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Data Handling Notes

Data Handling involves collecting, organizing, and interpreting numerical data, with key concepts including measures of central tendency such as Mean, Range, Mode, and Median. Bar graphs and double bar graphs are visual tools used to represent and compare data. Essential formulas for these concepts are provided for practical application.

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Data Handling Notes

Data Handling involves collecting, organizing, and interpreting numerical data, with key concepts including measures of central tendency such as Mean, Range, Mode, and Median. Bar graphs and double bar graphs are visual tools used to represent and compare data. Essential formulas for these concepts are provided for practical application.

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Data Handling - Important Notes & Formulas

1. Introduction to Data Handling


Data Handling refers to the process of collecting, organizing, and interpreting numerical
data.

Examples of data in real life:

- Average temperature during a season.

- Number of students in different classes.

- Scores of students in an exam.

2. Representative Values (Measures of Central Tendency)


A representative value of data is a number that gives us a central idea of the entire data set.

(A) Arithmetic Mean


The **Arithmetic Mean** (or simply Mean) is the sum of all observations divided by the
number of observations.

Formula: **Mean = (Sum of all observations) / (Number of observations)**

Example: Find the mean of 4, 5, and 6.

Solution: **Mean = (4+5+6)/3 = 15/3 = 5**

(B) Range
Range is the difference between the highest and the lowest value in a data set.

Formula: **Range = Highest Value - Lowest Value**

Example: If the ages of 5 teachers are 23, 26, 28, 35, and 54, the range is **54 - 23 = 31**.

(C) Mode
The **Mode** of a data set is the number that appears most frequently.

Example: Find the mode of the data set: 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4.

Solution: **Mode = 3**, as it appears most frequently.

(D) Median
The **Median** is the middle value when the data set is arranged in ascending order.

If there are an odd number of observations, the median is the middle one.
If there are an even number of observations, the median is the average of the two middle
numbers.

Example: Find the median of 17, 18, 24, 25, 35, 36, 46.

Solution: **Median = 25** (middle value).

3. Bar Graphs
A **Bar Graph** is a way to represent data visually using bars of uniform width.

Steps to draw a bar graph:

1. Choose a suitable scale.

2. Draw axes and label them.

3. Draw bars corresponding to given values.

Example: The number of students in classes 5 to 8 are **50, 45, 60, and 55** respectively. A
bar graph can represent this data visually.

4. Double Bar Graphs


A **Double Bar Graph** is used to compare two sets of data simultaneously.

Example: Comparing students' marks in two different exams using a double bar graph.

5. Summary of Key Formulas


Concept Formula
Arithmetic Mean Mean = (Sum of all observations) /
(Number of observations)
Range Range = Highest Value - Lowest Value
Mode Most frequently occurring value
Median Middle value of an ordered data set
Bar Graph Visual representation of data using bars

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