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READING AND WRITING

Patterns of
Development
 PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT

Learning Competency:
Compare and contrast patterns of written texts across
disciplines.

Learning Objectives:

1. Identify the different patterns of paragraph development and

its transition signals.
2. Write a short paragraph using any mode of paragraph
development.
3. Use critical thinking in accomplishing various tasks.
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Warm-up:

Have you posted anything on your Facebook profile

today?
What is your purpose in sharing what’s on your mind?

Did you write on your on your timeline to narrate

your bizarre experiences or did you write to describe
your ultimate crush in your class?
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All writers write for a purpose whether it’s on the

Internet or on the paper. narrate
cause-
describe
effect

You
persuade may classify
write to

contrast define

compare
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What is it?
Pattern of Development
➢ The logical arrangement of ideas

➢ The pattern helps you follow ideas easily and

understand a text better. Having the ability
to recognize it will help you distinguish major
details from minor ones and predict ideas.
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Narration

Description Definition

Exemplification Comparison and

Contrast

Patterns of
Development

Problem- Classification
solution and Division

Cause and Persuasion

Effect
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1. Narration
✓ Story telling

✓ It is a sequence of
events, not necessarily arranged in chronological
order, told by a narrator, happening in a
particular place at a particular time.
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1. Narration
Signal words
about before in the prior to
after during meantime second
afterwards eventually later soon
as soon as finally meanwhile then
at this/that first next week till
point immediately next today
tomorrow when presently
until yesterday
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1. Narration
Example
Ondoy began to develop from an active low pressure area to a
tropical cyclone on September 24, 2009. The following day, PAGASA
raised storm signals all over the Philippine archipelago. At that point,
signal no. 2 was raised in Catanduanes and other parts of Luzon. By
Saturday morning, reports of flooding started to pour in. Meanwhile,
President Arroyo declared a state of calamity in Metro Manila.
Immediately after President Arroyo’s declaration, various government
agencies began the rescue and relief operations. As soon as Typhoon
Ondoy exited the Philippines, more and more relief and rescue operations
were conducted.
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2. Definition

✓ Using definition to develop an idea helps to

clarify and explain concepts by answering the
question “What does it mean?”

✓ This pattern explains the information through the

use of illustrations, examples, and descriptions.
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2. Definition
Signal words

is defined means to define

as defined refers to to illustrate
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2. Definition
Example
Social engineering is defined as any method which
tricks people to share personal information through the
use of technology. The ‘social’ component in this scheme
means that there is reliance on various psychological
tricks and on the gullibility of users rather than
technical hacking. Social engineering also refers to
various malicious acts online such as phishing,
spamming, and pretexting.
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3. Exemplification
✓ presents the general statement and then
provides specific and concrete examples to
expound on the main idea

✓ Simply put, this pattern is used to provide an

example of something.
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3. Exemplification
Signal words

after all as an for instance in specifically

example consider the other words in stated differently
following for example particular in that is
namely short to to be specific
illustrate to clarify
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3. Exemplification
Example
While the internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has
its downsides. One of these is phishing, which refers to the act of
obtaining personal information, such as passwords and credit card
details, through online means. In other words, phishing is a form of
cybercrime. As an example, let us consider the case of Mr. X. he
received an email stating that his Gmail account has been
compromised and that he needed to click a link to update
personal information. If Mr. X clicks on the link, his personal
information will be illegally acquired by cybercriminals.
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4. Description

✓ provides details on the idea by using either a

sensory or spatial pattern
✓ Through a sensory pattern, ideas are arrange
based on one or all of the five senses.
✓ A spatial pattern, on the other hand, arranges
ideas by location or physical space.
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4. Description
Signal words
above around between in front onto
across away beyond of opposite to
adjacent to from by inside outside
against back of down into over
along behind farther near throughout
alongside below here off to the right
amidst beneath in on under
beside on top of
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Example 4. Description
A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a
lightweight device that can save a vast amount of information. The screen,
touchpad, speakers, keyboard, battery, and AC adapter are the basic parts of
a laptop. The most noticeable part of a laptop is its screen, which is responsible
for displaying information. Another major component is the keyboard. On it
are the keys needed to enter data into the computer. Near the keyboard you
will find a smooth, rectangular surface which acts like a desktop computer
mouse –this is the touchpad. At the bottom part of this rectangular surface,
you will see buttons that operate like a mouse button. Below the keyboard
and touchpad, built into the laptop itself are the speakers which allow you to
hear sounds and music. Found at the back of the keyboard is the battery; it
serves as the lifeline of the computer. Finally, a laptop also comes with an AC
adapter which charges the battery and serves as the source of electric power
when it is plugged in.
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5. Comparison and Contrast

✓ A comparison and contrast pattern organizes ideas based

on how the events, places, people, things, and concepts
are similar to or different from one another

✓ There are two ways on how ideas can be arranged:

separately, which involves describing one item first followed
by the second item, or side by-side, which means discussing
both items based on each point of comparison
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5. Comparison and Contrast

Signal words for Comparison

also, as, equally, in the same similarly, to
both in a way, compare
similar fashion, like, likewise
in comparison
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5. Comparison and Contrast

Signal words for Contrasting

although, despite, even so, instead, otherwise,
and even though, in however, still,
yet, as contrast, in spite nevertheless, the fact
opposed of, in the nonetheless, on remains,
to, but, meantime the contrary, on unlike,
conversely the other hand whereas,
yet
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5. Comparison and Contrast

Example
Are you not sure yet which phone to buy? To help you decide, this review will
inspect the basic similarities and differences of the flagship phones of two giant
companies: Apples iPhone 6 and Samsung’s Galaxy S5. Both brag to be best smart
phones in the market to date. While these state-of-the-art phones have similarities in
the form of sleek design, multi-touch touch screen, and multimedia features, they
have their distinctive features as well. First, Galaxy S5 has a larger screen at 5.1 inches
as compared to iPhone 6’s 4.7 inches. As for the operating system, iPhone 6 uses
iOS(8x) while S5 uses Android (5.0, 2.4.2). In terms of the camera, S5 has a
2.1megapixel front-facing camera which is higher than iPhone’s 1.2 megapixels. Unlike
S5, iPhone’s battery is not user -replaceable and has a shorter talk time, but when it
comes to built-in storage, iPhone 6 outperforms S5. Now that you know the basic
differences of the two phones, you can decide!
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6. Classification and Division

✓ A classification pattern organizes ideas into categories or

divisions based on criteria and standards.

✓ This pattern can be used when classifying people, things,

places, and other items.
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6. Classification and Division

Signal words for Classification and Division
another, another kind, classified one kind, the first category,
as, final type the last group, the next
part
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6. Classification and Division

Example
Earthquakes can be classified into three main types based on
the plate movements. The first type is known as a convergent
boundary. Also known as destructive plate boundary, this type of
earthquake happens when two tectonic plates move toward one
another and collide. The second type of earthquake is called
divergent boundary. During this type of earthquake, two plates are
forced to move away from each other resulting in a rift zone. The last
type is called the conservative plate boundary or transform fault.
During this type of earthquake, two tectonic plates slide past one
another.
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7. Cause and Effect

✓ A cause-effect pattern organizes details based on the

cause, the reason, and the result or consequences of a
certain phenomenon.
✓ This pattern may discuss both the causes and effects, the
causes only, or the effects only.
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7. Cause and Effect

Signal words for Causes
as, because (of the fact), being in view of (the fact),
that, due to (the fact that), for, inasmuch as, one reason,
for the reason that, in that owing to (the fact), seeing
that, since
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7. Cause and Effect

Signal words for Effects
accordingly, as a consequence, In consequence, so, so much
as a result (of this), because (of (so) that, so that, therefore,
this), consequently, for this thus
reason, hence
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7. Cause and Effect
Example
Drug addiction is a serious health issue that affects addicts, their families
and society. First of all, drug addiction has severe physical effects on the addict’s
body. Drug users can experience many physical symptoms including sickness,
fevers, sweats and shakes, loss of appetite, and weight loss. They also face the
danger of contracting serious diseases such as AIDS, hepatitis, and other
communicable diseases, not to mention the risk of overdose. Families and
friends of drug addicts are also inevitably affected by their addiction. Addiction
can lead to serious financial problems, loss of trust, and eventually family
breakup and divorce. Society as well pays a cost: crime rates go up, and more
security and hospital care is needed which are all paid for by taxpayers. Drug
addiction is a destructive way to live. Maybe one or more would be done
about it if it were looked at not just as a problem that addicts face alone, but
as something that affects society as a whole.
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8. Problem-solution

✓ A problem-solution pattern organizes ideas into problems

and proposed solutions.

✓ The problem section usually includes the what, who, when,

where, why, and how of the problem. The other part then
presents the major effects of the problem and the possible
solutions to address it, as well as the steps in implementing
the solution
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8. Problem-solution
Signal words for Problem-solution
but, first, second, nonetheless, one solution is, one way is,
one reason for the the problem, the solution
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8. Problem-solution
Example
Last week we installed a kitty door so that our cat could come and go
as she pleases. Unfortunately, we ran into a problem. Our cat was afraid to use
the kitty door. We tried pushing her through, and that caused her to be even
more afraid. The kitty door was dark, and she couldn’t see what was on the
other side. The first step we took in solving this problem was taping the kitty
door open. After a couple of days, she was confidently coming and going
through the open door. However, when we removed the tape and closed the
door, once again , she would not go through. They say you catch more bees
with honey, so we decided to use food as bait. We would sit next to the kitty
door with a can of wet food and click the top of the can. When kitty came
through the closed door, we would open the can and feed her. It took five
days of doing this to make her unafraid of using the kitty door. Now we have
just one last problem; our kitty controls our lives.
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9. Persuasion
✓ A persuasion pattern organizes ideas to show how a set of
evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument.

✓ Specifically, this pattern presents the issue, position, and the

supporting evidence that supports the position.
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9. Persuasion
Signal words for Emphasizing a word
again, for this reason, in fact, in to emphasize, to repeat,
that case, indeed truly, with this in mind

Signal words for Concluding and Summarizing

accordingly, all in all, as a result, as I in short, in summary,
have said, consequently, due to, inevitably, on the whole, since,
finally, in any event, in brief, in in essence, in a nutshell,
conclusion therefore, thus, to sum up
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9. Persuasion

Signal words for Conceding a Point

admittedly, assuredly, certainly, obviously, of course, to be
granted, it is true that, needless sure, true, undoubtedly,
to say, no doubt unquestionably
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9. Persuasion
Example
Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue. It is an act
to end a person’s life to alleviate the suffering brought about by a terminal or
grave illness. While it may be supported by some, mercy killing is not only an
unethical medical practice, it is also a crime. After all, on the most basic level,
euthanasia still takes a life. In fact, majority of the countries in the world,
including those that have legalized it, consider it as homicide. Aside from being
a crime, euthanasia is unethical in the medical context because it violates the
principle of “primum non no core” which means “first, do no harm.” In their code
of ethics, doctors have responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them, which
is why euthanasia can never be acceptable.

Source: Academic Reading and Writing by Jessie s. Barrot PhD