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PG Lectures On Chisquare

The document provides an overview of Chi-Square and Fisher's tests, which are statistical methods used for analyzing categorical data. It explains the structure of contingency tables, the assumptions and applications of both tests, and highlights their limitations, such as not indicating the direction of association. Further reading references are included for deeper understanding and examples of studies utilizing these tests.

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12 views7 pages

PG Lectures On Chisquare

The document provides an overview of Chi-Square and Fisher's tests, which are statistical methods used for analyzing categorical data. It explains the structure of contingency tables, the assumptions and applications of both tests, and highlights their limitations, such as not indicating the direction of association. Further reading references are included for deeper understanding and examples of studies utilizing these tests.

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Nonye purple
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Chi Square and Fischer Test

CPM 601 / CPM 701


(Biostatics and Research Methods/ Advanced Research Design of
Biomedical Studies)

Deborah Oyine Aluh (PhD, FPCPharm)


[email protected]

October 2024
Outline

• Introduction
• Contingency table
• Fisher`s test
• Chi-square test
Introduction

• Data can be categorized as either


categorical or continuous sets.
• Variables that contain a limited number of
categories or distinct groups are
categorical while those that have an infinite
number of variables are continuous.
• Categorical variables can be further
divided into nominal and ordinal variables.
Contingency table

A contingency table is a table with at


least two rows and two columns used
to separate out the categorical
variable and display them in a
numerical manner by listing their
frequencies of occurrence in each of
the corresponding sections within the
table.
Fisher`s test
• Fisher's exact test is a non-parametric statistical
significance test used in the analysis of contingency
tables.
• Assumptions include:
• Both variables should be categorical and binary,
meaning they can take one of two values, so that a 2
x 2 contingency table can be populated.
• Data should be randomly selected from independent
samples; groups should have no relationship to each
other, and observations cannot fall into more than
one category simultaneously.
• One or more cell value counts in the contingency
table is small (less than 5).
• The Fisher Exact test will not give an accurate P-value
for large samples, as more approximations will need to
be made the larger the samples become.
• Fisher's exact test does not provide information on the
direction of the association (i.e., positive or negative).
Chi-Square test
• The chi-squared test is used to compare independent
groups as well as in much more advanced situations, in
larger groups with greater than 20 participants, and in
situations that may contain three or more variables.
• When to use Chi-square:
• The data are counts or frequencies.
• The two variables should be measured at an ordinal
or nominal level (i.e., categorical data).
• The two variable should consist of two or more
categorical, independent groups
• Assumptions
• The data should be randomly sampled from the
population
• .The categories should be mutually exclusive and
exhaustive.
• No more than 20% of the expected cell counts
should be less than 5.
• If this assumption is not met, consider using Fisher's
exact test.
• Does not provide information on the direction and
strength of association.
Further reading

The chi-square test: Often used and more often misinterpreted out of
the American journal of Evaluation, published by Franke et al.

Perera RAPM, Tso E, Tsang OTY, Tsang DNC, Fung K,


Example of study where Fisher`s Leung YWY, et al. SARS-CoV-2 virus culture and
subgenomic RNA for respiratory specimens from patients
test was used with mild coronavirus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Nov
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2611.203219

[date cited]. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2611.203219.

Aluh DO, Anyachebelu OC, Anosike C, Anizoba EL. Mental


Example of study where Chi- health literacy: what do Nigerian adolescents know about
depression? Int J Ment Health Syst. 2018 Feb 16;12:8. doi:
square test was used 10.1186/s13033-018-0186-2.

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