` A MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
INTEGRATION OF SOLAR AND WIND POWER SYSTEM
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN

Electrical Engineering

submitted By:

KUNAL KUMAR (22103148904)

SUDHANSHU RAJ ( 22103148927)
SONI KUMARI (22103148917)
ROHIT KUMAR (22103148906)

under the guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SESSION : 2021-2025
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BIHAR ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY PATNA

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE ,KAIMUR

 This is to certify that the work which is being presented in
this project “INTEGRATION OF SOLAR AND WIND
POWER SYSTEM”submitted by Kunal Kumar
22103148904, Sudhanshu Raj 22103148927, Soni
Kumari 22103148917, Rohit Kumar 22103148906,in
partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
degreeof the Bachelor of technology.the work has been
carried out at Government Engineering College Kaimur
(Bihar) Affiliated to Bihar Engineering University Patna and
is an authentic record my own supervision and guidance.

To the best of my knowledge ,the matter Embodied in the

report has not been submitted to any other
university/institute for the award of any degree.

............................ ...........................
(Guide) (Signature of HOD)
Mr.ANAND KUMAR Mr. ANURENDRA SINGH
(Asst.Prof.) (Asst.Prof.HOD)
 `

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled

“INTEGRATION OF SOLAR AND WIND POWER
SYSTEM" submited to Government Engineering
College,Kaimur,is a presentation of my/our original work
and is not copied or reproduced from any other person's
published or unpublished work
Welt have completed this project work under guidance
of Mr. Anand kumar, Lecturer, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Government Engineering College,kaimur
and this is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of B.tech in Electrical
Engineering.

Kunal Kumar (22103148904)

Sudhanshu Raj (22103148927)
Soni Kumari (22103148917)
Rohit Kumar (22103148906)

Dept.of Electrical Engineering

Govt.Engineering College,Kaimur
 `
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The fulfilment and elation that go with the effective finishing of

any errand would be fragmented without specifying the
people whose steady direction and support made it
conceivable.
I express my profound feeling of appreciation towards my
guide Mr.ANAND KUMAR, Assistant Professor for this study
direction, consolation proposals, support and profitable
source of info. without his help and tolerance, it would not has
been conceivable.
I am profoundly obigated toward the other faculty member
particular eho extended their assistant to me specifically or in
a roundabout way and i am thankful to every one of them
without whom it would have been unimaginable for me to
finish my work in time.

Signature of Students:-

Kunal Kumar (22103148904) ...............................................

Sudhanshu Raj (22103148927) ...............................................

Soni Kumari (22103148917) ................................................

Rohit Kumar (22103148906) ................................................

 `

ABSTRACT

Generally day by day the generation of solid waste is increasing

every day in everywhere. The landfill sites are increasing. The
generation of solid waste is increasing along with the increasing of
the population. The pollution also increasing along with the increasing
of solid waste generation.

In order to control the generation of solid waste and to reduce the

pollution we are making this project in which we have been making this
for the purpose of the control of solid waste generation and to reduce
the pollution by generating electricity by heating process.

We have been collected the solid waste and separated the solid waste
by manually under the categories of size, shape, dry, wet, etc. we
avoided glass, petroleum products which effects the heating
process. While heating the solid waste the heating sensors, heating
panels takes observes that and converts heat energy into electrical
energy and storing energy for the purpose of charging the battery
which used for the supply that energy for further purpose. The
capacitors used to store that energy and with the help of resistors it
resists the flow of the current.
`

CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
No. TITLE No.
ABSTRACT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LISTS OF FIGURES
1 INTRODUCTION
2 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 GENERAL
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
AIM AND SCOPE OF THE
3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK
3.1 AIM
3.2 SCOPE OF WORK
4 PROPERTIES
4.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
4.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
4.3 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
5 EXPERIMENTAL WORK
5.1 MATERIALS USED
5.2 METHODOLOGY
5.3 COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
5.4 SEPERATION OF SOLID WASTE
5.5 HEATING PROCESS
5.6 OUTPUT LOAD
5.7 DISPOSAL
5.8 POLLUTION FILTER PROCESS
5.9 CONNECTIONS
5.10 BLOCK DIAGRAM
5.11 ADVANTAGES
5.12 DISADVANTAGES
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
`

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

No. No.

6.1 OUTPUT LOAD

6.2 POWER GENERATION

`

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

No. No.
1.1 RATE OF GROWTH OF WORLD
POPULATION
1.2 PROJECTED WASTE GENERATION BY
REGION
1.3 GLOBAL WASTE COMPOSITION (%)
1.4 GLOBAL TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
WASTE(%)
5.1 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
5.1.1 HEATING PANEL
5.1.2 DC MOTOR
5.1.3 LED BULBS
5.1.4 CAPACITOR
5.1.5 RESISTOR
5.1.6 HEATING SENSOR
5.3 COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
5.5 HEATING PROCESS
5.6 OUTPUT LOAD
5.8 POLLUTION CONTROL
5.9 CONNECTIONS
5.9.1 BEFORE STARTING
5.9.2 AFTER STARTING
 `
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
SOLID WASTE:
It is the unwanted or waste solid materials which are generated from
human activities in houses, hotels, institutionals, labs, agriculture,
industries or any commercial areas.

In India metro cities individually produces an average of 0.8 kg/ waste/ person
daily. India has been generated municipal solid waste (MSW) estimated at
68.8 million tons per year. The average efficiency of MSW collection is 22% -
60%.

Annually the world generates 2.01 billion tonnes of MSW (Municipal Solid
Waste) at least with 33% of that extremely conservatively not managed in an
environmentally safe manner. Worldwide, per person waste generated per day
averages 0.74 kg but ranges widely from 0.11 – 4.54 kg. Though they only
account for 16% of the world’s population, developed countries generate nearly
34% (683 million tonnes) of world’s waste.

By 2050 global waste is expected to grow to 3.40 billion tonnes.

INDIA 62 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) generates each year. In
this about 43 million tonnes (70%) is collected and 11.9 million tonnes (20%) is
treated about 31 million tonnes (50%) is dumped in landfill sites.

TYPES OF SOLID WASTE BASED ON ORIGIN:

RESIDENTIAL:
The wastes which are refers to wastes which are from apartments,
houses, dwelling, food, vegetables, plastic, books, cloths, glass, etc.
 `

INSTITUTIONAL:
These are the wastes which are generated from the institutions like
schools, collages, public buildings, etc.

COMMERCIAL:
These are the wastes refers to mainly consists of glasses, metals,
markets, restaurants, hotels, stores, malls, ashes, etc.

BIO-MEDICAL:
Bio-medical wastes which are the wastes generated from
hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, syrenjes, etc. It may also include from
parts of animals or humans, needles, blood, etc.

MUNICIPAL:
The wastes which include treatment plant residual sludge, building
wastes, dust, construction and demolition, landscaping, street cleaning,
etc.
INDUSTRIAL:
It mainly consists of due to industrial activities such as wastes
process, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, hazardous wastes,
etc.

AGRICULTURAL:
The agricultural wastes are mainly consists of spoiled food grains,
orchards, vegetables, vineyards, farms etc.
 `

OPEN AREAS:

Open-areas waste that includes wastes from area such as parks, play
grounds, high ways, beaches, recreational areas, etc.

TYPES OF SOLID WASTE BASED ON

COMPOSITION:
GARBAGE:
It contains mainly vegetables and animal wastes which resulting from the
handling, preparation, cooking and serving of food, storage. Garbage
comprising these wastes contains decaying organic matter, which produces
intolerable odour which attracts rats and other insects. It requires a very
special care in storage, disposal and handling.

ASHES AND RESIDUES:

These are substances that remains from the burning of coal, charcoal, coke,
wood and other explosive materials for heating and cooking in houses,
institutions, industrial creations. Power generating plants, factories are
comes under the industrial wastes. Ashes and its residues are inorganic and
too in landfills.

COMBUSTIBLE AND NON-COMBUSTABLE WASTES:

These wastes are generated from institutions, households, etc., without food
wastes and other highly decayable materials.

While combustible materials like paper, textile, cardboard, rubber, etc.,

non- combustible materials are glass, tin, aluminum, ferrous and non-ferrous
material.
 `

BULKY WASTES:

It consists of large household appliances like t. v, washing machines,

furniture, air conditioners, vehicle parts, wood, etc. They require a special
collection mechanism.
STREET WASTES:

It includes all types of wastes that are collected from streets, parks, vacant
plots, and include paper, plastic, leaves, and other vegetable matter.

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTES:

These are the wastes which are generated from construction, repair and
demolition of houses, buildings. It consists mainly stones, concrete, bricks, etc.

HAZARDOUS WASTES:

It is defined as waste of industrial, institutional or consumer origin that

are hypothetically dangerous either immediately or over a period of time to
human life and environment. This is due to their physical, chemical, and
biological features like ignitability, corrosivity and toxicity.

SEWAGE WASTES:

These wastes square measure principally organic that square measure

derived from the treatment of organic sludge separated from each treated and
raw sewages. The inorganic fraction of raw biodegradable pollution like grit
and eggshells is separated at the preliminary stage of treatment with
pathogens and should be buried directly.
 `

SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE:

Daily tonnes of solid waste is disposed off at many lowland sites. it's coming back
from faculties, houses, industries, establishments, agriculture, etc. These lowland
sites produces foul smell if it's not keep properly and not treated well. It leads to the
polluting of the environment and that effects the human life, animal life, and similarly as
surroundings.

RESIDENTIAL:

The major sources of solid waste square measure Residences and houses wherever
folks live. Trash from these places embody food wastes, plastics, paper, glass,
leather, cardboard, metals, yard wastes, ashes and special wastes like large home
items like physics, tires, batteries, previous mattresses and used oil. Most
homelands have garbage bins in wherever they'll throw away their solid wastes and
when the bin is empty by a garbage collection firm or person for treatment.

INDUSTRIAL:

Industries square measure main contributors of solid waste. It includes lightweight and
significant producing industries, construction sites, fabrication plants, canning plants,
power and chemical plants. solid waste is made by industries within the variety of
housework wastes, food wastes, packaging wastes, ashes, construction and demolition
materials, special wastes, medical wastes similarly as alternative harmful wastes.

COMMERCIAL:

Commercial facilities and buildings also are coming back underneath solid waste
sources currently a days. Hotels, markets, restaurants, go downs, stores and
workplace buildings square measure thought of as industrial buildings and facilities. solid
wastes like plastics, food wastes, metals, paper, glass, wood, cardboard
INSTITUTIONAL:

Schools, colleges, prisons, military barracks and alternative government

centers square measure Institutional centers that manufacture solid waste.
Glass, rubber waste, plastics, food wastes, wood, paper, metals, cardboard
materials, physics similarly as numerous venturesome wastes square
measure common solid wastes obtained from these places.

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION:

Construction sites and demolition sites also are ends up in solid waste
issues. Construction sites embody new construction sites for buildings
and roads, road repair sites, building renovation sites and building
demolition sites. Steel materials, concrete, wood, plastics, rubber, copper
wires, dirt and glass square measure a number of solid wastes made in
these places.

MUNICIPAL SERVICES:

The urban centers also are tributary massively to the solid waste issues
in most countries currently a days. Street cleansing wastes from parks
and beaches, waste treatment plants, landscaping wastes and
wastes from recreational square measureas together with sludge are
a number of the solid wastes caused by the municipal services.

TREATMENT PLANTS AND SITES:

Solid waste is additionally made by significant and lightweight producing

plants. They embody refineries, power plants, process plants, ore dressing
plants and chemicals plants. process wastes, unwanted specification
product, plastics, metal components
AGRICULTURE:

Crop farms, orchards, dairies, vineyards and feedlots also are coming
back underneath the sources of solid wastes. Agricultural wastes, spoiled food,
chemical containers and alternative venturesome materials square measure
among the wastes they manufacture.

BIOMEDICAL:

Biomedical refers to medicine instrumentation, hospitals and chemical

producing companies. differing types of solid wastes square measure made
in hospitals. Syringes, bandages, used gloves, drugs, paper, plastics, food
wastes and chemicals square measure a number of these solid wastes. of
these on top of solid wastes square measure need correct disposal as an
alternative these solid wastes can cause a giant hurt to the surroundings and
other people in these facilities.
 `

Every year, the world generates a pair of 2.01 billion tonnes of municipal
solid waste, with a minimum of 33% of that—extremely conservatively—
not managed in AN environmentally safe manner. Worldwide, waste
generated per person per day averages zero.74 weight unit however
ranges wide, from 0.11 to 4.54 kilograms.generate concerning 34%, or
683 million tonnes, of the world’s waste.

When trying forward, world waste is anticipated to grow to three.40 billion

tonnes by 2050, quite double growth over identical amount. Overall,
there's a correlation between waste generation and financial gain level. Daily
per capita waste generation in high-income countries is projected to extend by
19% by 2050, compared to low- and middle-income countries wherever it's
expected to extend by close to four- hundredth or a lot of. Waste
generation at first decreases at rock bottom financial gain levels.
Waste assortment could be a crucial step in managing waste, nonetheless rates
vary for the most part by financial gain levels, with upper-middle- and high-
income countries providing nearly universal waste assortment. Low-income
countries collect concerning 48 % of waste in cities, however this proportion
drops drastically to 26 % outside of urban areas. Across regions, geographic area
collects concerning 44 % of waste whereas Europe and Central Asia and North
America collect a minimum of 90% of waste.

Waste composition differs across financial gain levels, reflective varied patterns
of consumption. High-income countries generate comparatively less food
and inexperienced waste, at 32% of total waste, and generate a lot of dry
waste that might be recycled, together with plastic, paper, cardboard, metal,
and glass, that account for 51% of waste. Middle- and low-income countries
generate 53% and 57% food and inexperienced waste, severally, with the
fraction of organic waste increasing as economic development levels
decrease. In low-income countries, materials that might be recycled account for
under 20% of the waste stream. Across regions, there's not abundant selection
inside waste streams on the far side those aligned with financial gain. All
regions generate concerning 50% or a lot of organic waste, on average, aside
from Europe and Central Asia and North America, that generate higher parts of
dry waste.
`

area and geographical region, geographic area, and South Asia. Upper-
middle- income countries have the very best share of waste in landfills, at fifty
four %. This rate decreases in high-income countries to thirty-nine %, with
diversion of thirty six % of waste to exercise and composting and

22% to combustion. combustion is employed primarily in high-capacity, high-

income, and land-constrained countries.

Based on the degree of waste generated, its composition, and the way it's
managed, it's calculable that 1.6 billion tonnes of greenhouse gas (CO2)
equivalent gas emissions were generated from solid waste treatment and
disposal in 2016, or five % of world emissions. this can be driven primarily by
getting rid of waste in open dumps and lowlands while not landfill gas assortment
systems. garbage accounts for nearly five hundredth of emissions. Solid waste–
related emissions area unit anticipated to extend to a pair of.38 billion tonnes
of CO2-equivalent each year by 2050 if no enhancements area unit created
within the sector.

.
 `

It is a frequent thought that technology is that the resolution to the matter of

unmanaged and increasing waste. Technology isn't a nostrum and is typically
just one issue to contemplate once managing solid waste. Countries that advance
from open merchandising and different rudimentary waste management ways area
unit a lot of seemingly to succeed after they choose regionally acceptable
solutions. Globally, most waste is presently drop or disposed of in some sort of
a lowland. Some thirty seven % of waste is disposed of in some sort of a
lowland, eight % of that is disposed of in sanitary lowlands with landfill gas
assortment system.
 CHAPTER-2

2.1 GENERAL
This is made and planned to do by reviewing some of the literature. The
importance of reviewing literature is to analyze the research work related to
this study.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

This literature review will be the mechanism by which research is viewed as
a cumulative process. That makes it an integral component of the scientific
process. Abstracts of related literatures have been detailed below.

Ahmmad and Haque (2014) suggested that solid waste created within
the Dhaka|national capital} town of Bangladesh are often used as a renewable
energy

supply. By adopting gas assortment method rather than furnace method

additional energy are often extracted from waste.

C.F.King and L.C.Stuckenbruck (1976) worked on Solid Waste As another

for Power and warmth Generation. This paper shows that the theoretical
potential of energy from municipal solid waste is adequate to 5 % of the desired
fuel by all the utilities within the us; the energy that is made is adequate to twenty
eighth of the oil made for delivery through the pipeline. within the paper, this
standing of systems
`

recovered.
Changkook Ryu and Donghoon Shin (2012) worked on Current standing
and problems on Combined Heat and Power from Municipal Solid Waste in Asian
nation. This study states an outline of CHP by MSW to energy plants in Asian
nation and mentioned the issuses associated with energy potency improvement.
The necessary energy resource for combined heat and power production is
Municipal solid waste. Generation of power in the WtE CHP plants was projected
to be solely three.65% of the thermal input and warmth production was
sixty.79%. The R1 potency for the CHP plants compared to it in europe was
similar and better for warmth solely plants. In

2010, around half the fifty one massive WtE plants were CHP, whereas others
made heat. up of power generation potency for brand spanking new power
plants manufacturing steam at pressure on top of the present level of 20-30 bar is
needed. Transboundary centralization of WtE plants between neighboring native
authorities is important for warmth utilization since several existing small-
scale plants don't recover heat.

D.L.Wise and R.G. Kispertmics (1981) of bioconversion of municipal solid

waste (MSW) to liquid and vapourish fuels was conducted, supported data
within the literature and by personal communication with developers of the
processes. to produce a typical basis, processes were graded by conniving the
tipping fee required to method the MSW victimization assumed costs for product
fuels likewise as capital and operative expenses. No quantitative live of the
comparative benefits between liquid and vapourish fuels was created. The
outline results of this economic analysis were: read at intervals Article due to the
assumptions that had to be created, the
`

municipal solid waste plants in energy recovery plants, by finding out the energy
potency of the present plants. On the opposite hand, it'll additionally compare
completely different energy valorization technologies so as to research the necessity
for brand spanking new Waste-to-Energy plants to require advantage of all the
rejected biofuel material generated in European country.

Osei-Appaiah Nana Ama (2019) has studied on Techno-Economic Assessment of

Waste to Energy Technologies in Republic of Ghana. to scale back environmental
degradation and improve energy. Technical feasibleness, economic
feasibleness, and barrier analysis are administrated to assess the
feasibleness of municipal solid WtE conversion technologies. an influence
generation potential (PGP) of 530 kW/tMSW associate degreed an energy
recovery potential (ERP) of forty one.68 kWh/tMSW is recoverable from the
waste in national capital once organic chemistry energy conversion is applied
associate degreed a PGP of 1320 kW/tMSW and an ERP of 106 kWh/tMSW

Pablo Emilio Escamilla-García and Raúl Horacio Camarillo-López et al (2020)

are reviewed concerning Technical and economic analysis of energy generation from
waste burning in United Mexican States. during this paper they evaluated the
likelihood of energy generation by combustion of waste in United Mexican States.
 CHAPTER-3

AIM AND SCOPE OF THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK

3.1 AIM:
The main aim of doing this project is to generate electricity
from the municipal solid waste by reducing the waste before
decomposing in the landfill sites by controlling the pollution by
using filter control process and by reducing biogas (Methane
gas) without decomposing in landfills.

3.2 SCOPE OF WORK:

To generate electricity from municipal solid waste in order to
reduce the wastes by heating process and by reducing the
pollution by using the pollution control filter. Toconvert the heat
energy into mechanical energy by using the heating sensor
and heating panel.
 CHAPTER-4

PROPERTIES

4.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Information and data on the physical properties of solid wastes are
necessary for the selection and operation of equipment and for
the analysis and magnificence of disposal facilities. the following
physical characteristics are to be studied intimately.

DENSITY:
The crucial have faith in the design of a solid waste management
system is density of waste, i.e., its mass per unit volume(kg/m), e.g.,
the design of healthful landfills, storage, styles of assortment and
transport vehicles, etc. to clarify that academic degree economical
operation of a lowland demands compaction of wastes to optimum
density. ancient compaction instrumentality will do reduction seventy
fifth in volume of wastes , which will increase academic degree initial
density of 1 hundred kg/m3 to four hundred kg/m3.
`

The relation of the load of water to the complete wet weight of the waste is
made public as condition content. condition is directly proportional the load of solid
wastes, and thereby, the value of assortment and transport. condition content is
also an important determinant at intervals the economic risk of waste treatment
by burning, as a result of wet waste consumes energy for evaporation of water and
in raising the temperature of water vapor.

SIZE OF WASTE CONSTITUENTS:

The size distribution of waste ingredients at intervals the waste stream is
significant as a result of its consequence at intervals the design of mechanical
separators and

CALORIFIC VALUE:
The amount of heat generated from combustion of a unit weight of a substance
is termed hot value, expressed as kcal/kg. measuring system is used to figure out
the recent value through Associate in Nursing experiment throughout that the
heat generated at a relentless temperature 25OC from the combustion of dry
sample is measured.

The essential physical properties that are useful to research of wastes disposed
at landfills are:

FIELD CAPACITY:
The total amount of condition which could be preserved in a {very} very
waste sample subject to attraction pull is termed volume unit of municipal solid
waste.IT is
`

necessary live as a result of leachate that forms by excess water of

volume unit and additionally the key draw back for landfills is leachate.
volume unit changes with the degree of applied pressure and additionally
the state of decomposition of the wastes.

PERMEABILITY OF COMPACTED WASTES:

The necessary property of solid waste is hydraulic natural
phenomenon of compacted wastes as a expanse and consistence.
consistence is made public as a result of the number of voids per
unit total volume of cloth. The consistence of municipal solid waste
differs typically from zero.40 to 0.67 betting on the compaction and
composition of the waste.

COMPRESSIBILITY:
It is the degree of physical changes of the suspended solids or filter
cake once subjected to pressure.

4.2 Chemical Characteristics:

Knowledge of the classification of chemical compounds and their
characteristics is important to correct understanding of the behaviour
of waste, because it moves through the waste management system.
The merchandise that area unit rotten and heating values area unit 2
chemical characteristics examples. Before victimisation solid wastes as
fuel or the other purpose, we have a tendency to should understand
their chemical characteristics, as well as the subsequent
 `
PH:
A 5-gm portion of the pulverised sample is mixed with fifty mil of H2O
by stirring so pH is measured by a pH it tends to become acidic
Associate in Nursingd stabilised solid waste has a basic pH.

Organic Content:
A 10-gm portion of the dried ground sample is placed in a very oxide
dish and slowly heated in an electrical chamber to 700 C for thirty min.
The residue is weighed and

therefore the loss of weight represents the organic content and is

expressed as % by weight.

Carbon Content:
The carbon is decided by victimisation the New Zealand formula within
which the % organic matter is split by one.724.

Nitrogen Content:

From Kjeldahl technique, total element is obtained and therefore the

element and metallic element area unit calculable by victimisation
phosphomolybdic and flame measuring technique. In composting
element, element and caustic potash values area unit necessary.

Toxicity:
Heavy metals, pesticides, pesticides etc area unit toxicity
characteristics. serious metals area unit gift in municipal solid waste
because of the waste
`

Natural fibres:
Natural fibres embody the nature cotton and wood merchandise contain 100%,
ninety fifth and four-hundredth of polyose severally. solid waste containing high
proportion of paper and wood merchandise, area unit appropriate for combustion.
The hot values of overdried paper merchandise area unit within the vary 12000 –
18000 kcal/kg and of wood regarding 20000 kcal/kg, that compare with 44200
kcal/kg for heating oil.

Synthetic organic material (Plastics):

Plastics area unit extremely proof against biodegradation and objectionable and of
special concern in solid waste management. Therefore, the increasing attention
being paid to the employment of plastics to scale back the proportion of this waste
element

at disposal sites. Plastics have a high heating worth, about 32,000 kJ/kg, that build
them terribly appropriate for combustion. however one ought to note that polyvinyl
resin, when burnt, produces hydrocarbon and acid gas.

Non-combustibles:

Non-combustible includes glass, ceramics, metals, dirt and ashes, and accounts for
twelve – twenty fifth of dry solids.

Ultimate analysis:
It is outlined because the analysis of waste to see the proportion of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, element and sulphur, and supreme analysis is finished to perform
mass balance calculation for a chemical or thermal method. Besides, it's necessary
to see ash fraction attributable to its doubtless harmful environmental effects, led to
by the presence of cyanogenetic metals like atomic number 48, chromium, mercury,
 `

nickel, lead, tin and metal. One ought to note that alternative metals can
also be gift however they're non-toxic.

Proximate analysis:
Proximate analysis is vital in evaluating the combustion properties of
wastes or a waste or refuse derived fuel. The fractions of interest are:

• moisture content, that adds weight to the waste while not increasing
its heating worth, and therefore the evaporation of water reduces the
warmth discharged from the fuel

4.3 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES:

The organic elements are often born-again biologically to gases and
comparatively inert organic and inorganic solids is that the most significant
biological characteristics of the organic fraction of MSW. the assembly of
odours and therefore the generation of flies also are associated with the
perishable nature of the organic materials found in MSW.

Excluding plastic, rubber and animal skin elements, the organic fraction of
most MSW is often classified as follows:

• soluble constituents like sugars, starches, amino acids, and numerous

organic acids.

• Hemicelluloses, a condensation product of five- and six-carbon sugars

 `

CHAPTER-5
5.1 MATERIALS USED:

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE:

It is the first and fore most material which is the important for this
project. In this only collecting the municipal solid waste which
consists of papers, cardboard, plastic, wood, etc.

FIG 5.1: Municipal Solid Waste

HEATING PANEL:

Heating panel is the material which is used for converting

the heat energy into electrical energy. It works by allowing
heat, to generating flow of electricity. Simply this heating panel
converts heating or light energy into electricity or electrical
energy.
 `

Fig 5.1.1: Heating panel (5v)

DC MOTOR:

It is the device that converts the electricity into the mechanical

work. It works on the
physicist Law, that states that “the current carrying conductor
placed in a very
magnetic and force field expertise a force” which forc is named
the force.

Fig 5.1.2: DC motor(5v)

`

LED BULB:

When an acceptable current is applied to the leads, negatrons

area unit ready to recombine with electron holes among the
device, cathartic energy within the kind of photons. This impact
is termed electroluminescence.

Fig 5.1.3: Led bulbs (5v)

CAPACITOR:

It is a component which has the ability to store energy in the form of

an electrical charge producing a potential like a small rechargeable
battery.

Fig 5.1.6: Heating Sensor

`

Fig 5.1.4: Capacitor (2.5v)

RESISTOR:

It is used to reduce the flow of current, to divide voltages. It controls the

flow of the current and resits it’s the flow of the current.

Fig 5.1.5: Resistor

HEATING SENSOR:

It is used to convert the heat energy into electrical energy.

When this is heated by the heating it takes that heat and
converts that heat energy into electrical energy.
`

5.2 METHODOLOGY:

COLLECTION OF MSW

SEPERATION OF MSW

HEATING PROCESS

OUTPUT LOAD

DISPOSAL

POLLUTION FILTER PROCESS

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5.3 COLLECTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE:

MSW have been collected from households, surroundings and

various places before that solid waste are decomposing in the
landfills which are useful for our project.

Fig 5.3 Collection of Solid Waste

5.4 SEPERATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE:

The collected MSW has been separated by manually under the
categories based on size, shape, weight, dry, wet, etc. The separation
should be taken very carefully and avoid any toxic materials like
medicines, injections, glass, etc which will be a problem for the
further process i. e. heating process.
`

5.5 HEATING PROCESS:

The separated solid waste which is collected for the project has been
taken in the heating box for the heating process while heating the
solid waste care should be taken the heating sensor is connected while
heating process is going on the heating sensor and the heating panel
takes the heat and converts that heat energy into electrical energy.
The heating sensors, heating panels are used as like solar panels. It is
the first and foremost process which is the main process in which
the heat energy is converted into electrical energy. While doing this
process care should be taken. The energy from this process taken by
the heating panels and transfers that energy into the rechargeable
battery through the circuits which helps to resists the flow of the current.
The capacitors used to store the energy.

FIG 5.5 Heating Process

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5.6 OUTPUT LOAD:

The energy which is stored in the battery is transferred to the
externally which is used as the output load.

Fig 5.6: Output Load

5.7 DISPOSAL:

The remaining residue which is left in the process in the form as ash is
disposed and if it is used for further process then is used and the
remaining waste like ash is disposed outside.

5.8 POLLUTION FILTER PROCESS:

The smoke which is coming from the heating box is send to the filter
control which used to control the pollution.
`

Fig 5.8 Pollution Control Process

5.9 CONNECTIONS:
`

BEFORE STARTING:

FIG 5.9.1 Before Starting

`

AFTER STARTING:

FIG 5.9.2 After Starting

37
`

5.10 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

`
5.1 Output Load

MATERI TIMIN TEMPERAT MAXIMUM ELECTRICI ELECTICITY

AL G URE TY
ELECTRICI GENERATIN
GENERATI
TY G
NG TIME
GENERATI MINMUM
NG TEMPERAT
VOLTAGE URE
250 gm 20 – 300 degrees 6 V 30 min 100 degrees
30
wood
min
250 gm 25 – 300 – 600 8V 40 min 100 degrees
wood 40
degrees
+ min
plasti
c

5.1.1 POWER GENRATION

AMP HOURS VOLTAGE KILO-WATT HOUR

5 3.7 0.0185

10 7.4 0.0370

20 14.8 0.0740

5.11 ADVANTAGES:

 We can generate electricity by direct wood and waste

materials
 We can generate electricity by plastic
 We can generate electricity by burning heat.
 We can generate electricity anywhere.
 We can generate electricity with generator
 ` CHAPTER-6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

6.1 GENERAL:
In this chapter, the summary and conclusion of this project about the
generation of electricity from solid waste by heating process has been
discussed.

6.2 summary:
In this project the generation of electricity from the solid waste by
the heating process. These materials have been used for the generation
of electricity by heating process by controlling the pollution by using the
pollution filter. The filter has been setup in order to control the pollution
while heating process has been going on. The results obtained after
doing this process is analyzed and its efficiency for generating electricity.

6.3CONCLUSION:

In the world the solid waste generation is increasing day by day

everywhere.

In order to control that solid waste generation by controlling the

pollution for the purpose of generation of electricity. In this project we
show that how to generate electricity from solid waste successfully by
the process of heating. We cannot control
`

the pollution completely but we can control the pollution for up to some
extent. We can generate electricity from solid waste by the process of
heating and we can supply that electricity for the use.

We are reducing the solid waste and biogas without decomposing in the
landfill sites. Thus, we can say that we completely show that generation of
electricity from solid waste by the heating process.
`

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