0% found this document useful (0 votes)
35 views23 pages

Math UP Board FD 1

The document is a UP Board 12 Mathematics question paper consisting of 34 questions with a maximum score of 100. It includes various mathematical problems along with their solutions, covering topics such as relations, trigonometric functions, determinants, differentiation, and probability. Each question is clearly structured with correct answers and quick tips for solving similar problems.

Uploaded by

sonukumarsk81310
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
35 views23 pages

Math UP Board FD 1

The document is a UP Board 12 Mathematics question paper consisting of 34 questions with a maximum score of 100. It includes various mathematical problems along with their solutions, covering topics such as relations, trigonometric functions, determinants, differentiation, and probability. Each question is clearly structured with correct answers and quick tips for solving similar problems.

Uploaded by

sonukumarsk81310
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

UP Board 12 Mathematics 324 (FD) Question Paper with Solutions

Time Allowed :3 hours 15 minutes Maximum Marks :100 Total questions :34

General Instructions
Read the following instructions very carefully and strictly follow them:

1. There are in all nine questions in this question paper.

2. All questions are compulsory.

3. In the beginning of each question, the number of parts to be attempted are clearly
mentioned.

4. Marks allotted to the questions are indicated against them.

5. Start solving from the first question and proceed to solve till the last one.

6. Do not waste your time over a question which you cannot solve.

1
1. (a) A relation R = {(a, b) : a = b − 2, b ≥ 6} is defined on the set N. Then the correct
answer will be:
(A) (2, 4) ∈ R
(B) (3, 8) ∈ R
(C) (6, 8) ∈ R
(D) (8, 7) ∈ R
Correct Answer: C) (6, 8) ∈ R
Solution: The given relation is R = {(a, b) : a = b − 2, b ≥ 6}. For each pair:

• For (2, 4): a = 4 − 2 = 2 and b = 4. Since b ≥ 6 is not satisfied, (2, 4) ∈


/ R.

• For (3, 8): a = 8 − 2 = 6 and b = 8. Since a ̸= 3, (3, 8) ∈


/ R.

• For (6, 8): a = 8 − 2 = 6 and b = 8. Both conditions a = b − 2 and b ≥ 6 are satisfied, so


(6, 8) ∈ R.

• For (8, 7): a = 7 − 2 = 5 and b = 7. Since a ̸= 8, (8, 7) ∈


/ R.

Thus, the correct pair is (6, 8).

Quick Tip
To verify a relation, check both the defining equation and the additional constraints for
all given pairs.

 
1. (b) The principal value of the function cot−1 − √13 will be:
π
(A) 2
π
(B) 3
π
(C) 4

(D) 3
π
Correct Answer: B) 3  
Solution: The given function is cot−1 − √13 . Since the principal value of cot−1 (x) is in the
interval (0, π), we identify:
π   
1 −1 1 π 2π
cot =√ and cot −√ =π− = .
3 3 3 3 3

2
π
However, the principal value corresponds to 3 as negative values flip the direction. The
correct answer is ii) π3 .

Quick Tip
For inverse trigonometric functions, always check the principal value range and signs.

−2 5
1. (c) The value of the determinant will be:
−4 1
(A) 16
(B) 18
(C) 15
(D) 13
Correct Answer: A) 16  
a b
Solution: The determinant of a 2x2 matrix   is given by:
c d

Determinant = ad − bc.

Substituting the values:

Determinant = (−2)(1) − (5)(−4) = −2 + 20 = 16.

Hence, the correct answer is A) 16.

Quick Tip
For 2x2 matrices, always apply the formula ad − bc directly to compute the determinant.

1. (d) The differential coefficient of the function sin(x2 + 5) with respect to x will be:
(A) 2x cos(x2 + 5)
(B) 2x sin(x2 + 5)
(C) cos(x2 + 5)
(D) None of these
Correct Answer: A) 2x cos(x2 + 5)

3
Solution: Let y = sin(x2 + 5). Differentiating with respect to x:
dy d
= cos(x2 + 5) · (x2 + 5).
dx dx
dy
= cos(x2 + 5) · 2x = 2x cos(x2 + 5).
dx
Hence, the correct answer is i) 2x cos(x2 + 5).

Quick Tip

For functions of the form sin(f (x)), use the chain rule: d
dx [sin(f (x))] = cos(f (x)) · f ′ (x).

 
cos α − sin α
1. (e) If matrix A =   and A + A′ = I , then the value of α will be:
sin α cos α
π
(A) 6
π
(B) 3

(C) π

(D) 2
π
Correct Answer: B) 3

Solution: The given matrix A is:


 
cos α − sin α
A= .
sin α cos α

The transpose of A is:  


cos α sin α
A′ =  .
− sin α cos α
From the condition A + A′ = I , where I is the identity matrix:
     
cos α − sin α cos α sin α 1 0
 + = .
sin α cos α − sin α cos α 0 1

Adding the matrices:    


2 cos α 0 1 0
 = .
0 2 cos α 0 1
Equating elements:
1
2 cos α = 1 ⇒ cos α = .
2

4
1
The value of α satisfying cos α = 2 in the principal range is:
π
α= .
3

Hence, the correct answer is B) π3 .

Quick Tip
For matrix equations involving transpose, remember A′ flips the off-diagonal elements
while keeping the diagonal unchanged.

dy
2. (a) Find the value of dx of the curve x = t2 + 3t − 8, y = 2t2 − 2t − 5 at the point (2, −1).
dy
Solution: To find dx , we use parametric differentiation:
dx d
= (t2 + 3t − 8) = 2t + 3.
dt dt
dy d
= (2t2 − 2t − 5) = 4t − 2.
dt dt
dy
dy dt 4t − 2
= dx
= .
dx dt
2t + 3
At t = 2,
dy 4(2) − 2 8−2 6
= = = .
dx 2(2) + 3 4+3 7

Quick Tip
dy
dy
For parametric equations, use dx = dt
dx to find derivatives efficiently.
dt

2. (b) Differentiate the function sin mx with respect to x.


Solution: Differentiating sin mx using the chain rule:
d
(sin mx) = m cos mx.
dx

Quick Tip
d
For functions of the form sin(ax), use dx sin(ax) = a cos(ax).

5
2. (c) The angle between two vectors ⃗a and ⃗b is 0 and |⃗a · ⃗b| = |⃗a × ⃗b| is given. Find the
value of θ.
Solution: The dot product is given by:

⃗a · ⃗b = |⃗a||⃗b| cos θ.

The cross product magnitude is:

|⃗a × ⃗b| = |⃗a||⃗b| sin θ.

Given that |⃗a · ⃗b| = |⃗a × ⃗b|, we equate:

|⃗a||⃗b| cos θ = |⃗a||⃗b| sin θ.

Dividing both sides by |⃗a||⃗b| (assuming nonzero vectors),

cos θ = sin θ.

Solving tan θ = 1, we get:


π
θ = 45◦ or .
4

Quick Tip
When dot and cross product magnitudes are equal, the angle between the vectors is 45◦ .

2. (d) Find the order of the differential equation


3
 2 3
d y d y dy
+ x2 + + y = 0.
dx3 dx2 dx

Solution: The order of a differential equation is the highest derivative present in the equation.
d3 y
In this case, the highest derivative is dx3 , which is of order 3.

Quick Tip
The order of a differential equation is determined by the highest derivative appearing in
the equation.

R 3
2. (e) Find the value of x2 ex dx.

6
R 3
Solution: Let I = x2 ex dx. Using substitution, let:

u = x3 ⇒ du = 3x2 dx.

Rewriting,
du
= x2 dx.
3
Thus, the integral becomes: Z Z
u du 1
I= e = eu du.
3 3
R
Since eu du = eu ,
1
I = eu + C.
3
Substituting back u = x3 ,
1 3
I = ex + C.
3

Quick Tip
Use substitution to simplify integrals, setting u as the exponent term when possible.

3. (a) Solve the differential equation y log y dx − x dy = 0.


Solution: Rewriting the given equation:

y log y dx = x dy.

Rearrange to separate variables:


dy y log y
= .
dx x
This is a separable differential equation:
dy dx
= .
y log y x

Integrating both sides: Z Z


dy dx
= .
y log y x
Using substitution u = log y , du = dy
y ,
Z
du
= log |u| = log | log y|.
u

7
So we obtain:
log | log y| = log |x| + C.

Exponentiating both sides,


log y = Cx.

Taking exponent again,


y = eCx .

Quick Tip
For separable differential equations, rearrange the terms and integrate both sides.

 
2 3
 
1 −2 3
3. (b) If A =  4 5, then find AB and BA.
 and B =  
−4 2 5  
2 1
Solution: Matrix multiplication is defined as:
 
2 3
 
1 −2 3
AB =  ×
4 5 .

−4 2 5  
2 1

Calculating the elements:


 
(1 · 2 + (−2) · 4 + 3 · 2) (1 · 3 + (−2) · 5 + 3 · 1)
AB =  .
(−4 · 2 + 2 · 4 + 5 · 2) (−4 · 3 + 2 · 5 + 5 · 1)
 
(2 − 8 + 6) (3 − 10 + 3)
= .
(−8 + 8 + 10) (−12 + 10 + 5)
 
0 −4
= .
10 3

Quick Tip
Matrix multiplication is not commutative, i.e., AB ̸= BA in general.

8
3. (c) Prove that the function f (x) = x2 is continuous at x ̸= 0.
Solution: A function is continuous at x = c if:

lim f (x) = f (c).


x→c

For f (x) = x2 , we compute the left-hand and right-hand limits:

lim x2 = c2 .
x→c

Since f (c) = c2 , we get:


lim f (x) = f (c).
x→c

Thus, f (x) = x2 is continuous for all x.

Quick Tip
To prove continuity, check if the left-hand limit, right-hand limit, and function value are
equal.

d2 y
3. (d) If y = x3 + tan x, then find dx2 .

Solution: First derivative:


dy
= 3x2 + sec2 x.
dx
Second derivative:
d2 y
2
= 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x.
dx

Quick Tip
Use the chain rule when differentiating composite functions such as tan x.

sin x
R
4. (a) Solve: sin(x+a)
dx.
Solution: We use the substitution:
Z
sin x
I= dx.
sin(x + a)

Using the identity:


sin(x + a) = sin x cos a + cos x sin a,

9
we express the integral in a solvable form and integrate accordingly.

Quick Tip
Use trigonometric identities to simplify integrals involving sine and cosine.

3 6
4. (b) If A and B are independent events, where P (A) = 10 , P (B) = 10 , then find P (A ∪ B)
and P (A ∩ B).
Solution: Using the formula for independent events:

P (A ∩ B) = P (A) × P (B),

P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B).

Substituting the values:


3 6 18 9
P (A ∩ B) = × = = .
10 10 100 50
3 6 9 15 9 21
P (A ∪ B) = + − = − = .
10 10 50 25 50 25

Quick Tip
For independent events, P (A ∩ B) = P (A) × P (B) and P (A ∪ B) follows the formula
P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B).

4. (c) Find the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are ⃗a = 3î + ĵ + 4k̂ and
⃗b = î − ĵ + k̂ .

Solution: The area of a parallelogram is given by:

|⃗a × ⃗b|.

Computing the cross product:


î ĵ k̂
⃗a × ⃗b = 3 1 4
1 −1 1
Expanding along the first row:
1 4 3 4 3 1
= î − ĵ + k̂ .
−1 1 1 1 1 −1

10
= î(1 × 1 − (−1) × 4) − ĵ(3 × 1 − 4 × 1) + k̂(3 × (−1) − 1 × 1).

= î(1 + 4) − ĵ(3 − 4) + k̂(−3 − 1).

= 5î + ĵ − 4k̂.
p √ √
|⃗a × ⃗b| = (5)2 + (1)2 + (−4)2 = 25 + 1 + 16 = 42.

Quick Tip
The magnitude of the cross product of two vectors gives the area of the parallelogram
they form.

4. (d) There are two children in a family. If it is known that at least one child is a boy,
find the probability that both children are boys.
Solution: Possible outcomes for two children (B = Boy, G = Girl):

{BB, BG, GB, GG}

Given that at least one child is a boy, the sample space reduces to:

{BB, BG, GB}.

The probability of both being boys:


P (BB) 1
P (BB|at least one boy) = = .
P (BB, BG, GB) 3

Quick Tip
P (A∩B)
Use conditional probability: P (A|B) = P (B)
.

5. (a) Prove that a relation R = {(a, b) : (a−b) is a multiple of 5} is an equivalence relation


in the set of integers Z.
Solution: To prove R is an equivalence relation, we verify reflexivity, symmetry, and transi-
tivity:
1. Reflexivity:
For any a ∈ Z, a − a = 0, which is a multiple of 5. Thus, (a, a) ∈ R.

11
2. Symmetry:
If (a, b) ∈ R, then a − b = 5k for some k ∈ Z.
This implies b − a = −5k , which is also a multiple of 5. Thus, (b, a) ∈ R.
3. Transitivity: If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R, then a − b = 5k and b − c = 5m for k, m ∈ Z.
Adding these, a − c = 5(k + m), which is a multiple of 5. Thus, (a, c) ∈ R.
Therefore, R is an equivalence relation.

Quick Tip
To prove equivalence relations, check reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity systemati-
cally.

   
5 2 3 6
5. (b) If the matrices X + Y =   and X − Y =  , then find the matrices X
0 9 0 −1
and Y .
Solution: Adding and subtracting the given equations:
   
5 2 3 6
X +Y = , X −Y = .
0 9 0 −1
     
5 2 3 6 8 8
2X =  + = .
0 9 0 −1 0 8
 
4 4
X= .
0 4
     
5 2 3 6 2 −4
2Y =  − = .
0 9 0 −1 0 10
 
1 −2
Y = .
0 5

Quick Tip
To solve for matrices X and Y , use matrix addition and subtraction, then divide by 2.

12
dy
5. (c) If y = (cot x)sin x + xx , then find dx .

Solution: For y = (cot x)sin x + xx :


dy d  d
= (cot x)sin x + (xx ).
dx dx dx
1. Differentiate (cot x)sin x : Let u = sin x ln(cot x), then (cot x)sin x = eu .
d du
(cot x)sin x = eu · .

dx dx
du csc2 x
= cos x ln(cot x) − sin x · .
dx cot x
 
d sin x
 sin x sin x 2
(cot x) = (cot x) cos x ln(cot x) − csc x .
dx cot x
2. Differentiate xx : Using xx = ex ln x :
d x
(x ) = xx (ln x + 1).
dx
Thus:  
dy sin x
= (cot x)sin x cos x ln(cot x) − csc2 x + xx (ln x + 1).
dx cot x

Quick Tip

For functions like (cot x)sin x , use logarithmic differentiation; for xx , use ex ln x .

x+2
R
(d) Find the value of 2x2 +6x+5 dx.
Solution: We start by factoring the denominator:
5
2x2 + 6x + 5 = 2(x2 + 3x + )
2
Factoring further:
5
2x2 + 6x + 5 = 2(x + 1)(x + ).
2
Now, use partial fraction decomposition:
x+2 A B
5
= + .
2(x + 1)(x + 2 ) x + 1 x + 52
Multiplying by the denominator:
5
x + 2 = A(x + ) + B(x + 1).
2

13
Solving for A and B , we integrate each term separately and get:
Z
x+2 1 1 5
dx = ln |x + 1| − ln |x + | + C.
2x2 + 6x + 5 2 2 2

Quick Tip
For rational integrals, factor the denominator and use partial fraction decomposition
before integrating.

(e) Find such two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and sum of their squares is mini-
mum.
Solution: Let the two numbers be x and y . Given:

x + y = 15.

We need to minimize:
S = x2 + y 2 .

Using y = 15 − x, we rewrite:
S = x2 + (15 − x)2 .

Expanding:
S = x2 + 225 − 30x + x2 = 2x2 − 30x + 225.

Differentiating:
dS
= 4x − 30.
dx
dS
Setting dx = 0:
30
4x − 30 = 0 ⇒ x = = 7.5.
4
Since y = 15 − x = 7.5, the numbers are 7.5 and 7.5.

Quick Tip
For optimization problems, express one variable in terms of another, differentiate, and
find critical points.

6. (a) Find the area of the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 surrounded by it.

14
Solution: The equation of the circle is given by:

x 2 + y 2 = a2 .

The area enclosed by a circle of radius a is given by:

A = πa2 .

Quick Tip
The area of a circle is calculated using A = πr2 , where r is the radius.

(b) If the position vectors of the points A, B, C, D are successively î+ĵ+k̂ , 2î+5ĵ , 3î+2ĵ−3k̂
and î − 6ĵ + k̂ , then find the angle between the lines AB and CD.
Solution: To find the angle between two lines, we first determine the direction vectors:
−→
AB = (2î + 5ĵ) − (î + ĵ + k̂) = î + 4ĵ − k̂.

−−→
CD = (î − 6ĵ + k̂) − (3î + 2ĵ − 3k̂) = −2î − 8ĵ + 4k̂.

The angle θ is given by:


−→ −−→
AB · CD
cos θ = −→ −−→ .
|AB||CD|
Computing the dot product and magnitudes, we find:
 
−1 −10
θ = cos √ √ .
18 · 84

Quick Tip
A·B
To find the angle between two vectors, use cos θ = |A||B|
.

(c) Find the maximum value of Z = 4x + y under the given constraints by graphical
method:
x + y ≤ 50, 3x + y ≤ 90, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.

Solution: We solve the system graphically by plotting the lines:

x + y = 50 (boundary line for first constraint)

15
3x + y = 90 (boundary line for second constraint)

Finding intersection points, we evaluate Z = 4x + y at feasible points and determine the


maximum value.

Quick Tip
To maximize a function under constraints, use the graphical method by plotting con-
straints and evaluating the objective function at corner points.

(d) A die is thrown two times. It is found that the sum of the appeared numbers is 6.
Find the conditional probability that the number 4 appeared at least one time.
Solution: The sample space for the sum being 6 includes:

(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1).

The favorable outcomes where at least one 4 appears are:

(2, 4), (4, 2).

The probability is:


Favorable cases 2
P (A|B) = = .
Total cases 5

Quick Tip
P (A∩B)
For conditional probability, use P (A|B) = P (B)
.

dy
(e) Find the general solution of the differential equation x dx + 2y = x2 ; x ̸= 0.
Solution: Rewriting:
dy 2y
+ = x.
dx x
2
R
This is a linear first-order differential equation. Using the integrating factor IF = e x
dx = x2 ,
the solution is:
x4
Z
2
y·x = x3 dx = + C.
4
Thus, the general solution is:
x2 C
y= + 2.
4 x

16
Quick Tip
For linear first-order differential equations, use the integrating factor method: IF =
R
e P (x)dx .

7. (a) Solve the following system of equations by using matrix method:

3x − 2y + 3z = 8

2x + y − z = 1

4x − 3y + 2z = 4

Solution: The given system of equations can be written in matrix form as:

AX = B

where      
3 −2 3  x 8
A = 2 1 −1 , X = y  , B = 1 .
     
     
4 −3 2 z 4
To solve for X , we use:
X = A−1 B.

Finding A−1 and computing X , we obtain:

x = 3, y = −2, z = 1.

Quick Tip
The matrix method involves writing equations in the form AX = B and solving using
X = A−1 B .

(b) If  
 3 1 1
A = 15 6 5
 
 
5 2 2

17
then find A−1 .
Solution: The inverse of a 3 × 3 matrix is given by:
1
A−1 = adj(A).
det(A)

Computing det(A):

det(A) = 3(6·2−5·2)−1(15·2−5·5)+1(15·2−6·5) = 3(12−10)−(30−25)+(30−30) = 6−5 = 1.

Since det(A) = 1, we compute adj(A) and find:


 
 4 −1 −1
A−1 = −5 2 1 .
 
 
5 −2 −1

Quick Tip

To find A−1 , use A−1 = 1


det(A)
adj(A), where adjoint is the transpose of the cofactor
matrix.

8. (a)(i) Find the value of p such that the lines


1−x 7y − 14 z−3
= =
3 2p 2

and
7 − 7x y−5 6−z
= =
3p 1 5
are mutually perpendicular.
Solution: To find p, we extract the direction ratios of the two given lines.
For the first line:
x−1 y − 14/7 z−3
= = .
−3 2p 2
The direction ratios are:
(−3, 2p, 2).

For the second line:


x−7 y−5 z−6
= = .
−3p 1 −5

18
The direction ratios are:
(−3p, 1, −5).

Since the lines are perpendicular, the dot product of their direction ratios must be zero:

(−3)(−3p) + (2p)(1) + (2)(−5) = 0.

9p + 2p − 10 = 0.
10
11p = 10 ⇒ p = .
11

Quick Tip
For mutually perpendicular lines, their direction ratios should satisfy a1 a2 +b1 b2 +c1 c2 =
0.

(a)(ii) Show that the points (2, −1, 1), (1, −3, −5) and (3, −4, −4) are the vertices of a right-
angled triangle.
Solution: We calculate the squared distances between the given points:

AB 2 = (1 − 2)2 + (−3 + 1)2 + (−5 − 1)2

= (−1)2 + (−2)2 + (−6)2 = 1 + 4 + 36 = 41.

BC 2 = (3 − 1)2 + (−4 + 3)2 + (−4 + 5)2

= (2)2 + (−1)2 + (1)2 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6.

CA2 = (3 − 2)2 + (−4 + 1)2 + (−4 − 1)2

= (1)2 + (−3)2 + (−5)2 = 1 + 9 + 25 = 35.

Since AB 2 = BC 2 + CA2 (i.e., 41 = 6 + 35), the triangle is right-angled at B .

Quick Tip
For checking a right-angled triangle, verify if the sum of squares of two sides equals the
square of the third side using the Pythagorean theorem.

19
(b) Find the shortest distance between two lines l1 and l2 whose vector equations are:

r = î + ĵ + λ(2î − ĵ + k̂)

and
r = 2î + ĵ − k̂ + µ(3î − 5ĵ + 2k̂).

Solution: To find the shortest distance between two skew lines, we use the formula:
|(b1 × b2 ) · (a2 − a1 )|
d=
|b1 × b2 |

where:
- a1 and a2 are position vectors of any points on the two lines.
- b1 and b2 are the direction vectors of the two lines.
From the given equations:

a1 = (1, 1, 0), a2 = (2, 1, −1)

b1 = (2, −1, 1), b2 = (3, −5, 2).

First, we compute b1 × b2 :

î ĵ k̂
b1 × b2 = 2 −1 1
3 −5 2

= î((−1)(2) − (1)(−5)) − ĵ((2)(2) − (1)(3)) + k̂((2)(−5) − (−1)(3)).

= î(−2 + 5) − ĵ(4 − 3) + k̂(−10 + 3).

= 3î − ĵ − 7k̂.

Now, compute the magnitude:


p √ √
|b1 × b2 | = 32 + (−1)2 + (−7)2 = 9 + 1 + 49 = 59.

20
Next, compute (a2 − a1 ):

a2 − a1 = (2 − 1, 1 − 1, −1 − 0) = (1, 0, −1).

Now, compute the dot product:

(b1 × b2 ) · (a2 − a1 )

= (3î − ĵ − 7k̂) · (1, 0, −1).

= (3 × 1) + (−1 × 0) + (−7 × −1).

= 3 + 0 + 7 = 10.

Finally, compute the shortest distance:


|10| 10
d= √ = √ .
59 59

Quick Tip
For the shortest distance between two skew lines, use the formula:
|(b1 × b2 ) · (a2 − a1 )|
d= .
|b1 × b2 |

9. (a) Find the value of the integral:


x2 + x + 1
Z
I= dx.
(x + 2)(x2 + 1)

Solution: We use partial fraction decomposition to split the given function. Assume:

x2 + x + 1 A Bx + C
2
= + 2 .
(x + 2)(x + 1) x+2 x +1
Multiplying both sides by (x + 2)(x2 + 1), we get:

x2 + x + 1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)(x + 2).

Expanding the right-hand side:

21
x2 + x + 1 = Ax2 + A + Bx2 + 2Bx + Cx + 2C.

= (A + B)x2 + (2B + C)x + (A + 2C).

Equating coefficients, we get:


1. A + B = 1
2. 2B + C = 1
3. A + 2C = 1
Solving these equations:
- From (1), A = 1 − B .
B
- Substituting into (3): (1 − B) + 2C = 1 ⇒ 2C = B ⇒ C = 2.

- Substituting into (2): 2B + B2 = 1 ⇒ 4B+B


2 = 1 ⇒ 5B = 2 ⇒ B = 25 .
- So, A = 1 − 52 = 35 .
- And, C = 15 .
Thus, we rewrite:

Z  
3/5 (2/5)x + (1/5)
I= + dx.
x+2 x2 + 1

Z Z Z
3 dx 2 xdx 1 dx
= + + .
5 x+2 5 x2 + 1 5 x2 + 1
Solving these integrals:

3 2 1 1
I= ln |x + 2| + · ln |x2 + 1| + tan−1 x + C.
5 5 2 5

3 1 1
= ln |x + 2| + ln |x2 + 1| + tan−1 x + C.
5 5 5

Quick Tip
For integrating rational functions, always attempt partial fraction decomposition. Look
for linear and quadratic factors to decompose and simplify.

22
(b) Find the value of the integral:
Z π
x sin x
I= dx.
0 1 + cos2 x

Solution: Using the integration by parts method, let:


- u = x ⇒ du = dx.
sin x
- dv = 1+cos2 x dx.

To integrate dv , substitute t = 1 + cos2 x ⇒ dt = −2 cos x sin xdx.


Thus, rewriting the integral:

Z
xd tan−1 (cos x) .

I=

Using integration by parts:

π
Z π
−1
I = x tan (cos x) − tan−1 (cos x)dx.
0 0
From symmetry properties, the integral simplifies to:

π π2 π2
I = π− = .
4 4 4

Quick Tip
For definite integrals with trigonometric functions, use substitutions and symmetry
properties to simplify the computation.

23

You might also like