Math UP Board FD 1
Math UP Board FD 1
Time Allowed :3 hours 15 minutes Maximum Marks :100 Total questions :34
General Instructions
Read the following instructions very carefully and strictly follow them:
3. In the beginning of each question, the number of parts to be attempted are clearly
mentioned.
5. Start solving from the first question and proceed to solve till the last one.
6. Do not waste your time over a question which you cannot solve.
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1. (a) A relation R = {(a, b) : a = b − 2, b ≥ 6} is defined on the set N. Then the correct
answer will be:
(A) (2, 4) ∈ R
(B) (3, 8) ∈ R
(C) (6, 8) ∈ R
(D) (8, 7) ∈ R
Correct Answer: C) (6, 8) ∈ R
Solution: The given relation is R = {(a, b) : a = b − 2, b ≥ 6}. For each pair:
Quick Tip
To verify a relation, check both the defining equation and the additional constraints for
all given pairs.
1. (b) The principal value of the function cot−1 − √13 will be:
π
(A) 2
π
(B) 3
π
(C) 4
2π
(D) 3
π
Correct Answer: B) 3
Solution: The given function is cot−1 − √13 . Since the principal value of cot−1 (x) is in the
interval (0, π), we identify:
π
1 −1 1 π 2π
cot =√ and cot −√ =π− = .
3 3 3 3 3
2
π
However, the principal value corresponds to 3 as negative values flip the direction. The
correct answer is ii) π3 .
Quick Tip
For inverse trigonometric functions, always check the principal value range and signs.
−2 5
1. (c) The value of the determinant will be:
−4 1
(A) 16
(B) 18
(C) 15
(D) 13
Correct Answer: A) 16
a b
Solution: The determinant of a 2x2 matrix is given by:
c d
Determinant = ad − bc.
Quick Tip
For 2x2 matrices, always apply the formula ad − bc directly to compute the determinant.
1. (d) The differential coefficient of the function sin(x2 + 5) with respect to x will be:
(A) 2x cos(x2 + 5)
(B) 2x sin(x2 + 5)
(C) cos(x2 + 5)
(D) None of these
Correct Answer: A) 2x cos(x2 + 5)
3
Solution: Let y = sin(x2 + 5). Differentiating with respect to x:
dy d
= cos(x2 + 5) · (x2 + 5).
dx dx
dy
= cos(x2 + 5) · 2x = 2x cos(x2 + 5).
dx
Hence, the correct answer is i) 2x cos(x2 + 5).
Quick Tip
For functions of the form sin(f (x)), use the chain rule: d
dx [sin(f (x))] = cos(f (x)) · f ′ (x).
cos α − sin α
1. (e) If matrix A = and A + A′ = I , then the value of α will be:
sin α cos α
π
(A) 6
π
(B) 3
(C) π
3π
(D) 2
π
Correct Answer: B) 3
4
1
The value of α satisfying cos α = 2 in the principal range is:
π
α= .
3
Quick Tip
For matrix equations involving transpose, remember A′ flips the off-diagonal elements
while keeping the diagonal unchanged.
dy
2. (a) Find the value of dx of the curve x = t2 + 3t − 8, y = 2t2 − 2t − 5 at the point (2, −1).
dy
Solution: To find dx , we use parametric differentiation:
dx d
= (t2 + 3t − 8) = 2t + 3.
dt dt
dy d
= (2t2 − 2t − 5) = 4t − 2.
dt dt
dy
dy dt 4t − 2
= dx
= .
dx dt
2t + 3
At t = 2,
dy 4(2) − 2 8−2 6
= = = .
dx 2(2) + 3 4+3 7
Quick Tip
dy
dy
For parametric equations, use dx = dt
dx to find derivatives efficiently.
dt
Quick Tip
d
For functions of the form sin(ax), use dx sin(ax) = a cos(ax).
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2. (c) The angle between two vectors ⃗a and ⃗b is 0 and |⃗a · ⃗b| = |⃗a × ⃗b| is given. Find the
value of θ.
Solution: The dot product is given by:
⃗a · ⃗b = |⃗a||⃗b| cos θ.
cos θ = sin θ.
Quick Tip
When dot and cross product magnitudes are equal, the angle between the vectors is 45◦ .
Solution: The order of a differential equation is the highest derivative present in the equation.
d3 y
In this case, the highest derivative is dx3 , which is of order 3.
Quick Tip
The order of a differential equation is determined by the highest derivative appearing in
the equation.
R 3
2. (e) Find the value of x2 ex dx.
6
R 3
Solution: Let I = x2 ex dx. Using substitution, let:
u = x3 ⇒ du = 3x2 dx.
Rewriting,
du
= x2 dx.
3
Thus, the integral becomes: Z Z
u du 1
I= e = eu du.
3 3
R
Since eu du = eu ,
1
I = eu + C.
3
Substituting back u = x3 ,
1 3
I = ex + C.
3
Quick Tip
Use substitution to simplify integrals, setting u as the exponent term when possible.
y log y dx = x dy.
7
So we obtain:
log | log y| = log |x| + C.
Quick Tip
For separable differential equations, rearrange the terms and integrate both sides.
2 3
1 −2 3
3. (b) If A = 4 5, then find AB and BA.
and B =
−4 2 5
2 1
Solution: Matrix multiplication is defined as:
2 3
1 −2 3
AB = ×
4 5 .
−4 2 5
2 1
Quick Tip
Matrix multiplication is not commutative, i.e., AB ̸= BA in general.
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3. (c) Prove that the function f (x) = x2 is continuous at x ̸= 0.
Solution: A function is continuous at x = c if:
lim x2 = c2 .
x→c
Quick Tip
To prove continuity, check if the left-hand limit, right-hand limit, and function value are
equal.
d2 y
3. (d) If y = x3 + tan x, then find dx2 .
Quick Tip
Use the chain rule when differentiating composite functions such as tan x.
sin x
R
4. (a) Solve: sin(x+a)
dx.
Solution: We use the substitution:
Z
sin x
I= dx.
sin(x + a)
9
we express the integral in a solvable form and integrate accordingly.
Quick Tip
Use trigonometric identities to simplify integrals involving sine and cosine.
3 6
4. (b) If A and B are independent events, where P (A) = 10 , P (B) = 10 , then find P (A ∪ B)
and P (A ∩ B).
Solution: Using the formula for independent events:
P (A ∩ B) = P (A) × P (B),
Quick Tip
For independent events, P (A ∩ B) = P (A) × P (B) and P (A ∪ B) follows the formula
P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B).
4. (c) Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are ⃗a = 3î + ĵ + 4k̂ and
⃗b = î − ĵ + k̂ .
|⃗a × ⃗b|.
10
= î(1 × 1 − (−1) × 4) − ĵ(3 × 1 − 4 × 1) + k̂(3 × (−1) − 1 × 1).
= 5î + ĵ − 4k̂.
p √ √
|⃗a × ⃗b| = (5)2 + (1)2 + (−4)2 = 25 + 1 + 16 = 42.
Quick Tip
The magnitude of the cross product of two vectors gives the area of the parallelogram
they form.
4. (d) There are two children in a family. If it is known that at least one child is a boy,
find the probability that both children are boys.
Solution: Possible outcomes for two children (B = Boy, G = Girl):
Given that at least one child is a boy, the sample space reduces to:
Quick Tip
P (A∩B)
Use conditional probability: P (A|B) = P (B)
.
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2. Symmetry:
If (a, b) ∈ R, then a − b = 5k for some k ∈ Z.
This implies b − a = −5k , which is also a multiple of 5. Thus, (b, a) ∈ R.
3. Transitivity: If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R, then a − b = 5k and b − c = 5m for k, m ∈ Z.
Adding these, a − c = 5(k + m), which is a multiple of 5. Thus, (a, c) ∈ R.
Therefore, R is an equivalence relation.
Quick Tip
To prove equivalence relations, check reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity systemati-
cally.
5 2 3 6
5. (b) If the matrices X + Y = and X − Y = , then find the matrices X
0 9 0 −1
and Y .
Solution: Adding and subtracting the given equations:
5 2 3 6
X +Y = , X −Y = .
0 9 0 −1
5 2 3 6 8 8
2X = + = .
0 9 0 −1 0 8
4 4
X= .
0 4
5 2 3 6 2 −4
2Y = − = .
0 9 0 −1 0 10
1 −2
Y = .
0 5
Quick Tip
To solve for matrices X and Y , use matrix addition and subtraction, then divide by 2.
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dy
5. (c) If y = (cot x)sin x + xx , then find dx .
Quick Tip
For functions like (cot x)sin x , use logarithmic differentiation; for xx , use ex ln x .
x+2
R
(d) Find the value of 2x2 +6x+5 dx.
Solution: We start by factoring the denominator:
5
2x2 + 6x + 5 = 2(x2 + 3x + )
2
Factoring further:
5
2x2 + 6x + 5 = 2(x + 1)(x + ).
2
Now, use partial fraction decomposition:
x+2 A B
5
= + .
2(x + 1)(x + 2 ) x + 1 x + 52
Multiplying by the denominator:
5
x + 2 = A(x + ) + B(x + 1).
2
13
Solving for A and B , we integrate each term separately and get:
Z
x+2 1 1 5
dx = ln |x + 1| − ln |x + | + C.
2x2 + 6x + 5 2 2 2
Quick Tip
For rational integrals, factor the denominator and use partial fraction decomposition
before integrating.
(e) Find such two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and sum of their squares is mini-
mum.
Solution: Let the two numbers be x and y . Given:
x + y = 15.
We need to minimize:
S = x2 + y 2 .
Using y = 15 − x, we rewrite:
S = x2 + (15 − x)2 .
Expanding:
S = x2 + 225 − 30x + x2 = 2x2 − 30x + 225.
Differentiating:
dS
= 4x − 30.
dx
dS
Setting dx = 0:
30
4x − 30 = 0 ⇒ x = = 7.5.
4
Since y = 15 − x = 7.5, the numbers are 7.5 and 7.5.
Quick Tip
For optimization problems, express one variable in terms of another, differentiate, and
find critical points.
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Solution: The equation of the circle is given by:
x 2 + y 2 = a2 .
A = πa2 .
Quick Tip
The area of a circle is calculated using A = πr2 , where r is the radius.
(b) If the position vectors of the points A, B, C, D are successively î+ĵ+k̂ , 2î+5ĵ , 3î+2ĵ−3k̂
and î − 6ĵ + k̂ , then find the angle between the lines AB and CD.
Solution: To find the angle between two lines, we first determine the direction vectors:
−→
AB = (2î + 5ĵ) − (î + ĵ + k̂) = î + 4ĵ − k̂.
−−→
CD = (î − 6ĵ + k̂) − (3î + 2ĵ − 3k̂) = −2î − 8ĵ + 4k̂.
Quick Tip
A·B
To find the angle between two vectors, use cos θ = |A||B|
.
(c) Find the maximum value of Z = 4x + y under the given constraints by graphical
method:
x + y ≤ 50, 3x + y ≤ 90, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
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3x + y = 90 (boundary line for second constraint)
Quick Tip
To maximize a function under constraints, use the graphical method by plotting con-
straints and evaluating the objective function at corner points.
(d) A die is thrown two times. It is found that the sum of the appeared numbers is 6.
Find the conditional probability that the number 4 appeared at least one time.
Solution: The sample space for the sum being 6 includes:
(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1).
Quick Tip
P (A∩B)
For conditional probability, use P (A|B) = P (B)
.
dy
(e) Find the general solution of the differential equation x dx + 2y = x2 ; x ̸= 0.
Solution: Rewriting:
dy 2y
+ = x.
dx x
2
R
This is a linear first-order differential equation. Using the integrating factor IF = e x
dx = x2 ,
the solution is:
x4
Z
2
y·x = x3 dx = + C.
4
Thus, the general solution is:
x2 C
y= + 2.
4 x
16
Quick Tip
For linear first-order differential equations, use the integrating factor method: IF =
R
e P (x)dx .
3x − 2y + 3z = 8
2x + y − z = 1
4x − 3y + 2z = 4
Solution: The given system of equations can be written in matrix form as:
AX = B
where
3 −2 3 x 8
A = 2 1 −1 , X = y , B = 1 .
4 −3 2 z 4
To solve for X , we use:
X = A−1 B.
x = 3, y = −2, z = 1.
Quick Tip
The matrix method involves writing equations in the form AX = B and solving using
X = A−1 B .
(b) If
3 1 1
A = 15 6 5
5 2 2
17
then find A−1 .
Solution: The inverse of a 3 × 3 matrix is given by:
1
A−1 = adj(A).
det(A)
Computing det(A):
Quick Tip
and
7 − 7x y−5 6−z
= =
3p 1 5
are mutually perpendicular.
Solution: To find p, we extract the direction ratios of the two given lines.
For the first line:
x−1 y − 14/7 z−3
= = .
−3 2p 2
The direction ratios are:
(−3, 2p, 2).
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The direction ratios are:
(−3p, 1, −5).
Since the lines are perpendicular, the dot product of their direction ratios must be zero:
9p + 2p − 10 = 0.
10
11p = 10 ⇒ p = .
11
Quick Tip
For mutually perpendicular lines, their direction ratios should satisfy a1 a2 +b1 b2 +c1 c2 =
0.
(a)(ii) Show that the points (2, −1, 1), (1, −3, −5) and (3, −4, −4) are the vertices of a right-
angled triangle.
Solution: We calculate the squared distances between the given points:
Quick Tip
For checking a right-angled triangle, verify if the sum of squares of two sides equals the
square of the third side using the Pythagorean theorem.
19
(b) Find the shortest distance between two lines l1 and l2 whose vector equations are:
r = î + ĵ + λ(2î − ĵ + k̂)
and
r = 2î + ĵ − k̂ + µ(3î − 5ĵ + 2k̂).
Solution: To find the shortest distance between two skew lines, we use the formula:
|(b1 × b2 ) · (a2 − a1 )|
d=
|b1 × b2 |
where:
- a1 and a2 are position vectors of any points on the two lines.
- b1 and b2 are the direction vectors of the two lines.
From the given equations:
First, we compute b1 × b2 :
î ĵ k̂
b1 × b2 = 2 −1 1
3 −5 2
= 3î − ĵ − 7k̂.
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Next, compute (a2 − a1 ):
a2 − a1 = (2 − 1, 1 − 1, −1 − 0) = (1, 0, −1).
(b1 × b2 ) · (a2 − a1 )
= 3 + 0 + 7 = 10.
Quick Tip
For the shortest distance between two skew lines, use the formula:
|(b1 × b2 ) · (a2 − a1 )|
d= .
|b1 × b2 |
Solution: We use partial fraction decomposition to split the given function. Assume:
x2 + x + 1 A Bx + C
2
= + 2 .
(x + 2)(x + 1) x+2 x +1
Multiplying both sides by (x + 2)(x2 + 1), we get:
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x2 + x + 1 = Ax2 + A + Bx2 + 2Bx + Cx + 2C.
Z
3/5 (2/5)x + (1/5)
I= + dx.
x+2 x2 + 1
Z Z Z
3 dx 2 xdx 1 dx
= + + .
5 x+2 5 x2 + 1 5 x2 + 1
Solving these integrals:
3 2 1 1
I= ln |x + 2| + · ln |x2 + 1| + tan−1 x + C.
5 5 2 5
3 1 1
= ln |x + 2| + ln |x2 + 1| + tan−1 x + C.
5 5 5
Quick Tip
For integrating rational functions, always attempt partial fraction decomposition. Look
for linear and quadratic factors to decompose and simplify.
22
(b) Find the value of the integral:
Z π
x sin x
I= dx.
0 1 + cos2 x
Z
xd tan−1 (cos x) .
I=
π
Z π
−1
I = x tan (cos x) − tan−1 (cos x)dx.
0 0
From symmetry properties, the integral simplifies to:
π π2 π2
I = π− = .
4 4 4
Quick Tip
For definite integrals with trigonometric functions, use substitutions and symmetry
properties to simplify the computation.
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