Factorisation Class VIII

Factors of Natural Numbers

Factors are the pair of natural numbers which give the resultant number.

Factors of 729 = 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243,729

Example
24 = 12 × 2 = 6 × 4 = 8 × 3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24 × 1
Hence, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 are the factors of 24.
Prime Factor Form
If we write the factors of a number in such a way that all the factors are prime numbers then it is
said to be a prime factor form.
Example
The prime factor form of 24 is
24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
Factors of Algebraic Expressions
Like any natural number, an algebraic expression is also the product of its factors. In the case of
algebraic expression, it is said to be an irreducible form instead of prime factor form.
Example
7pq = 7 × p × q =7p × q = 7q × p = 7 × pq
These are the factors of 7pq but the irreducible form of it is
7pq = 7 × p × q
Example
2x (5 + x)
Here the irreducible factors are
2x (5 + x) = 2 × x × (5 + x)
Factorisation
The factors of an algebraic expression could be anything like numbers, variables and expressions.
As we have seen above that the factors of algebraic expression can be seen easily but in some
case like 2y + 4, x2 + 5x etc. the factors are not visible, so we need to decompose the expression
to find its factors.
The process of expressing an algebraic expression as a product of its factors is called
Factorisation

Methods of Factorisation
1. Method of Common Factors
• In this method, we have to write the irreducible factors of all the terms

• Then find the common factors amongst all the irreducible factors.
• The required factor form is the product of the common term we had chosen and the leftover
terms.
Example

2. Factorisation by Regrouping Terms

Sometimes it happens that there is no common term in the expressions then
• We have to make the groups of the terms.
• Then choose the common factor among these groups.
• Find the common binomial factor and it will give the required factors.
Example
Factorise 3x2 + 2x + 12x + 8 by regrouping the terms.
Solution:
First, we have to make the groups then find the common factor from both the groups.

Now the common binomial factor i.e. (3x + 2) has to be taken out to get the two factors of the
expression.
EXERCISE 12.1 (Page 148)
Question 1:
Find the common factors of the terms
(i) 12x, 36
(ii) 2y, 22xy
(iii) 14pq, 28p2q2
(iv) 2x, 3x2, 4
(v) 6abc, 24ab2, 12a 2b
(vi) 16x3, −4x2, 32x
(vii) 10pq, 20qr, 30rp
(viii) 3x2y3, 10x3y2, 6x2y2z
Answer:
(i) 12x = 2 × 2 × 3 × x
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
The common factors are 2, 2, 3.
And, 2 × 2 × 3 = 12
(ii) 2y = 2 × y
22xy = 2 × 11 × x × y
The common factors are 2, y.
And, 2 × y = 2y
(iii) 14pq = 2 × 7 × p × q
28p2 q2 = 2 × 2 × 7 × p × p × q × q
The common factors are 2, 7, p, q.
And, 2 × 7 × p × q = 14pq
(iv) 2x = 2 × x
3x2 = 3 × x × x
4=2×2
The common factor is 1.
(v) 6abc = 2 × 3 × a × b × c
24ab 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × a × b × b
12a2 b = 2 × 2 × 3 × a × a × b
The common factors are 2, 3, a, b.
And, 2 × 3 × a × b = 6ab
(vi) 16x3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x × x
−4x2 = −1 × 2 × 2 × x × x
32x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x
The common factors are 2, 2, x.
And, 2 × 2 × x = 4x
(vii) 10pq = 2 × 5 × p × q
20qr = 2 × 2 × 5 × q × r
30rp = 2 × 3 × 5 × r × p
The common factors are 2, 5.
And, 2 × 5 = 10
(viii) 3x2y3 = 3 × x × x × y × y × y
10x3 y2 = 2 × 5 × x × x × x × y × y
6x2y 2z = 2 × 3 × x × x × y × y × z
The common factors are x, x, y, y.
And,
x × x × y × y = x2y2
Question 2:
Factorise the following expressions
(i) 7x − 42
(ii) 6p − 12q
(iii) 7a2 + 14a
(iv) −16z + 20z3
(v) 20l2m + 30 alm
(vi) 5x2y − 15xy2
(vii) 10a2 − 15b2 + 20c2
(viii) −4a2 + 4ab − 4 ca
(ix) x 2yz + xy2z + xyz2
(x) ax 2y + bxy2 + cxyz
Answer:
(i) 7x = 7 × x
42 = 2 × 3 × 7
The common factor is 7.
∴ 7x − 42 = (7 × x) − (2 × 3 × 7) = 7 (x − 6)
(ii) 6p = 2 × 3 × p
12q = 2 × 2 × 3 × q
The common factors are 2 and 3.
∴ 6p − 12q = (2 × 3 × p) − (2 × 2 × 3 × q)
= 2 × 3 [p − (2 × q)]
= 6 (p − 2q)
(iii) 7a2 = 7 × a × a
14a = 2 × 7 × a
The common factors are 7 and a.
∴ 7a2 + 14a = (7 × a × a) + (2 × 7 × a)
= 7 × a [a + 2] = 7a (a + 2)
(iv) 16z = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z
20z3 = 2 × 2 × 5 × z × z × z
The common factors are 2, 2, and z.
∴ −16z + 20z3 = − (2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × z) + (2 × 2 × 5 × z × z × z)
= (2 × 2 × z) [− (2 × 2) + (5 × z × z)]
= 4z (− 4 + 5z2)
(v) 20l2m = 2 × 2 × 5 × l × l × m
30alm = 2 × 3 × 5 × a × l × m
The common factors are 2, 5, l, and m.
∴ 20l2m + 30alm = (2 × 2 × 5 × l × l × m) + (2 × 3 × 5 × a × l × m)
= (2 × 5 × l × m) [(2 × l) + (3 × a)]
= 10lm (2l + 3a)
(vi) 5x2y = 5 × x × x × y
15xy 2 = 3 × 5 × x × y × y
The common factors are 5, x, and y.
∴ 5x 2y − 15xy2 = (5 × x × x × y) − (3 × 5 × x × y × y)
= 5 × x × y [x − (3 × y)]
= 5xy (x − 3y)
(vii) 10a2 = 2 × 5 × a × a
15b2 = 3 × 5 × b × b
20c2 = 2 × 2 × 5 × c × c
The common factor is 5.
10a2 − 15b2 + 20c2 = (2 × 5 × a × a) − (3 × 5 × b × b) + (2 × 2 × 5 × c × c)
= 5 [(2 × a × a) − (3 × b × b) + (2 × 2 × c × c)]
= 5 (2a2 − 3b2 + 4c2 )
(viii) 4a2 = 2 × 2 × a × a
4ab = 2 × 2 × a × b
4ca = 2 × 2 × c × a
The common factors are 2, 2, and a.
∴ −4a2 + 4ab − 4ca = − (2 × 2 × a × a) + (2 × 2 × a × b) − (2 × 2 × c × a)
= 2 × 2 × a [− (a) + b − c]
= 4a (−a + b − c)
(ix) x 2yz = x × x × y × z
xy2z = x × y × y × z
xyz2 = x × y × z × z
The common factors are x, y, and z.
∴ x2yz + xy2z + xyz2 = (x × x × y × z) + (x × y × y × z) + (x × y × z × z)
= x × y × z [x + y + z]
= xyz (x + y + z)
(x) ax 2y = a × x × x × y
bxy2 = b × x × y × y
cxyz = c × x × y × z
The common factors are x and y.
ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz = (a × x × x × y) + (b × x × y × y) + (c × x × y × z)
= (x × y) [(a × x) + (b × y) + (c × z)]
= xy (ax + by + cz)
Question 3:
Factorise
(i) x2 + xy + 8x + 8y
(ii) 15xy − 6x + 5y − 2
(iii) ax + bx − ay − by
(iv) 15pq + 15 + 9q + 25p
(v) z − 7 + 7xy − xyz
Answer:
(i) x2 + xy + 8x + 8y = x × x + x × y + 8 × x + 8 × y
= x (x + y) + 8 (x + y)
= (x + y) (x + 8)
(ii) 15xy − 6x + 5y − 2 = 3 × 5 × x × y − 3 × 2 × x + 5 × y − 2
= 3x (5y − 2) + 1 (5y − 2)
= (5y − 2) (3x + 1)
(iii) ax + bx − ay − by = a × x + b × x − a × y − b × y
= x (a + b) − y (a + b)
= (a + b) (x − y)
(iv) 15pq + 15 + 9q + 25p = 15pq + 9q + 25p + 15
=3×5×p×q+3×3×q+5×5×p+3×5
= 3q (5p + 3) + 5 (5p + 3)
= (5p + 3) (3q + 5)
(v) z − 7 + 7xy − xyz = z − x × y × z − 7 + 7 × x × y
= z (1 − xy) − 7 (1 − xy)
= (1 − xy) (z − 7)

3. Factorisation Using Identities

Remember some identities to factorise the expression
• (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
• (a – b) = a – 2ab + b
2 2 2

• (a + b) (a – b) = a – b
2 2

We can see the different identities from the same expression.

(2x + 3)2 = (2x)2+ 2(2x) (3) + (3)2
= 4x2 + 12x + 9
(2x - 3)2 = (2x)2 – 2(2x)(3) + (3)2
= 4x2 -12x + 9
(2x + 3) (2x - 3) = (2x)2 – (3)2
= 4x2 - 9
Example 1
Factorise x– (2x – 1)2 using identity.
Solution:
This is using the identity (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
x2- (2x - 1)2 = [(x + (2x - 1))] [x – (2x-1))]
= (x + 2x - 1) (x – 2x + 1)
= (3x – 1) (- x + 1)
Example 2
Factorize 9x² - 24xy + 16y² using identity.
Solution:
1. First, write the first and last terms as squares.
9x² - 24xy + 16y²
= (3x)2 – 24xy + (4y)2
2. Now split the middle term.
= (3x)2 – 2(3x) (4y) + (4y)2
3. Now check it with the identities

4. This is (3x – 4y)2

5. Hence the factors are (3x – 4y) (3x – 4y).
Example 3
Factorise x2 + 10x + 25 using identity.
Solution:
x2 + 10x + 25
= (x)2 + 2(5) (x) + (5)2
We will use the identity (a + b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 here.
Therefore,
x2 + 10x + 25 = (x + 5)2
4. Factors of the form ( x + a) ( x + b)
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab.
Example:
Factorise x2 + 3x + 2.
Solution:
If we compare it with the identity (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x +ab
We get to know that (a + b) = 3 and ab = 2.
This is possible when a = 1 and b = 2.
Substitute these values into the identity,
x2 + (1 + 2) x + 1 × 2
(x + 1) (x + 2)
 EXERCISE 12.2 (Page 151)
Question 1:
Factorise the following expressions.
(i) a2 + 8a + 16
(ii) p 2 − 10p + 25
(iii) 25m2 + 30m + 9
(iv) 49y2 + 84yz + 36z2
(v) 4x2 − 8x + 4
(vi) 121b2 − 88bc + 16c2
(vii) (l + m)2 − 4lm (Hint: Expand (l + m)2 first)
(viii) a4 + 2a2b2 + b4
Answer:
(i) a2 + 8a + 16 = (a)2 + 2 × a × 4 + (4) 2
= (a + 4)2 [(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2]
(ii) p 2 − 10p + 25 = (p)2 − 2 × p × 5 + (5) 2
= (p − 5)2 [(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]
(iii) 25m2 + 30m + 9 = (5m)2 + 2 × 5m × 3 + (3) 2
= (5m + 3)2 [(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
(iv) 49y2 + 84yz + 36z2 = (7y)2 + 2 × (7y) × (6z) + (6z)2
= (7y + 6z)2 [(a + b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
(v) 4x2 − 8x + 4 = (2x)2 − 2 (2x) (2) + (2) 2
= (2x − 2)2 [(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]
= [(2) (x − 1)]2 = 4(x − 1)2
(vi) 121b2 − 88bc + 16c2 = (11b)2 − 2 (11b) (4c) + (4c)2
= (11b − 4c)2 [(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]
(vii) (l + m)2 − 4lm = l2 + 2lm + m2 − 4lm
= l2 − 2lm + m2
= (l − m)2 [(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]
(viii) a4 + 2a2b2 + b4 = (a2)2 + 2 (a2) (b2) + (b2)2
= (a2 + b2)2 [(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
Question 2:
Factorise
(i) 4p 2 − 9q2
(ii) 63a2 − 112b2
(iii) 49x2 − 36
(iv) 16x5 − 144x3
(v) (l + m)2 − (l − m)2
(vi) 9x2y2 − 16
(vii) (x2 − 2xy + y2) − z2
(viii) 25a2 − 4b2 + 28bc − 49c2
Answer:
(i) 4p 2 − 9q2 = (2p)2 − (3q)2
= (2p + 3q) (2p − 3q) [a2 − b 2 = (a − b) (a + b)]
(ii) 63a2 − 112b2 = 7(9a2 − 16b2)
= 7[(3a)2 − (4b)2]
= 7(3a + 4b) (3a − 4b) [a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]
(iii) 49x2 − 36 = (7x)2 − (6)2
= (7x − 6) (7x + 6) [a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]
(iv) 16x5 − 144x3 = 16x3(x2 − 9)
= 16 x3 [(x)2 − (3)2]
= 16 x3(x − 3) (x + 3) [a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]
(v) (l + m)2 − (l − m)2 = [(l + m) − (l − m)] [(l + m) + (l − m)]
[Using identity a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]
= (l + m − l + m) (l + m + l − m)
= 2m × 2l
= 4ml
= 4lm
(vi) 9x2y2 − 16 = (3xy)2 − (4) 2
= (3xy − 4) (3xy + 4) [a2 − b 2 = (a − b) (a + b)]
(vii) (x2 − 2xy + y2) − z2 = (x − y)2 − (z) 2 [(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]
= (x − y − z) (x − y + z) [a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]

)
(viii 25a2 − 4b2 + 28bc − 49c2 = 25a2 − (4b2 − 28bc + 49c 2)
= (5a)2 − [(2b)2 − 2 × 2b × 7c + (7c) 2]
= (5a)2 − [(2b − 7c)2]
[Using identity (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]
= [5a + (2b − 7c)] [5a − (2b − 7c)]
[Using identity a2 − b2 = (a − b) (a + b)]
= (5a + 2b − 7c) (5a − 2b + 7c)
Question 3:
Factorise the expressions
(i) ax 2 + bx
(ii) 7p2 + 21q2
(iii) 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2
(iv) am2 + bm2 + bn 2 + an2
(v) (lm + l) + m + 1
(vi) y(y + z) + 9(y + z)
(vii) 5y2 − 20y − 8z + 2yz
(viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2
(ix) 6xy − 4y + 6 − 9x
Answer:
(i) ax 2 + bx = a × x × x + b × x = x(ax + b)
(ii) 7p2 + 21q2 = 7 × p × p + 3 × 7 × q × q = 7(p2 + 3q2)
(iii) 2x3 + 2xy2 + 2xz2 = 2x(x2 + y2 + z2)
(iv) am2 + bm2 + bn 2 + an2 = am2 + bm2 + an2 + bn2
= m2 (a + b) + n2(a + b)
= (a + b) (m2 + n2)
(v) (lm + l) + m + 1 = lm + m + l + 1
= m(l + 1) + 1(l + 1)
= (l + l) (m + 1)
(vi) y (y + z) + 9 (y + z) = (y + z) (y + 9)
(vii) 5y2 − 20y − 8z + 2yz = 5y2 − 20y + 2yz − 8z
= 5y(y − 4) + 2z(y − 4)
= (y − 4) (5y + 2z)
(viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2 = 10ab + 5b + 4a + 2
= 5b(2a + 1) + 2(2a + 1)
= (2a + 1) (5b + 2)
(ix) 6xy − 4y + 6 − 9x = 6xy − 9x − 4y + 6
= 3x(2y − 3) − 2(2y − 3)
= (2y − 3) (3x − 2)
Page No 224:

Question 4:
Factorise
(i) a4 − b4
(ii) p 4 − 81
(iii) x4 − (y + z)4
(iv) x 4 − (x − z)4
(v) a4 − 2a2b2 + b4
Answer:
(i) a4 − b4 = (a2)2 − (b2)2
= (a2 − b2) (a2 + b2)
= (a − b) (a + b) (a2 + b2)
(ii) p 4 − 81 = (p2)2 − (9)2
= (p2 − 9) (p2 + 9)
= [(p)2 − (3)2] (p2 + 9)
= (p − 3) (p + 3) (p2 + 9)
(iii) x4 − (y + z)4 = (x2)2 − [(y +z)2]2
= [x2 − (y + z)2] [x2 + (y + z)2]
= [x − (y + z)][ x + (y + z)] [x2 + (y + z)2]
= (x − y − z) (x + y + z) [x2 + (y + z)2]
(iv) x 4 − (x − z)4 = (x2)2 − [(x − z)2]2
= [x2 − (x − z)2] [x2 + (x − z)2]
= [x − (x − z)] [x + (x − z)] [x2 + (x − z)2]
= z(2x − z) [x2 + x2 − 2xz + z2]
= z(2x − z) (2x2 − 2xz + z2)
(v) a4 − 2a2b2 + b4 = (a2)2 − 2 (a2) (b2) + (b2)2
= (a2 − b2)2
= [(a − b) (a + b)]2
= (a − b)2 (a + b)2
Question 5:
Factorise the following expressions
(i) p2 + 6p + 8
(ii) q 2 − 10q + 21
(iii) p2 + 6p − 16
Answer:
(i) p2 + 6p + 8
It can be observed that, 8 = 4 × 2 and 4 + 2 = 6
∴ p2 + 6p + 8 = p2 + 2p + 4p + 8
= p(p + 2) + 4(p + 2)
= (p + 2) (p + 4)
(ii) q 2 − 10q + 21
It can be observed that, 21 = (−7) × (−3) and (−7) + (−3) = − 10
∴ q2 − 10q + 21 = q2 − 7q − 3q + 21
= q(q − 7) − 3(q − 7)
= (q − 7) (q − 3)
(iii) p2 + 6p − 16
It can be observed that, 16 = (−2) × 8 and 8 + (−2) = 6
p2 + 6p − 16 = p2 + 8p − 2p − 16
= p(p + 8) − 2(p + 8)
= (p + 8) (p − 2)
Division of Algebraic Expressions
Division is the inverse operation of multiplication.
1. Process to divide a monomial by another monomial
• Write the irreducible factors of both the monomials
• Cancel out the common factors.
• The balance is the answer to the division.
Example
Solve 54y3 ÷ 9y
Solution:
Write the irreducible factors of the monomials
54y3 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × y × y × y
9y = 3 × 3 × y

2. Process to divide a polynomial by a monomial

• Write the irreducible form of the polynomial and monomial both.

• Take out the common factor from the polynomial.

• Cancel out the common factor if possible.
• The balance will be the required answer.
Example
Solve 4x3 + 2x2 + 2x ÷ 2x.
Solution:
Write the irreducible form of all the terms of polynomial
4x3 + 2x2 + 2x
= 4(x) (x) (x) + 2(x) (x) + 2x
Take out the common factor i.e.2x
= 2x (2x2 + x + 1)

3. Process to divide a polynomial by a polynomial

In the case of polynomials we need to reduce them and find their factors by using identities or
by finding common terms or any other form of factorization. Then cancel out the common factors
and the remainder will be the required answer.
Example
Solve z (5z2 – 80) ÷ 5z (z + 4)
Solution:
Find the factors of the polynomial
= z (5z2 – 80)
= z [(5 × z2) – (5 × 16)]
= z × 5 × (z2 – 16)
= 5z × (z + 4) (z – 4) [using the identity a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]

EXERCISE 12.3 (Page 155)

Question 1:
Carry out the following divisions.
(i) 28x4 ÷ 56x
(ii) −36y3 ÷ 9y2
(iii) 66pq2r3 ÷ 11qr2
(iv) 34x3y3z3 ÷ 51xy2z3
(v) 12a8b8 ÷ (−6a6b4)
Answer:
(i) 28x4 = 2 × 2 × 7 × x × x × x × x
56x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × x

(ii) 36y3 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × y × y × y
9y2 = 3 × 3 × y × y

(iii) 66 pq2 r3 = 2 × 3 × 11 × p × q × q × r × r × r
11qr2 = 11 × q × r × r

(iv) 34 x3y3z3 = 2 × 17 × x × x × x × y × y × y × z × z × z
51 xy 2z3 = 3 ×17 × x × y × y ×z × z × z

(v) 12a8b8 = 2 × 2 × 3 × a8 × b8
6a6b 4 = 2 × 3 × a6 × b4
 = −2a2b4
Question 2:
Divide the given polynomial by the given monomial.
(i) (5x2 − 6x) ÷ 3x
(ii) (3y8 − 4y6 + 5y4) ÷ y4
(iii) 8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2 z3) ÷ 4x2y2z2
(iv) (x3 + 2x2 + 3x) ÷ 2x
(v) (p3q6 − p6q3) ÷ p 3q3
Answer:
(i) 5x 2 − 6x = x(5x − 6)

(ii) 3y8 − 4y6 + 5y4 = y4(3y4 − 4y2 + 5)

(iii) 8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2 z3) = 8x2y2z2(x + y + z)

(iv) x 3 + 2x2 + 3x = x(x2 + 2x + 3)

(v) p 3q6− p6q3 = p3q3(q3 − p3 )

Question 3:
Work out the following divisions.
(i) (10x − 25) ÷ 5
(ii) (10x − 25) ÷ (2x − 5)
(iii) 10y(6y + 21) ÷ 5(2y + 7)
(iv) 9x2y2(3z − 24) ÷ 27xy(z − 8)
(v) 96abc(3a − 12)(5b − 30) ÷ 144(a − 4) (b − 6)
Answer:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v) 96 abc(3a − 12) (5b − 30) ÷ 144 (a − 4) (b − 6)

Question 4:
Divide as directed.
(i) 5(2x + 1) (3x + 5) ÷ (2x + 1)
(ii) 26xy(x + 5) (y − 4) ÷ 13x(y − 4)
(iii) 52pqr (p + q) (q + r) (r + p) ÷ 104pq(q + r) (r + p)
(iv) 20(y + 4) (y2 + 5y + 3) ÷ 5(y + 4)
(v) x(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) ÷ x(x + 1)
Answer:

(i) = 5(3x + 1)

(ii) = 2y (x + 5)
(iii) 52pqr (p + q) (q + r) (r + p) ÷ 104pq (q + r) (r + p)
(iv) 20(y + 4) (y2 + 5y + 3) = 2 × 2 × 5 × (y + 4) (y 2 + 5y + 3)

(v)
= (x + 2) (x + 3)
Question 5:
Factorise the expressions and divide them as directed.
(i) (y 2 + 7y + 10) ÷ (y + 5)
(ii) (m2 − 14m − 32) ÷ (m + 2)
(iii) (5p2 − 25p + 20) ÷ (p − 1)
(iv) 4yz(z2 + 6z − 16) ÷ 2y(z + 8)
(v) 5pq(p2 − q2) ÷ 2p(p + q)
(vi) 12xy(9x2 − 16y2) ÷ 4xy(3x + 4y)
(vii) 39y3(50y2− 98) ÷ 26y2(5y+ 7)
Answer:
(i) (y 2 + 7y + 10) = y2 + 2y + 5y + 10
= y (y + 2) + 5 (y + 2)
= (y + 2) (y + 5)

(ii) m2 − 14m − 32 = m2 + 2m − 16m − 32

= m (m + 2) − 16 (m + 2)
= (m + 2) (m − 16)

(iii) 5p2 − 25p + 20 = 5(p2 − 5p + 4)

= 5[p 2 − p − 4p + 4]
= 5[p(p −1) − 4(p −1)]
= 5(p −1) (p − 4)
(iv) 4yz(z2 + 6z −16) = 4yz [z2 − 2z + 8z − 16]
= 4yz [z(z − 2) + 8(z − 2)]
= 4yz(z − 2) (z + 8)

(v) 5pq(p2 − q2) = 5pq (p − q) (p + q)

(vi) 12xy(9x2 − 16y2) = 12xy[(3x)2 − (4y)2] = 12xy(3x − 4y) (3x + 4y)

(vii) 39y3(50y2 − 98) = 3 × 13 × y × y × y × 2[(25y 2 − 49)]

= 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y × [(5y)2 − (7)2]
= 3 × 13 × 2 × y × y × y (5y − 7) (5y + 7)
26y2 (5y + 7) = 2 × 13 × y × y × (5y + 7)
39y3 (50y2 − 98) ÷26y2 (5y + 7)

Some Common Errors

• While adding the terms with same variable students left the term with no coefficient but the
variable with no coefficient means 1.
2x + x + 3 = 3x + 3 not 2x +3
We will consider x as 1x while adding the like terms.
• If we multiply the expressions enclosed in the bracket then remember to multiply all the terms.
2(3y + 9) = 6y + 18 not 6y + 9
We have to multiply both the terms with the constant.
• If we are substituting any negative value for the variables then remember to use the brackets
otherwise it will change the operation and the answer too.
If x = – 5
Then 2x = 2(-5) = -10
Not, 2 – 5 = - 3
• While squaring of the monomial we have to square both the number and the variable.
(4x)2 = 16x2 not 4x2
We have to square both the numerical coefficient and the variable.
• While squaring a binomial always use the correct formulas.
(2x + 3)2 ≠ 4x2+ 9 But (2x + 3)2 = 4x2 + 12x + 9
• While dividing a polynomial by a monomial remember to divide each term of the polynomial
in the numerator by the monomial in the denominator.

Extra Problems on errors

Question 1:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: 4(x − 5) = 4x − 5
Answer:
L.H.S. = 4(x − 5) = 4 × x − 4 × 5 = 4x − 20 ≠ R.H.S.
The correct statement is 4(x − 5) = 4x − 20
Question 2:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: x(3x + 2) = 3x2 + 2
Answer:
L.H.S. = x(3x + 2) = x × 3x + x × 2 = 3x2 + 2x ≠ R.H.S.
The correct statement is x(3x + 2) = 3x2 + 2x
Question 3:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: 2x + 3y = 5xy
Answer:
L.H.S = 2x + 3y ≠ R.H.S.
The correct statement is 2x + 3y = 2x + 3y
Question 4:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: x + 2x + 3x = 5x
Answer:
L.H.S = x + 2x + 3x =1x + 2x + 3x = x(1 + 2 + 3) = 6x ≠ R.H.S.
The correct statement is x + 2x + 3x = 6x
Question 5:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: 5y + 2y + y − 7y = 0
Answer:
L.H.S. = 5y + 2y + y − 7y = 8y − 7y = y ≠ R.H.S
The correct statement is 5y + 2y + y − 7y = y
Question 6:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: 3x + 2x = 5x2
Answer:
L.H.S. = 3x + 2x = 5x ≠ R.H.S
The correct statement is 3x + 2x = 5x
Question 7:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: (2x)2 + 4(2x) + 7 = 2x2 + 8x + 7
Answer:
L.H.S = (2x)2 + 4(2x) + 7 = 4x2 + 8x + 7 ≠ R.H.S
The correct statement is (2x)2 + 4(2x) + 7 = 4x2 + 8x + 7
Question 8:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: (2x)2 + 5x = 4x + 5x = 9x
Answer:
L.H.S = (2x)2 + 5x = 4x2 + 5x ≠ R.H.S.
The correct statement is (2x)2 + 5x = 4x2 + 5x
Question 9:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: (3x + 2)2 = 3x2 + 6x + 4
Answer:
L.H.S. = (3x + 2)2 = (3x)2 + 2(3x)(2) + (2)2 [(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= 9x2 + 12x + 4 ≠ R.H.S
The correct statement is (3x + 2)2 = 9x2 + 12x + 4
Page No 229:

Question 10:
Find and correct the errors in the following mathematical statement. Substituting x = −3 in
(a) x2 + 5x + 4 gives (−3)2 + 5 (−3) + 4 = 9 + 2 + 4 = 15
(b) x2 − 5x + 4 gives (−3)2 − 5 (−3) + 4 = 9 − 15 + 4 = −2
(c) x2 + 5x gives (−3)2 + 5 (−3) = −9 − 15 = −24
Answer:
(a) For x = −3,
x2 + 5x + 4 = (−3)2 + 5 (−3) + 4 = 9 − 15 + 4 = 13 − 15 = −2
(b) For x = −3,
x2 − 5x + 4 = (−3)2 − 5 (−3) + 4 = 9 + 15 + 4 = 28
(c) For x = −3,
x2 + 5x = (−3)2 + 5(−3) = 9 − 15 = −6
Question 11:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: (y − 3)2 = y2 − 9
Answer:
L.H.S = (y − 3)2 = (y)2 − 2(y)(3) + (3)2 [(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2]
= y2 − 6y + 9 ≠ R.H.S
The correct statement is (y − 3)2 = y2 − 6y + 9
Question 12:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: (z + 5)2 = z2 + 25
Answer:
L.H.S = (z + 5)2 = (z)2 + 2(z)(5) + (5)2 [(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
= z2 + 10z + 25 ≠ R.H.S
The correct statement is (z + 5)2 = z2 + 10z + 25
Question 13:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: (2a + 3b) (a − b) = 2a2 − 3b2
Answer:
L.H.S. = (2a + 3b) (a − b) = 2a × a + 3b × a − 2a × b − 3b × b
= 2a2 + 3ab − 2ab − 3b2 = 2a2 + ab − 3b2 ≠ R.H.S.
The correct statement is (2a + 3b) (a − b) = 2a2 + ab − 3b2
Question 14:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: (a + 4) (a + 2) = a2 + 8
Answer:
L.H.S. = (a + 4) (a + 2) = (a)2 + (4 + 2) (a) + 4 × 2
= a2 + 6a + 8 ≠ R.H.S
The correct statement is (a + 4) (a + 2) = a2 + 6a + 8
Question 15:
Find and correct the errors in the statement: (a − 4) (a − 2) = a2 − 8
Answer:
L.H.S. = (a − 4) (a − 2) = (a)2 + [(− 4) + (− 2)] (a) + (− 4) (− 2)
= a2 − 6a + 8 ≠ R.H.S.
The correct statement is (a − 4) (a − 2) = a2 − 6a + 8
Question 16:

Find and correct the errors in the statement:

Answer:

L.H.S =

The correct statement is

Question 17:

Find and correct the errors in the statement:

Answer:

The correct statement is

Question 18:

Find and correct the errors in the statement:

Answer:

L.H.S =

The correct statement is

Question 19:

Find and correct the errors in the statement:

Answer:

L.H.S. = ≠ R.H.S.

The correct statement is

Question 20:

Find and correct the errors in the statement:

Answer:

L.H.S. =

The correct statement is

Question 21:

Find and correct the errors in the statement:

Answer:

L.H.S. =

The correct statement is