1 What is problem solving life cycle?

Ans: The problem-solving life cycle is a structured approach to addressing

and resolving challenges or issues. It involves several stages:

1. Problem Identification: Recognizing and defining the problem.

2. Problem Definition: Gathering information and understanding the
problem's causes and scope.
3. Generating Solutions: Brainstorming and creating potential
solutions.
4. Evaluating Solutions: Assessing options based on various criteria.
5. Selecting a Solution: Choosing the most suitable solution.
6. Implementation: Putting the chosen solution into action.
7. Monitoring and Evaluation: Tracking progress and assessing the
solution's effectiveness.
8. Feedback and Iteration: Making adjustments or revisiting earlier
stages if necessary.
9. Closure: Concluding the problem-solving process and evaluating its
success.

2 What are types of problems?

Ans: Problems can be categorized in various ways based on their nature
and complexity:

1. Routine Problems: Everyday, straightforward issues with known

solutions.
2. Complex Problems: Intricate, multifaceted challenges requiring
critical thinking and creativity.
3. Wicked Problems: Highly complex, societal issues with no clear
solutions.
4. Well-Defined Problems: Clear goals and criteria for success, with
objective evaluations.
5. Ill-Defined Problems: Lack clarity in goals, constraints, or solutions,
requiring problem definition.
6. Tame Problems: Have well-known solutions and established
methods.
7. Novel Problems: Unique challenges demanding creative thinking
and adaptation.
8. Personal Problems: Individual issues related to personal life or well-
being.
9. Organizational Problems: Challenges within groups, companies, or
institutions.
10. Global Problems: Large-scale issues affecting the world or a
significant part of it.
3 Explain the representation steps of algorithm?
Ans: Representing an algorithm effectively involves several key steps:

1. Start with a clear problem statement.

2. Choose between pseudocode or flowcharts to describe the logic.
 3. Define variables and data structures.
4. Describe each step in the algorithm with clear language.
5. Use indentation and formatting for readability.
6. Add comments to explain complex parts.
7. Provide test cases and examples.
8. Consider efficiency and complexity.
9. Review and refine the documentation.
10. Finalize the documentation with proper organization.
11. Include usage instructions if applicable.
12. Use version control for collaborative work.
13. Follow documentation standards and guidelines.

4 Explain flowchart with symbols.

Ans: Flowcharts are visual representations of processes or algorithms that
use various symbols to illustrate the sequence of steps and decision
points. Common flowchart symbols include:

1. Start/End Symbol (Oval/Rounded Rectangle)

2. Process Symbol (Rectangle)
3. Decision Symbol (Diamond)
4. Input/Output Symbol (Parallelogram)
5. Flow Arrow (Indicates flow between symbols)
6. Connector Symbol (Small Circle/Dot)
7. Terminator Symbol (Rectangle with "STOP")
8. Document Symbol (Rectangle with wavy bottom)
9. Delay Symbol (Elongated Rectangle)
10. Loop Symbol (Curved arrow indicating repetition)
11. Predefined Process Symbol (Rectangle with double lines)
12. Off-Page Connector (Rectangle with label)

5 Explain algorithm with example.

Ans: An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions for solving a specific problem

or performing a particular task. It is a well-defined procedure that outlines how to
achieve a desired outcome. Algorithms are used in various fields, including computer
science, mathematics, and everyday life. Let's explain the concept of an algorithm
with a simple example.

Example: Finding the Maximum Number in a List

Problem Statement: Given a list of numbers, find and return the maximum (largest)
number in the list.

Algorithm:

1. Start
2. Initialize a variable max to negative infinity (or any very small number).
3. Initialize an empty list, say numbers, with the given list of numbers.
4. For each element num in the numbers list, repeat steps 5-7.
 5. If num is greater than the current value of max, update max to be equal to
num .
6. Move to the next element in the numbers list.
7. End of loop.
8. max now contains the maximum number.
9. Return max.
10. End

Let's break down the algorithm step by step:

1. Start: The algorithm begins.

2. Initialization: We initialize a variable max to a very small value (negative
infinity) to ensure that any number in the list will be greater than max initially.
3. List Initialization: We create a list called numbers containing the given
numbers.
4. Iteration: We loop through each element in the numbers list.
5. Comparison: For each element num in the list, we compare it to the current
value of max.
6. Update max: If num is greater than the current max, we update the max
variable to be equal to num. This step ensures that max always stores the
maximum number encountered so far.
7. Loop: We continue this process for all elements in the list.
8. Maximum Found: After the loop, the max variable contains the maximum
number in the list.
9. Return: We return the value of max as the final result.
10. End: The algorithm concludes.

Now, let's apply this algorithm to a list of numbers: [12, 5, 27, 8, 41, 19]

 max is initially set to negative infinity.

 We iterate through the list:
 For num = 12, max is updated to 12.
 For num = 5, no update is made.
 For num = 27, max is updated to 27.
 For num = 8, no update is made.
 For num = 41, max is updated to 41.
 For num = 19, no update is made.

After looping through all the numbers, max contains the maximum value, which is
41. Therefore, the algorithm returns 41 as the maximum number in the list.

This example illustrates how an algorithm provides a clear, systematic set of

instructions to solve a specific problem. It can be implemented in various
programming languages to find the maximum number in a list of any size.
OR
An algorithm is a well-defined set of step-by-step instructions for solving a
specific problem or performing a particular task. To illustrate the concept,
we used the example of finding the maximum number in a list of
numbers. The algorithm follows these steps:

1. Initialize a variable max to a very small value.

2. Create a list of numbers.
 3. Iterate through each number in the list.
4. Compare each number to the current maximum ( max).
5. If a number is greater than the current max, update max.
6. Continue this process for all numbers in the list.
7. The final value of max is the maximum number in the list.
8. Return the maximum value as the result.

6 Explain problem solving strategies.

Ans : Problem-solving strategies are systematic approaches or methods
used to find solutions to various types of problems. These strategies help
individuals or teams analyze issues, identify solutions, and make decisions
effectively. Different types of problems may require different problem-
solving strategies. Here are some common problem-solving strategies:

1. Trial and Error: In this strategy, you try different solutions one
after the other until you find one that works. This approach is often
used for simple or routine problems and can be time-consuming.
2. Algorithmic Thinking: Algorithmic thinking involves breaking
down a problem into smaller, discrete steps or actions that can be
clearly defined and executed. It's particularly useful for well-defined
problems where a systematic approach is needed.
3. Heuristic Approach: Heuristics are rules of thumb or shortcuts
used to quickly arrive at a satisfactory solution. While heuristics may
not guarantee the optimal solution, they are often effective for
making decisions in a reasonable amount of time. Examples include
the "rule of thumb" or "gut feeling."
4. Root Cause Analysis: This strategy involves identifying the
underlying causes of a problem rather than just addressing its
symptoms. Techniques like the "5 Whys" method are commonly
used to delve deeper into the root causes of issues.
5. Critical Thinking: Critical thinking involves evaluating information
and arguments carefully and logically to arrive at well-informed
decisions. It emphasizes analyzing evidence, considering
alternatives, and making informed judgments.
6. Brainstorming: Brainstorming is a creative problem-solving
strategy that encourages generating a large number of ideas or
solutions, often in a group setting. The focus is on quantity rather
than quality at first, with the idea that creative solutions may
emerge from the process.
7. Divide and Conquer: This strategy involves breaking a complex
problem into smaller, more manageable sub-problems. Each sub-
problem is solved individually, and their solutions are combined to
address the larger problem.
8. Simulation and Modeling: Simulation involves creating a
simplified representation of a problem or system to gain insights
and test potential solutions without real-world consequences. It's
commonly used in fields like engineering and economics.
 9. Decision Trees: Decision trees are graphical representations that
help in decision-making by mapping out various options and their
potential outcomes. This strategy is often used in scenarios with
multiple decision points and uncertainty.
10. Analytical Problem Solving: This approach involves
systematically analyzing data, statistics, and facts to arrive at a
solution. It's common in fields like data analysis and scientific
research.
11. Consulting Experts: Sometimes, the best strategy is to seek
advice or guidance from experts in the relevant field who have
experience solving similar problems.
12. A/B Testing: In the context of decision-making and problem-
solving, A/B testing involves comparing two or more variations of a
solution or approach to determine which one performs better.
13. Creativity Techniques: Various creativity techniques, such
as mind mapping, lateral thinking, and the SCAMPER method,
encourage innovative thinking and idea generation.
14. SWOT Analysis: SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, Threats) is a strategic planning tool that helps in
identifying internal and external factors affecting a situation. It is
often used in business and project management.
15. Cost-Benefit Analysis: This strategy involves evaluating the
costs and benefits associated with different solutions to determine
which one provides the best overall value.
OR

Problem-solving strategies are systematic approaches used to find

solutions to various types of problems. These strategies range from
trial and error to algorithmic thinking, heuristics, root cause
analysis, critical thinking, brainstorming, and more. The choice of
strategy depends on the nature of the problem and desired
outcomes. Effective problem solvers are versatile and adapt their
approach based on the situation. Successful problem-solving often
involves breaking down complex issues, evaluating alternatives, and
making informed decisions.
7 Explain pseudo-code with example.
Ans: Pseudocode is a high-level, human-readable description of a
computer program or algorithm. It uses plain language and simple
programming-like constructs to outline the logic of a program.
Pseudocode is not tied to any specific programming language, making it a
flexible tool for planning and designing algorithms. It is used to convey
the sequence of steps and operations involved in solving a problem.
Programmers use pseudocode to plan, communicate, and understand
algorithms before implementing them in a particular programming
language. It is a valuable tool in software development and problem-
solving.(make it short in your language)
 Ex. We start with "Start" to indicate the beginning of the program.
  Lines 2, 3, and 4 represent inputs where the user is prompted to
enter three numbers, and these numbers are stored in variables
num1, num2, and num3.
 Lines 7 and 8 calculate the sum of the three numbers and store it in
the variable sum.
 Line 10 calculates the average by dividing the sum by 3 and stores
the result in the variable average.
 Line 13 displays the result, indicating the average of the three
numbers.
 Finally, we end the pseudocode with "End."
8 What is as algorithm? What are characteristics of good algorithm?

Ans: An algorithm is a systematic set of instructions for solving a specific

problem or achieving a particular task. Good algorithms possess the
following characteristics:

1. Correctness: They produce accurate results for all valid inputs.

2. Efficiency: They perform tasks quickly and use resources
effectively.
3. Clarity: They are easy to understand and well-documented.
4. Input/Output Clarity: They specify input requirements and output
formats clearly.
5. Finiteness: They have a finite number of steps and terminate.
6. Generality: They work for a range of inputs.
7. Modularity: They are modular for code reusability and
maintenance.
8. Robustness: They handle errors and unexpected inputs gracefully.
9. Optimality: They aim for the best solution within constraints (if
applicable).
10. Scalability: They perform well as input sizes grow.
11. Adaptability: They can be configured for different scenarios.
12. Resource Awareness: They use available resources
efficiently.
13. Maintainability: They are easy to update and modify.
14. Well-Defined Termination: They have clear stopping
conditions.
15. Consistency: They follow a consistent and logical approach.

\9 Draw a flowchart with example

Ans: Determining the Largest Number Among All the Entered

Integers

 Step 1: Read the Integer A.

 Step 2: Read Integer B.
 Step 3: If B is greater than A, then print B, else A.
10 Write a psuedo-code for student is pass or fail.
Ans: 1. Start

2. Input exam_score

3. Define passing_score as 50 // You can change this value as needed

4. If exam_score is greater than or equal to passing_score, then

1. Set pass_status to "Pass"
2. Display "Student has passed."
5. Else
1. Set pass_status to "Fail"
2. Display "Student has failed."

6. Display "Pass/Fail Status: " + pass_status

7. End

In this algorithm:

 We start the process.

 We input the exam_score.
 We define a passing_score (e.g., 50, but you can adjust this value).
 We check if the exam_score is greater than or equal to the
passing_score .
  If it is, we set pass_status to "Pass" and display "Student has
passed."
 If it isn't, we set pass_status to "Fail" and display "Student has
failed."
 Finally, we display the pass/fail status based on the pass_status
variable.

11 Write a algorithm for finding average marks by a student in 3 subjects.

Ans: Algorithm: Calculate Average Marks of a Student in Three Subjects

1. Start
2. Input marks for subject 1 (marks_subject1)
3. Input marks for subject 2 (marks_subject2)
4. Input marks for subject 3 (marks_subject3)
5. Calculate the sum of marks_subject1, marks_subject2, and
marks_subject3 and store it in total_marks.
6. Calculate the average by dividing total_marks by 3 (since there are
three subjects) and store it in average_marks.
7. Display "The average marks of the student in three subjects are:",
average_marks.
8. End