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Numerical Control-Computer Numeric Control Lab Manual

This document outlines an experiment focused on NC/CNC part programming using CAM software, emphasizing the importance of G-code and M-code in modern manufacturing. It covers the fundamentals of CNC programming, including types of programs, essential codes, and steps involved in the programming process. The experiment aims to equip students with practical skills in writing, simulating, and verifying CNC programs for machining operations.

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Jai Prajapati
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Numerical Control-Computer Numeric Control Lab Manual

This document outlines an experiment focused on NC/CNC part programming using CAM software, emphasizing the importance of G-code and M-code in modern manufacturing. It covers the fundamentals of CNC programming, including types of programs, essential codes, and steps involved in the programming process. The experiment aims to equip students with practical skills in writing, simulating, and verifying CNC programs for machining operations.

Uploaded by

Jai Prajapati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment Number – 1

Aim: Introduction to NC/CNC Part Programming using CAM Software, Simulation, and Dry Run
Execution.
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand the fundamentals of NC/CNC programming and its significance in modern
manufacturing.
2. Familiarize students with G-code and M-code standards used across industries.
3. Learn the process of writing, simulating, and verifying CNC programs for machining
operations.
4. Explore advanced features like pocketing, drilling cycles, and tool path optimization.
Relevant Theories and Background: NC/CNC Programming:
Numerical Control (NC) is a method of controlling the movements of the machine components by
directly inserting coded instructions into the system. The system then automatically interprets these
data and converts them to output signals that, in turn, control various machine components for
example turning spindle ON/OFF, changing tools, moving the tools or workpiece along specific
paths etc.
Historical Background
• 1940s-1950s: Originated as a response to the demand for precise and automated
manufacturing during World War II.
• Early Machines: Operated using punched tape systems for feeding instructions to the
machine.
• 1952: Development of the first NC milling machine at MIT, funded by the U.S. Air Force.
Transition to CNC (1960s-Present):
• Introduction of computers to replace punch tapes.
• Enabled real-time editing and optimization of machining programs.
• Advanced integration with CAD/CAM software.

Programming for CNC (Computer Numerical Control)


It involves creating instructions for CNC machines to execute specific tasks such as cutting,
drilling, milling, or turning. These instructions are typically written in a language like G & M
code, which communicates the movements, speeds, and operations the machine must perform.
Key Elements of CNC Programming
1. Types of CNC Programs
• Manual Programming: Writing G-code manually, suitable for simple operations.
• CAM-Based Programming: Using software like Mastercam or Fusion 360 to generate
code for complex geometries automatically.
• Conversational Programming: User-friendly, menu-driven interface directly on the CNC
machine.
2. Basic Structure of a CNC Program
A CNC program is a sequence of commands organized into blocks. Each block typically starts
with a line number and includes commands to perform specific operations.
Example of a CNC Program:
N10 G21 ; Set units to millimeters
N20 G90 ; Use absolute positioning
N30 T1 M06 ; Select Tool 1 and perform tool change
N40 G00 X0 Y0 ; Rapid move to X0, Y0
N50 G01 Z-10 F100 ; Move to Z-10 at feed rate of 100 mm/min
N60 G02 X20 Y20 I10 J10 ; Circular interpolation (clockwise)
N70 M30 ; End of program

3. Essential CNC Codes


G Codes or Geometrical codes
G00: Rapid positioning
G01: Linear interpolation (straight line movement)
G02: Circular interpolation, clockwise
G03: Circular interpolation, counterclockwise
G04: Dwell (pause for a specified time)
G17: Select XY plane
G18: Select XZ plane
G19: Select YZ plane
G20: Program in inches
G21: Program in millimeters
G28: Return to machine zero
G30: Return to secondary reference point
G40: Cancel cutter radius compensation
G41: Cutter radius compensation left
G42: Cutter radius compensation right
G43: Tool length offset compensation positive
G49: Cancel tool length offset compensation
G54 to G59: Work coordinate systems
G70: Finish cycle (in inches)
G71: Rough turning cycle (in metric)
G72: Finish turning cycle (in metric)
G73: High-speed peck drilling cycle
G74: Left-hand tapping cycle
G80: Cancel canned cycle
G81: Simple drilling cycle
G82: Counterboring cycle
G83: Peck drilling cycle
G84: Tapping cycle
G85: Boring cycle
G90: Absolute positioning
G91: Incremental Positioning

M Codes or Miscellaneous codes


M00 Program Stop
M01 Optional Program Stop
M02 Program End
M03 Spindle ON Clockwise (S)
M04 Spindle ON Counterclockwise (S)
M05 Spindle Stop
M06 Tool Change (T)
M08 Coolant ON
M09 Coolant OFF
M30 Program End and Reset

4. Steps in CNC Programming


1. Understand the Drawing: Analyze the part's dimensions and features.
2. Select the Tools: Choose tools based on material and operations to be performed.
3. Write the Code: Manually or using CAM software.
4. Simulate: Test the program in simulation software to detect errors.
5. Upload to Machine: Transfer the program to the CNC machine and execute it.
6. Inspect the Part: Check dimensions and quality post-machining.

Understanding Absolute, Incremental, and Mixed CNC Programming

1. Absolute Programming
• Concept: All coordinates are referenced from a fixed origin point (typically the part zero
or machine zero).
• G-code Command: G90 (Absolute positioning mode).
• Example:
If the current position is (4, 5) & the origin is at the bottom-left corner of the part and the
tool is instructed to move to coordinates (6, 8), the tool moves directly to that absolute
position.
2. Incremental Programming
• Concept: All coordinates are referenced relative to the current position of the tool.
• G-code Command: G91 (Incremental positioning mode).
• Example:
Starting from the current position (4, 5), a command to move to (6, 8) means moving 2
units in the X direction and 3 units in the Y direction from the current position.
3. Mixed Programming
• Concept: Combines absolute and incremental programming within the same program to
leverage the advantages of both methods.
• Usage:
o Absolute mode is used for critical reference points.
o Incremental mode is used for repetitive or relative movements, such as cutting a
series of holes or slots.
• Example:
o Set the origin using G90.
o Switch to G91 for a series of incremental movements.
o Return to G90 for the next absolute positioning operation.
Exercise Questions:
1)
2)

3)
4)

5)

D C B

G
E
F

I
H

Conclusion: This experiment provides a comprehensive introduction to NC/CNC programming,


allowing students to understand its importance in automation and precision manufacturing. By the
end of the exercise, students should be proficient in writing and simulating CNC programs,
applying both theoretical and practical knowledge to machining tasks.
References
1. Mikell P. Groover, Automation, Production Systems and Computer Integrated
Manufacturing Fifth Edition 2015, Pearson.

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