ANGLES AND ITS

ANGLES AND ITS

MEASUREMENTS
MEASUREMENTS
 ANGLES

An angle is a union of two rays whose intersection

is a point called the vertex. In figure 1, the given angle is
named ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 such that B is the vertex of the angle.
TYPES OF ANGLES

An acute angle is an angle that measures between

0° and 90°, meaning the opening of the angle is smaller
than the opening of an “L-shaped” angle but has at least
some space between the two rays that form it.
TYPES OF ANGLES

A right angle is an angle that measures exactly 90°.

Thus, the rays that formed the right angle are
perpendicular to each other.

An obtuse angle is an angle that measures between

90° and 180°.
TYPES OF ANGLES

A straight angle is an angle that measures exactly

180°, meaning the rays that formed a straight line are
opposite rays. Hence, it looks like a straight line.

A reflex angle is an angle that measures between

180° and 360°. On the other hand, a full angle, measures
exactly 360°.
 DIRECTED ANGLE

A directed angle is formed by rotating a ray around its endpoint

(vertex). The initial position of the ray is labeled as the initial side. After
it stopped rotating, the final position of the ray is labeled as the
terminal side. The distance traveled by the ray from its initial position
to its final position is its measurement in terms of degrees or radians.
DIRECTED ANGLE

The direction of the rotation of the ray in initial

position can be in (a) clockwise or (b) counterclockwise
rotation.
DIRECTED ANGLE

If the rotation of the ray is in clockwise rotation, the

measurement of the angle is affixed with a negative sign.
On the other hand, rotation in counterclockwise have
positive measurement.
ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION

In a Cartesian Coordinate Plane, an angle is in

standard position whenever (1) its vertex is on the origin
and (2) its initial side is on the positive x-axis.
ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION

The angles (below) are not in standard form. The

first angle, from the right, is not in standard form because
its initial side is on the negative y-axis while the other
angle, the vertex lies on the positive.
ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION

Example 1: Illustrate 150˚ in standard position

𝟗𝟎°

𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟎°, 𝟑𝟔𝟎°

initial side

𝟐𝟕𝟎°
ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION

Example 2: Illustrate −310˚ in standard position

−𝟐𝟕𝟎°

−𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟎°, −𝟑𝟔𝟎°

initial side

−𝟗𝟎°
ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION

Example 3: Illustrate −50˚ in standard position

−𝟐𝟕𝟎°

initial side
−𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟎°, −𝟑𝟔𝟎°

−𝟗𝟎°
 MEASUREMENTS IN DEGREES

A degree (°) is defined as the measure of the

central angle subtended by an arc of a circle equal to
1/360 of the circumference of the circle. A minute (‘) is
1/60 of a degree. Also, a second (“) is 1/60 of a minute, or
1/3600 of a degree.

A degree measurement can be in decimal-degrees or

degrees-minutes-seconds (DMS) form.
 MEASUREMENTS IN DEGREES

Example 4: Convert 62.4° to DMS form

62.4° = 62° + 0.4°
60′
= 62° + 0.4° •
1°
′
= 62° + 24
= 62° 24′
 MEASUREMENTS IN DEGREES

Example 5: Convert 37.47° to DMS form

37.47° = 37° + 0.47°
60′
= 37° + 0.47° •
1°
= 37° + 28.2′
= 37° + 28′ + 0.2′
′
60′′
= 37° + 28 + 0.2′ •
1′
= 37° + 28′ + 12′′
= 37° 28′ 12′′
 MEASUREMENTS IN DEGREES

Example 6: Convert 23° 54′ to decimal degrees

′
23° 54 = 23° + 54′
1°
= 23° + 54′ •
60′
°
= 23° + 0.9
= 23.9°
 MEASUREMENTS IN DEGREES

Example 7: Convert 9° 13 48′′ to decimal degrees

′

′ ′′ ′
9° 13 48 = 9° + 13 + 48′′
1° 1°
= 9° + 13′ • + 48′′ •
60′ 3,600′′
° °
= 9° + 0.22 + 0.01
= 9.23°
 MEASUREMENTS IN RADIANS

A radian (rad) is defined as the measure of the

central angle subtended by an arc of a circle equal to the
radius of the unit circle (circle with radius equal to 1 unit).
Therefore, a whole circle is equivalent to 2𝜋 radian. Thus,
360° = 2𝜋 radian = 1 revolution or 1 rotation.
ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION

5𝜋
Example 8: Illustrate rad in standard position
7 𝝅
𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟓𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟐

𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟎°, 𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅

initial side

5𝜋
rad, in decimal, is 0.71 𝜋 rad
7
𝟑𝝅
𝒐𝒓 𝟏. 𝟓𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟐
ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION

Example 9: Illustrate −π in standard position

𝟑𝝅
− 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟐

terminal side
−𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟎°, −𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
initial side

𝝅
− 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟐
ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION

5𝜋
Example 10: Illustrate − in standard position
3 𝟑𝝅
− 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟐

−𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟎°, −𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅

initial side

5𝜋
− rad, in decimal, is −1.67𝜋 rad
3
𝝅
− 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝟐
REVOLUTION TO DEGREE AND RADIAN

Since 1 rotation or revolution is equal to 360˚ and

2π rad, then, to convert revolution to degree or radian,
multiply 360˚ and 2π rad respectively.
REVOLUTION TO DEGREE

Example 11: Convert 1.2 rev to degree measurement

360°
1.2 𝑟𝑒𝑣 •
1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
= 1.2 360°
= 432°
REVOLUTION TO RADIAN

Example 12: Convert −2.5 rev to radian measurement

2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
−2.5 𝑟𝑒𝑣 •
1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
= −2.5 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
= −5𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 − 15.71 𝑟𝑎𝑑
 DEGREE TO RADIAN

Since 1 rotation or revolution is equal to 360˚ and

2π rad, then, to convert degree measurement to radian,
2π rad π rad
multiply or .
360˚ 180˚
 DEGREE TO RADIAN

Example 13: Convert 45˚ to radian measurement

𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
45° •
180°
45𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
=
180
𝜋
= 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 0.25𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 0.79 𝑟𝑎𝑑
4
 DEGREE TO RADIAN

Example 14: Convert 140˚ to radian measurement

𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
140° •
180°
140𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
=
180
7𝜋
= 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 0. 77𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 2.44 𝑟𝑎𝑑
9
 RADIAN TO DEGREE

Since 1 rotation or revolution is equal to 360˚ and

2π rad, then, to convert radian measurement to degree,
360˚ 180˚
multiply or .
2π rad π rad
 RADIAN TO DEGREE

3𝜋
Example 15: Convert rad to degree measurement
4

3𝜋 180°
𝑟𝑎𝑑 •
4 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
3 (180°)
=
4
= 135°
 RADIAN TO DEGREE
17𝜋
Example 16: Convert − rad to degree measurement
18

17𝜋 180°
− 𝑟𝑎𝑑 •
18 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
17 180°
=−
18
= −170°
Co-terminal Angles

Two angles in standard positions which have the

same terminal sides are called co-terminal angles. There
is an unlimited number of angles which are coterminal
with a given angle. Coterminal angles for any given angle
can be found by adding integer multiples of 360° to the
degree measurement or 2𝜋 rad to the radian measure of
the given angle.
Co-terminal Angles

Example 17: Give 2 positive angles and 1 negative angle

that are coterminal with 20˚
For positive co-terminals For negative co-terminal
of 20˚ of 20˚
20° + 360° = 380° 20° − 360° = −340°
380° + 360° = 740°
Co-terminal Angles

Example 18: Give 1 positive angle and 1 negative angle

3𝜋
that are coterminal with
4
For positive co-terminals For negative co-terminal
3𝜋 3𝜋
of of
4 4
3𝜋 11𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
+ 2𝜋 = − 2𝜋 = −
4 4 4 4
Co-terminal Angles

Example 19: Prove that (a) 100° and −260°, and (b) 85°
and 805° are pairs of coterminal angles through
illustration and computation.
Quadrantal Angles

Angle are considered quadrantal angle if the

terminal side of the angle lie on x-axis or y-axis when it is
in standard position. These angles are called quadrantal
angle because they are the boundaries of each
quadrants.
 Quadrantal Angles

𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟗𝝅
, , ,…
𝟗𝟎°, 𝟒𝟓𝟎°, 𝟖𝟏𝟎°, … 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟎°, 𝟑𝟔𝟎°, 𝟕𝟐𝟎°, … 𝟎, 𝟐𝝅, 𝟒𝝅, …

𝟏𝟖𝟎°, 𝟓𝟒𝟎°, 𝟗𝟎𝟎°, … 𝝅, 𝟑𝝅, 𝟓𝝅 …

𝟐𝟕𝟎°, 𝟔𝟑𝟎°, 𝟗𝟗𝟎°, … 𝟑𝝅 𝟕𝝅 𝟏𝟏𝝅

, , ,…
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Trigonometric Functions
𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑦
SOH 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 Ѳ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 Ѳ = =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟
𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥
CAH 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 Ѳ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 Ѳ = =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟
𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑦
TOA 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 Ѳ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 Ѳ = =
𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟
CHO 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 Ѳ = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 Ѳ = =
𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟
SHA 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 Ѳ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 Ѳ = =
𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥
CAO 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 Ѳ = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 Ѳ = =
𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑦
Reciprocal Relations

1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 Ѳ = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 Ѳ =
𝑐𝑠𝑐 Ѳ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 Ѳ
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 Ѳ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 Ѳ =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 Ѳ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 Ѳ
𝑠𝑖𝑛 Ѳ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 Ѳ
𝑡𝑎𝑛 Ѳ = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 Ѳ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 Ѳ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 Ѳ
Quadrant Signs of the Functions
Trigonometric Values of Special Angles
There are specific angles that provide simple and
exact trigonometric values. There specific angles are
known as trigonometric special angles.
These are 30˚, 45˚ and 60˚. In addition, it can be
derived from a unit circle (radius of 1 unit).
Trigonometric Values of Special Angles
Special angle: 30˚ in first quadrant of unit circle
Special angle: 30˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 30-60-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the hypotenuse is
twice the length of the shortest side
and the length of the other side is
3 times the length of the shortest
side in a 30-60-90-Triangle
Special angle: 30˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 30-60-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the hypotenuse is
shortest side
twice the length of the shortest side
and the length of the other side is
3 times the length of the shortest
side in a 30-60-90-Triangle
Special angle: 30˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 30-60-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the hypotenuse is
shortest side twice the length of the shortest side
and the length of the other side is
3 times the length of the shortest
side in a 30-60-90-Triangle
Special angle: 30˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 30-60-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the hypotenuse is
shortest side twice the length of the shortest side
and the length of the other side is
3 times the length of the shortest
adjacent side
side in a 30-60-90-Triangle
Special angle: 30˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 30-60-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the hypotenuse is
shortest side twice the length of the shortest side
and the length of the other side is
3 times the length of the shortest
adjacent side side in a 30-60-90-Triangle
Special angle: 30˚ in first quadrant of unit circle
1
𝑦 2 1
sin 30° = = =
𝑟 1 2
3
𝑥 2 3
cos 30° = = =
𝑟 1 2
1
𝑦 2 1 3
tan 30° = = = 𝑜𝑟
𝑥 3 3 3
2
Trigonometric Values of Special Angles
Special angle: 60˚ in first quadrant of unit circle
Special angle: 60˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 30-60-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the hypotenuse is
twice the length of the shortest side
and the length of the other side is
3 times the length of the shortest
side in a 30-60-90-Triangle
Special angle: 60˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 30-60-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the hypotenuse is
twice the length of the shortest side
and the length of the other side is
3 times the length of the shortest
shortest side side in a 30-60-90-Triangle
Special angle: 60˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 30-60-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the hypotenuse is
twice the length of the shortest side
and the length of the other side is
3 times the length of the shortest
shortest side side in a 30-60-90-Triangle
Special angle: 60˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 30-60-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the hypotenuse is
opposite side twice the length of the shortest side
and the length of the other side is
3 times the length of the shortest
side in a 30-60-90-Triangle
shortest side
Special angle: 60˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 30-60-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the hypotenuse is
opposite side twice the length of the shortest side
and the length of the other side is
3 times the length of the shortest
side in a 30-60-90-Triangle
shortest side
Special angle: 60˚ in first quadrant of unit circle
3
𝑦 2 3
sin 60° = = =
𝑟 1 2
1
𝑥 2 1
cos 60° = = =
𝑟 1 2
3
𝑦 2
tan 60° = = = 3
𝑥 1
2
Trigonometric Values of Special Angles
Special angle: 45˚ in first quadrant of unit circle
Special angle: 45˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 45-45-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the legs are
congruent. The hypotenuse is 2
times the length of the leg in a 45-
45-90-Triangle.
Special angle: 45˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 45-45-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the legs are
leg
congruent. The hypotenuse is 2
times the length of the leg in a 45-
45-90-Triangle.
leg
They have the same measurement.
Special angle: 45˚ in first quadrant of unit circle

In finding the values of x and y, we can

use the 45-45-90-Triangle Theorem
The length of the legs are
congruent. The hypotenuse is 2
times the length of the leg in a 45-
45-90-Triangle.
Special angle: 45˚ in first quadrant of unit circle
2
𝑦 2 2
sin 45° = = =
𝑟 1 2
2
𝑥 2 2
cos 45° = = =
𝑟 1 2
2
𝑦 2
tan 45° = = =1
𝑥 2
Trigonometric Values of Special Angles
Special Angles 𝟑𝟎° 45° 𝟔𝟎°
1 2 3
sin
2 2 2
3 2 1
cos
2 2 2
3
tan 1 3
3
Reference Angle
If angle A is in quadrant I, then the reference
angle Ar = A.

All trigonometric functions are positive at quadrant I.

Reference Angle
If angle A is in quadrant II, then the reference
angle 𝐴𝑟 = 180° − 𝐴 or 𝐴𝑟 = 𝜋 − 𝐴 .

All trigonometric functions are negative at quadrant

II except for sine and cosecant.
Reference Angle
If angle A is in quadrant III, then the reference
angle 𝐴𝑟 = 𝐴 − 180°or 𝐴𝑟 = 𝐴 − 𝜋.

All trigonometric functions are negative at quadrant

III except for tangent and cotangent.
Reference Angle
If angle A is in quadrant IV, then the reference
angle 𝐴𝑟 = 360° − 𝐴 or 𝐴𝑟 = 2𝜋 − 𝐴 .

All trigonometric functions are negative at quadrant

II except for cosine and secant.