Emilio Aguinaldo College

School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology

Gov. Drive, Mangubat St. Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, 4114 Philippines

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MACHINE DESIGN II

Cugtas, Jeffer Ted Jr. L

TMEC 4-1

March 05. 2022

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St. Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, 4114 Philippines

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Design of Machine Element (Fourth Edition) by Virgil Moring Faires P. 266-268

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A 12-in. gear E delivers the remaining power downward toward the left at an angle of

30" below the horizontal. Both gears have 20 involute teeth. The shaft is to be

machined from annealed C1137, with profile keyways for each gear and pulley. The

load is smooth. (a) Find the diameter of the shaft for N = 1.8 when the Soderberg

criterion is used for the equivalent stresses. (b) Let there be a step-down in the size of

the shaft at the bearing D and compute the diameter from D to E.

Solution. The torques transmitted by the pulley and gears are

𝟔𝟑,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒉𝒑 𝟔𝟑,𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟑𝟎)

𝑻𝒃 = = = 𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒊𝒏 − 𝒍𝒃 (𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐟𝐭 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐁 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂).
𝒏 𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝟔𝟑,𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟏𝟐)
𝑻𝒄 = = 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒊𝒏 − 𝒍𝒃. 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅. 𝑻.
𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝟔𝟑,𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝟏𝟖)
𝑻𝒆 = = 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒊𝒏 − 𝒍𝒃. (𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝑪 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑬)
𝟑𝟔𝟎

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
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Gov. Drive, Mangubat St. Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, 4114 Philippines

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Let the bending force produced by the belt be (rb = radius of B)

𝟐𝑻𝒃 𝟐(𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟎)
𝑭𝒃 = 𝟐(𝑭𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 ) = = = 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒍𝒃.
𝒓𝒃 𝟏𝟐
For the gears, the driving forces are computed as though the contact is always on the

pitch circle (r = pitch radius of E, etc.)

𝑻𝒆 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑻𝒄 𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑭𝒃 = = = 𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝒍𝒃. and 𝑭𝒄 = = = 𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝒍𝒃.
𝒓𝒆 𝟔 𝒓𝒄 𝟗

From your study of the kinematics of gearing, recall that the total load won the Rear tooth

(ignoring the frictional force) is normal to the tooth surface, with the result that there is a

separating force, N. Fig. 9.2, which is seen to be Ftan where F is the computed driving force.

(See $ 13.9). For - 20". the separating forces for C and E are

Nc = Fc tan 20 = (233)(0.364) = 84.8 lb. Ne = (525)(0.364) = 191 lb

If C delivers power to the right, the force Fc, on points leftward, as shown in the end view

of Fig. 9.1. Similarly, with E delivering power as stated, the force Fe is upward toward the

right, By analytic mechanics, those forces actmg at so distance from thc center of the shaft

are replaced by a force through the shrill.' axis and a couple. Thus, add and subtract forccs

through the shaft axisaa: indicated and note that there will now be a CC torsional couple

Fere, where re is the pitch radius of gear E. and a bending force Fe through the center of the

shaft parand to the original Fe. This is the justification of the free bodies to be used later.

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St. Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, 4114 Philippines

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At this stage, tha easiest way to design a shaft subjected to a three-dimensional force

system is to resolve the forces into two perpendicular coplanar systems. The horizontal

forces at B, C, and E are

𝑩𝒛 = 𝑭𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝟓 = (𝟖𝟕𝟓)(𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕) = 𝟔𝟏𝟗𝒍𝒃.

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𝑪𝒛 = 𝑭𝒄 = 𝟐𝟑𝟑𝒍𝒃.
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𝑬𝒛 = 𝑭𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎 − 𝑵𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝟎 = (𝟓𝟐𝟓)(𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔) − (𝟏𝟗𝟏)(𝟎. 𝟓) = 𝟑𝟓𝟗. 𝟏𝒍𝒃

Looking at the end view of Fig. 9.1, imagine thc horizontal plane rotated 90.' CC, and

sketch the forces in this plane as shown in Fig. 9.3. To find the bearing reac-tions at A

and D, take moments about D and about A, and check the results by = O. About A,

∑MA= (12)(699) + (30)(233) — (50)(359) + 40Dz = 0,

or Dz = +88.3 lb. The positive sign for Dz tells that its sense as shown is correct: or, since

thc clockwise was ta,en as positive, the positive sign for Dz indicates

that Dz should act in such a way us to produce a clockwise moment about A. Summing

moments about the right bearing, we have

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Gov. Drive, Mangubat St. Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, 4114 Philippines

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∑Md = 40 Az — (28)(619) — (10)(233) — ((0)(359) = 0

from which Az = +581.3 lb. Again Az was chosen in the correct sense. Sum the forces as a

check, ∑Fz = O.

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Since we arc interested in locating thc point of maximum stress. we 1. definitely interested

in the uctions of maximum bending moment, in each plane.

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Sketching the shear diagram, Fig. 9.3, note that it crosses at B, which is therefore the section

of maximum bending moment in the horizontal plane. The sum of the moments to the left

of the section gives

Mbx = (12)(581) = 6972 in-lb

The forces in the vertical plane are indicated in Fig. 9.4; the y components of the force

system of Fig. 9.1 are

By = Fb cos 45 = (875)(0.707) = 619 lb.

Cy = Nc = 84.8 lb.

Ey = Fy sin 30 + Ne cos 30 = (525)(0.5) + (191)(0.866) = 427.9 lb.

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 Emilio Aguinaldo College
School of Engineering, Computer Science and Technology
Gov. Drive, Mangubat St. Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, 4114 Philippines

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The values of the bearing reactions Ay and Dy are determined by moments as before, from

a free body of the y components, Fig. 9.4, and checked by ∑Fy = 0. The results are as

shown. Since the shear diagram crosses zero at section B, the maximum moment in the

vertical plane is also at B, of value

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Mby = (12)(561) = 6732 in-lb.

(Note. The horizontal and vertical shear diagrams do not always "cross" at the same section.
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Sometimes, one or both cross at more than one section. If the shaft is to be made a constant

diameter, each section where the shear diagram crosses zero must be considered to make

sure that the size of shaft obtained is safe at all sections. The maximum moment will be

where at least one diagram crosses.) Since both shear diagrams cross zero at B, this is the

section of maximum bending moment, which is the vector sum of the components computed

above;

Mb = (Mbx2 + Mby2)1/2 = (69722 + 67322) 1/2 = 9680 in-lb.

9680 in-lb. or 9.68 in-kips. We now notice that the maximum bending moment and the

maximum torque both occur at B, which is therefore the significant section. (NOTE. If the

maximum bending moment occurs at a section that is not subiected to the maximum torque,

some section of maximum torque must be investigated as well as the section of maximum

bending moment.)

(a) Designing by variable-stress principles (Chapters 4 and 8), we probably need to

include a size factor, say 0.85: there is a keyway at section B. for which K = 1.6 and

K. = 1.3 from Table AT 13 (for annealed steel); mechanical properties for AISI 1137

from Table AT 8 are

Sy = 85 ksi, Sy = 50 ksi, use Sn = 85/2 = 42.5 ksi

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Gov. Drive, Mangubat St. Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, 4114 Philippines

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Assume Sns = (0.6)(42.5) - 25.5 ksi and Sys = (0.6)(50) = 30 ksi.

for these values of Sys and Sns in equation (8.11), the results accord closely but not exactly

with the octahedral stress theory. Since the flexural stress varies through a complete cycle,

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we need to find the equivalent stress to use in, say, equation (8.11); Sm= 0; therefore, Sa =

Mc/l = 9.68/( πD3 /32) ksi; and front equation (w), § 8.15, we get

𝑺𝒆 =
𝑺𝒏 DAS
𝑺𝒎 + 𝑲𝟏 𝑺𝟐 = 𝟎 +
(𝟏. 𝟔)(𝟗. 𝟔𝟖)(𝟑𝟐)
𝑺𝒚 (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)(𝝅𝑫𝟑 )

Assume a steady torque: Sas = 0, and Sms = Tc/J = (5250)/ /( πD3 /16) ksi from equation

(x), § 8.15, we find

𝑺𝒏𝟑 (𝟐𝟓. 𝟓)(𝟓. 𝟐𝟓)(𝟏𝟔)

𝑺𝒆𝟑 = 𝑺𝒎𝟑 + 𝑲𝒇𝟏 𝑺𝒂𝟐 = +𝟎
𝑺𝒚𝟑 (𝟑𝟎)(𝝅𝑫𝟑 )

These equivalent stresses are substituted into equation (8.11): with size factor,

𝟏
𝟏 𝑺𝒕 𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= (( ) + ( ) )
𝑵 𝑺𝒏 𝑺𝒏𝟑
𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝟏. 𝟔)(𝟗. 𝟔𝟖)(𝟑𝟐) (𝟐𝟓. 𝟐)(𝟓. 𝟐𝟓)(𝟏𝟔)
= (( 𝟑
) + ( ) )
(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓)(𝟒𝟐. 𝟓)(𝝅𝑫 ) (𝟐𝟓. 𝟓)(𝝅𝑫𝟑 )

𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝟏
= (𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟔) 𝟐
𝟏. 𝟖 𝝅𝑫𝟑
from which D z 2; use D = 2 in. This size shaft should be satisfactory for strength, but,

especially with meshing gears, it should be determined that the deflections are appropriate

(§9.11).

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Gov. Drive, Mangubat St. Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, 4114 Philippines

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(b) Suppose the bearing D is 1 in. wide (axial dimension); then, certainly as a first

approximation, the moment at the center of the bearing may be used for design, even though

the discontinuity occurs at the left side of D, where there is fillet whose radius must be

assumed; say r = 1/16 in. Checking in Fig. AF 12, we conclude that an iterative process

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must be used because r/d and D/d must be known in order to find Kt. Assume Kt = 2. The

resultant force at E is F. (3592 + 4282)1/2, = 5601b.; the moment at D is 10Fe, = 5.6 in-kips.
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The torque on the shaft at D is Td = 3.15 in-kips, computed above. As before

(2)(5.6)(32) 𝑆𝑛3 (25.5)(3.15)(16)

𝑆𝑒3 = 𝐾𝑓 𝑆𝑎 = 3
𝑆𝑒3 = 𝑆𝑚3 = +0
(0.85)(𝜋𝐷 ) 𝑆𝑦3 (30)(𝜋𝐷3 )

Substituting into equation (8.11), including the size factor 0.85, we have
1
2 2 2
1 1 16 (2)(5.6)(2) (25.2)(3.15)
= = (( ) + ( ) )
𝑁 1.8 𝜋𝐷3 (0.85)(42.5) (30)(25.5)

from w.,ich d = 1.54; use d = 11/2 in. (except that if a rolling bearing is to be used, the size

would be adjusted to an available bore). In preparation for the next iteration, check the saki,

of Kf, assumed above. For r/d = 0.0625/1.5 = 0.0417 and D/d = 2/1.5 = 1.33, we find, from

Fig. AF 12, Kt = 2.15. From Fig. AF 7, get q = 0.86; thence

𝐾1 = 1 + 𝑞(𝐾𝑖 − 1) = 1 + (0.86)(1: 15) = 1.99

since this is close to the assumed K, = 2, the dimension d found should be safe for strength.

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