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Statistics and Probability

The document is a Grade 11 STEM 4th Quarter Reviewer focusing on Statistics and Probability, covering definitions, types of data, measures of central tendency and dispersion, data presentation, probability concepts, sampling methods, hypothesis testing, and correlation and regression. It includes sample problems to reinforce understanding. The content is essential for students preparing for assessments in this subject area.

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2 views4 pages

Statistics and Probability

The document is a Grade 11 STEM 4th Quarter Reviewer focusing on Statistics and Probability, covering definitions, types of data, measures of central tendency and dispersion, data presentation, probability concepts, sampling methods, hypothesis testing, and correlation and regression. It includes sample problems to reinforce understanding. The content is essential for students preparing for assessments in this subject area.

Uploaded by

jamnarag15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Grade 11 STEM 4th Quarter Reviewer: Statistics and Probability

I. Introduction to Statistics and Probability

1. Definition and Importance

 Statistics: The study of data collection, analysis, interpretation, and


presentation.

 Probability: The mathematical study of uncertainty and chance.

 Used in fields like research, business, medicine, and engineering.

II. Descriptive Statistics

1. Types of Data

 Qualitative Data: Categorical data (e.g., colors, gender, nationality).

 Quantitative Data: Numerical data, further divided into:

o Discrete Data: Countable values (e.g., number of students in a


class).

o Continuous Data: Measurable values (e.g., height, weight,


time).

2. Measures of Central Tendency

 Mean: The average of a data set.

 Median: The middle value when data is arranged in order.

 Mode: The most frequently occurring value.

3. Measures of Dispersion

 Range: The difference between the highest and lowest values.

 Variance: The average squared deviation from the mean.

 Standard Deviation: The square root of variance, showing data


spread.

 Interquartile Range (IQR): The range between the first and third
quartile (Q3 - Q1).
4. Data Presentation

 Tabular: Frequency distribution tables.

 Graphical:

o Bar Graph: Used for categorical data.

o Histogram: Used for numerical data.

o Pie Chart: Shows proportions.

o Box Plot: Shows median, quartiles, and outliers.

III. Probability and Probability Distributions

1. Basic Probability Concepts

 Sample Space (S): The set of all possible outcomes.

 Event (E): A subset of the sample space.

 Probability Formula:
P(E)=Number of favorable outcomesTotal number of outcomesP(E) = \
frac{\text{Number of favorable outcomes}}{\text{Total number of
outcomes}}

 Types of Probability:

o Theoretical Probability: Based on mathematical reasoning.

o Experimental Probability: Based on actual experiments or


observations.

o Subjective Probability: Based on intuition or experience.

2. Probability Rules

 Addition Rule (for mutually exclusive events): P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)P(A \


cup B) = P(A) + P(B)

 Multiplication Rule (for independent events): P(A∩B)=P(A)×P(B)P(A \


cap B) = P(A) \times P(B)

 Complement Rule: P(Ac)=1−P(A)P(A^c) = 1 - P(A)

3. Probability Distributions
 Discrete Probability Distribution: Probability mass function (PMF),
e.g., Binomial Distribution.

 Continuous Probability Distribution: Probability density function


(PDF), e.g., Normal Distribution.

 Binomial Probability Formula: P(X=k)=(nk)pk(1−p)n−kP(X = k) = \


binom{n}{k} p^k (1 - p)^{n-k}

 Normal Distribution:

o Symmetric, bell-shaped curve.

o Defined by mean (μ\mu) and standard deviation (σ\sigma).

o Standard Normal Distribution: Z=X−μσZ = \frac{X - \mu}{\


sigma}

IV. Inferential Statistics

1. Sampling Methods

 Simple Random Sampling: Every individual has an equal chance of


being selected.

 Stratified Sampling: Population divided into groups, then sampled


from each group.

 Systematic Sampling: Selecting every kth individual.

 Cluster Sampling: Selecting entire groups randomly.

2. Hypothesis Testing

 Null Hypothesis (H₀): No significant difference or effect.

 Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): There is a significant difference or


effect.

 p-value: Probability of observing data given that H₀ is true.

 Significance Level (α\alpha): Typically set at 0.05.

 Types of Errors:

o Type I Error: Rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive).


o Type II Error: Failing to reject a false null hypothesis (false
negative).

3. Correlation and Regression

 Correlation: Measures strength and direction of the relationship


between two variables.

o Positive Correlation: Both variables increase together.

o Negative Correlation: One variable increases while the other


decreases.

o No Correlation: No relationship.

 Regression Analysis:

o Simple Linear Regression: Y=a+bXY = a + bX

o Predicts values based on the relationship between two variables.

V. Sample Problems

1. The ages of 5 students are: 18, 20, 22, 20, 19. Find the mean, median,
and mode.

2. A coin is flipped 3 times. Find the probability of getting exactly 2


heads.

3. If P(A) = 0.4 and P(B) = 0.3, find P(A ∪ B) if A and B are mutually
exclusive.

4. A normal distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5.


Find the Z-score for X = 60.

5. A survey finds that students study an average of 10 hours per week


with a standard deviation of 2 hours. If a sample of 30 students is
taken, what is the probability that the sample mean exceeds 11 hours?

This reviewer covers essential topics in Statistics and Probability for


Grade 11 STEM students. Let me know if you need additional explanations or
practice questions! 😊

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