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Class 12 Physics Definitions

The document provides definitions and key concepts related to electric charges, fields, electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, alternating current, optics, and modern physics. It includes fundamental laws such as Coulomb's Law, Ohm's Law, and Faraday's Law, along with definitions of electric charge, electric field, capacitance, and the photoelectric effect. Each concept is accompanied by its SI unit and relevant equations.

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14 views3 pages

Class 12 Physics Definitions

The document provides definitions and key concepts related to electric charges, fields, electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, alternating current, optics, and modern physics. It includes fundamental laws such as Coulomb's Law, Ohm's Law, and Faraday's Law, along with definitions of electric charge, electric field, capacitance, and the photoelectric effect. Each concept is accompanied by its SI unit and relevant equations.

Uploaded by

nishant9390
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 12 Physics - Complete Definitions

Electric Charges and Fields

Electric Charge
A fundamental property of matter responsible for electric force and interaction. It exists in two types:
positive and negative. SI unit: Coulomb (C).

1 Coulomb
The charge that, when placed 1m from an identical charge in vacuum, experiences a force of 9 ×
10^9 N.

Coulomb's Law
The force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: F = k (q1q2) / r^2, where k = 9 ×
10^9 Nm^2/C^2.

Electric Field (E)


The force per unit positive charge at a point: E = F/q. SI unit: N/C or V/m.

Electric Dipole
A pair of equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance.

Electric Dipole Moment


The product of charge magnitude and separation: p = q × d. SI unit: Cm.

Electric Flux
The number of electric field lines passing through a given surface: PhiE = E × A × costheta. SI unit:
Nm^2/C.

Gauss's Theorem
The total electric flux through a closed surface equals (1/epsilon0) times the total enclosed charge:
IntegralE.dA = Q/epsilon0.

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electrostatic Potential
Work done per unit charge to move a test charge from infinity to a point: V = W/q. SI unit: Volt (V).

1 Volt
The potential at a point where 1J of work is done in moving 1C of charge.
Capacitance
The ability of a conductor to store charge: C = Q/V. SI unit: Farad (F).

1 Farad
A capacitor has 1F capacitance if storing 1C charge creates 1V potential difference.

Dielectric Constant
The ratio of permittivity of a medium to permittivity of free space (K = epsilon/epsilon0).

Current Electricity

Electric Current
Rate of flow of charge: I = Q/t. SI unit: Ampere (A).

1 Ampere
A current of 1A exists when 1C of charge flows per second.

Ohm's Law
Voltage across a conductor is proportional to current: V = IR.

Resistance
Opposition to current flow: R = V/I. SI unit: Ohm (Ohm).

1 Ohm
A conductor has 1Ohm resistance if 1A current flows when 1V is applied.

Drift Velocity
Average velocity of free electrons under an electric field: vd = I / (nAe).

Kirchhoff's Laws
KCL: Total current entering a junction equals total current leaving. KVL: Sum of potential differences
in a closed loop is zero.

Magnetism and Matter

Magnetic Field
A region around a magnet where its influence is felt. SI unit: Tesla (T).

1 Tesla
The magnetic field that exerts a force of 1N on a 1m conductor carrying 1A perpendicularly.

Biot-Savart Law
The magnetic field due to a small current element is dB = (mu0/4pi) × (I dl sintheta / r^2).
Ampere's Circuital Law
The line integral of B around a closed path equals mu0 times the enclosed current: IntegralB.dl =
mu0I.

Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday's Law
The induced EMF in a circuit is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.

Lenz's Law
The induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux.

Self Induction
A coil opposes changes in its own current by inducing an EMF.

Mutual Induction
EMF induced in one coil due to current change in another coil.

Alternating Current

Alternating Current (AC)


A current that changes direction periodically.

Reactance
The opposition offered to AC by inductors and capacitors.

Optics & Modern Physics

Photoelectric Effect
Light ejects electrons from a metal surface when its frequency exceeds the threshold.

Einstein's Photoelectric Equation


hnu = hnu0 + KEmax.

Nuclear Fission
A heavy nucleus splits into lighter nuclei, releasing energy.

Nuclear Fusion
Two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy.

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