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Chapter 11 Bridge

The document provides an overview of bridges, including their definitions, characteristics, and classifications based on various criteria such as span, loading, structure, materials, and utility. It also discusses the components of a bridge, the importance of site selection, and river training works necessary for effective bridge construction. Additionally, it outlines different types of river training works to manage river flow and protect bridge structures.

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Niwesh Karki
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8 views25 pages

Chapter 11 Bridge

The document provides an overview of bridges, including their definitions, characteristics, and classifications based on various criteria such as span, loading, structure, materials, and utility. It also discusses the components of a bridge, the importance of site selection, and river training works necessary for effective bridge construction. Additionally, it outlines different types of river training works to manage river flow and protect bridge structures.

Uploaded by

Niwesh Karki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
SUBJECT CODE: CIEG 401
YEAR: FOURTH
SEMESTER: SEVENTH

Chapter: 11
Introduction to Bridge

8/11/2022 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING CIEG 401


1. Introduction:

 A structure constructed over an obstacle to provide the


passage without closing the way beneath is known as Bridge.
 If the passage is for the movement of traffic, it is known as
road bridge and for the movement of train termed as railway
bridge.
 If the level of bridge is much more than general road, known
as over bridge.
 If the level of bridge is below the ground level and covered,
then it is called sub-way.
 According to NRS 2045 the cross drainage structure whose
span length is more than 6m is termed as bridge and less than
6m is known as culvert
2.Characteristics of ideal bridge

 Axis of the bridge and the direction of the river flow should
be perpendicular to each other as far as possible.
 The line of bridge should not have serious deviation from the
line of approach road.
 It should be in level.
 The width of bridge should be sufficient to cater future traffic.
 Bridge should carry standard loading with reasonable factor
of safety.
 Bridge should not produce undue obstruction of stream, hence
provide adequate waterway width
 Foundation should be kept on firm ground and they should
be kept at sufficient depth to avoid damage by floods.
 Bridge should provide passage for services like water
pipe, telephones etc.
 Bridge should be economical in terms of construction and
maintenance
3. Choice of location of bridge site

The characteristics of location of bridge site are as


follows:-
 A straight reach of the river.

 A narrow channel with firm banks.

 Suitable high banks above high flood level on each


side.
 Rock or other hard erodible strata close to the river
bed level.
 Absence of sharp curves in approaches.

 Absence of expensive river training works.

 Avoidance of expensive ground water construction


4. Classification of bridges

 Bridge can be classified on following basis:-

• According to the span (NRS)


 Minor bridge (span more than 6m and less than 20m but total length is less than 20m)

 Medium bridge (span less than 20m but total length is more than 20m)

 Major bridge (Bridges with span more than 20m)


• According to loading
 Class AA (axle load maximum 20 T)

 Class A (axle load maximum 11.4 T)

 Class B (axle load maximum 6.8 T)


• According to the structure
 RCC T- bridge or RCC simply supported bridge

 Cantilever bridge (single or double)

 Arch bridge

 Suspended or suspension bridge

 Cable stayed bridge

 Steel bridge

 Movable bridge

 Portal frame bridge


• According to the materials
 Timber bridge

 RCC bridge

 PCC bridge

 Masonry bridge

 Steel bridge

 Floating bridge (Pantoon bridge or Boat bridge)


• According to the utility
 Highway bridge

 Railway bridge

 Compound bridge

 pedestrian bridge

• According to obstacles to be crossed


 River bridge

 Fly over
Movable Bridge
5. Components or parts of a bridge

The components of bridge are classified into two


groups named substructure and superstructure.
 The structure below the bearings is known as
substructure and the portion of bridge above the
bearing is known as superstructure.

• Sub structure support the super structure and


distributes the loads to the soil below through
foundation.
It mainly includes
 Abutment and its cap

 Pier and its cap

 Foundations for abutments and piers


Super structure

 That part over which the traffic moves safely.


• It mainly includes
 Main girders

 Deck slab

 Parapet wall

 Roadway

 Footpath

 Kerb stones etc


6. River bank and Protection structures

 Selection of a suitable bridge site is a very important parameter in the alignment of a


highway.
 The construction of barriers such as abutments and piers tends to disturb the flow of
stream and at times it changes its course entirely necessitating either a fresh bridge or
construction heavy river training works.
 It is therefore very necessary that, protection of the bridge should be taken care of
simultaneously with its construction. These works or pitching of the flooring, as protective
works.
7. Objectives of river training work

 To train the river to flow in straight reach both U/S and D/S well as at the bridge
site.
 To deflect the flow of the river from the banks to prevent the erosion of the bank.
 To provide the guide bund so as to confine the stream in the desired limits.
 To provide the required depth at the bridge in case of navigational channels.
 To confine the span to the minimum
8. Types of river training work

The main river training works are


 Embankments

 Guide banks or bund

 Groynes or spurs

 Pitching of banks and sub-siding apron

 Pitched islands

 Cut-offs

 Closing dykes
Embankments:

 Embankments on either approach banks are provided to protect the adjoining from
getting submerged as shown in figure
Guide Banks

 Main purpose of these banks is to divert the


stream from comparatively larger area to the
confined section under the bridge.
 Also known as bunds or belt bund.
 These bunds are constructed in pairs on either
banks
 The U/S length of bund is in between 1.01 to
1.10 times the length of the bridge while
downstream length is usually kept 0.2 times the
length of the bridge
Groynes:
 Groynes are the structures provided perpendicular to the flow of river to project bank up

to certain distance U/S and D/S.


 It is made of timber, masonry, concrete or earth.

 Based on the orientation of the groynes, it may be classified as repelling, deflection or

attracting groynes.
Pitching of banks and subsiding apron:
 The banks are very often protected by stone pitching, bush,
wood, plants, concrete blocks or grass.
 The slope of such pitching depends upon the material used for
pitching.
Pitched Island

 Pitched Island is an artificial island constructed in the river bed when it is required to
prevent the flow of river getting confined to one bank only.
 The stone pitching used to form the island obstructs the flow of water which becomes
turbulent.
 This results in the scouring of the bed.
 As the river bed gets lower, the water from the other bank gets diverted to this bank
and the flow along the far bank is reduced.
Cut-off:

 Sometimes the river develops a horse-shoe hair-pin bend.


 During floods the area between the horse-shoe gets
submerged and the river starts flooding along the straight
line.
 Due to the reduction in the length of the channel the slope
becomes steeper and the portion upstream of the cut-off
undergoes erosion.
 As a result of this the downstream gets silted up and
disturbances are caused in the river.
 If, however, the straight portion is dug up, the river water will
start along this straight portion and curved portion would be
get silted up.
 The chances of the river changing its courses are practically
eliminated.
Closing dykes

 Sometimes the river flows in the main as well as in a


subsidiary channel and the river has a tendency to change
its course towards the subsidiary channel.
 This tendency of the river is checked by providing a closing
dyke.
 May be made of solid or permeable natural soil like brush
wood, branches of trees etc.
 The soil material stops the flow into subsidiary channel
while permeable material reduces the velocity of water.
 As a result of this, the subsidiary channel gets silted up in
course of time. And the flow of river gets confined to the
main channel.

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