes into account the capacity limitations
of the memory device itself, deallocating memory space when it is no longer needed or
extending that space through virtual memory. Memory management strives to optimize memory
usage so the CPU can efficiently access the instructions and data it needs to execute the various
processes. Threads, on the other hand, do not have access to the memory of another process,
which protects one process from being damaged by another.

Memory management is management system in an operating system whose function is

to manage the data in a systematic manner.

Advantages are:
1. A user can get or put his data to a desired location.
2. Processing ability of data increases.
3. Time consumption in loading is reduced.
4. RAM management becomes better.
5. Data becomes more secure.

Memory management is the functionality of an operating system which handles or

manages primary memory and moves processes back and forth between main memory and disk
during execution. Memory management keeps track of each and every memory location,
regardless of either it is allocated to some process or it is free
Proposed Methodology:

The methodology which is intended to encourage a more systematic approach to

systems selection and implementation has five main stages: definition of objectives;
specification of requirements; systems selection; systems implementation, and systems
evaluation. Tools take the form of a series of checklists covering issues to be considered at
various stages in the project. The methodology has potential applications in other environments
where the focus is on the acquisition of hard ware and software and not as the design of an
inhouse system.

1) At the first step, accumulate whole information with the help of Google and some web.
Understand the topic that how to use of the Memory Management tool in Operating
System.
2) Create a list of things the project needs to deliver to meet those goals and create a list
of tasks that we prepare easily.
3) Present the information in proper sequence on presentation, with help of some given
format.
4) Then we will include some own knowledge about the project and Procedure too.
5) At the last, for each resource detail start dates, the estimated duration and the method,
and create a sheet containing this information.
6) Prepare a main report of our project.

Resources Required:

Sr. Name of resources\Materials Wide Quantity

No. specifications
1. Computer System 4 GB RAM, 1
Windows 8.1 OS
2. M.S. Word Text editor 1

3. Browser Google Chrome 1

Action Plan:

Sr. Details of activity Planed started Planed Name of

No date. finished date. responsible
members
1. To discuss and get the topic of All
microproject.
2. Start planning on of micro project. All

3. Collect information about our topic. All

4. Distribute works with group members. All

5. To start with creating with main copy All

of micro project.
6. Collect different information about All
micro project.
7. Initiate different views about micro All
project.
8. Editing process must be done before All
hard copy.
9. Check softcopy properly before All
preparing of hardcopy.

10. To start creating copy properly. All

11. Check the soft copy properly All

12. To present soft copy via G- mail. All

13. Represented the hard copy of main All

micro project
Name of responsible group members:

Sr. Student’s Name. Enrollnment No. Signature.

No.
1. Diksha K. Tijare 2201320296

2. Tanvi U. Ghodmare 2201320304

3. Krutika R. Solankey 2201320331

 Part 2: Micro Project Report

Demonstrate the use of Memory Management tool in Operating System

Rationale: -

A memory is a physical device used to store some sequence of instructions. Now, this
memory can be two types- one is primary and the other one is secondary memory. Primary
memory is used for the information in physical systems which function at high speed (i.e.,
RAM), as a distinction from secondary memory, which are physical devices for program and
data storage which are slow to access but offer higher memory capacity.

In a multiprogramming computer, the operating system resides in a part of memory

and the rest is used by multiple processes. The task of subdividing the memory among different
processes is called memory management. Memory management is a method in the operating
system to manage operations between main memory and disk during process execution. The
main aim of memory management is to achieve efficient utilization of memory.
The memory management in the operating system is to control or maintain the main
memory and transfer processes from the primary memory to disk during execution. Memory
management keeps track of all memory locations, whether the process uses them or not.
Determines how much memory should be allocated to each process. Specifies how much
memory each process should be given. It decides which processes will be remembered and
when. It tracks when memory is released or when it is shared and changes the status
accordingly.
Windows pretend as it is providing a flat virtual address space. But, in reality, there is a
much smaller amount of physical memory. The hardware memory management units of today’s
microprocessors provide a way for the OS to map virtual address to physical address and it does
this in the granularity of page. The windows memory manager needs a demand paged virtual
memory subsystem. Another way to explain is if we launch an application (e.g., Notepad), it
doesn’t need to execute the entire Notepad, rather the application demands as it touches code
pages, as it touches data pages, it’s at that point where the memory makes a connection between
virtual memory and physical memory, reading in contents off disk as needed
 Windows Memory Management

Microsoft Windows has its own virtual address space for each 32-bit process, allowing
up to 4 gigabytes of memory to be viewed. Each process has 8-terabyte address space on 64bit
Windows. All threads have access to the visible address space of the process. Threads, on the
other hand, do not have access to the memory of another process, which protects one process
from being damaged by another.
Architecture for 32-bit Windows: The automatic configuration of the 32-bit Windows
Operating System (OS) allocates 4 GB (232) of accessible memory space to the kernel and user
programs equally. With 4 GB physical memory available, the kernel will receive 2 GB and the
app memory will receive 2 GB. Kernel-mode address space is shared by all processes, but
application mode access space is provided for each user process.
Architecture for 64-bit Windows: The automatic configuration of the 64-bit Windows
Operating System (OS) allocates up to 16 TB (254) of accessible memory space to the kernel
and user programs equally. As 16 TB real memory is available, the kernel will have 8 TB of
virtual address (VA) space and user application memory will have 8 TB of VA space. Visible
address space in the kernel is allocated for all processes. Each 64-bit functionality gets its place,
but each 32-bit system works on a 2 GB (Windows) virtual machine.

How Does It Work?

Main memory refers to physical memory, which is the internal memory of
the computer. The main memory is also called RAM. The computer can only
change the data in the main memory. Therefore, every program you execute, and
every file you access must be copied from the storage device to the main memory.
All programs are loaded into the main memory for execution. Sometimes,
a complete program is loaded into memory, but sometimes a part of a program
or routine is only loaded into the main memory when it is called by a program.
This mechanism is called dynamic loading, which can improve performance.

Following are the important roles in a computer system:

1) Memory manager is used to keep track of the status of memory locations, whether it is free
or allocated. It addresses primary memory by providing abstractions so that software
perceives a large memory is allocated to it.
 2) Memory manager permits computers with a small amount of main memory to execute
programs larger than the size or amount of available memory. It does this by moving
information back and forth between primary memory and secondary memory by using the
concept of swapping.
3) The memory manager is responsible for protecting the memory allocated to each process
from being corrupted by another process. If this is not ensured, then the system may exhibit
unpredictable behavior.
4) Memory managers should enable sharing of memory space between processes. Thus, two
programs can reside at the same memory location although at different times.

Outputs of the Micro-projects:

Memory management is the process of controlling and coordinating a computer's

main memory. It ensures that blocks of memory space are properly managed and allocated so
the operating system (OS), applications and other running processes have the memory they
need to carry out their operations. Memory management is the functionality of an operating
system which handles or manages. Although there's still a long way to go through the Operating
System to understand the Memory Management tool to achieve a degree of multiprogramming
and proper utilization of memory, memory management is important.
Memory management operates at three levels: hardware, operating system and
program/application. The management capabilities at each level work together to optimize

memory availability and efficiency.

Conclusion:
A deeper understanding about memory management approaches on a specific system
has become an important issue for programmer or system designer. Unlike other operating
system, windows perform so many sophisticated operations to be done with its job. Memory
involves process, threads and other underlying theory to complete a command from users. Thus,
my discussion is kept in a certain level, which covers the most basic area of memory
management in computing.
The purpose of this report is to give a conceptual understanding about memory
management as a whole. we will study on how the memory is allocated in windows OS, their
usage and behaviours. The report also studies the physical vs logical memory addresses
Reference:

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/operating_system/os_memory_management.html
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/windows-memory-managment/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)
• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/kernel/windows-kernel-
mode-memory-manager
• http://wiki.gis.com/wiki/index.php/Windows_Memory_Management/