TECHNOLOGY IS

THE BACKBORNE
OF SCIENCE
NAMES OF GROUPMATES
-TCHEUTCHOUA SIGNI
VITALIS MICHAEL
-TICHA VANESSA NKWUI
-NDIFFO MILTON
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TOPIC : TESTING AND RUNNING A SOLUTION
SOFTWARE TESTING
This is the process of executing a program or
system with the aim of finding errors (bugs),there
by satisfying the user’s requirement OR It is any
activity aimed at evaluating an attribute or
capability of a program oa system and determining
that it meets it required results.A typical example
of a real life scenario that brings about the testing
of a system is food testing in a competition.
METHODS (WAYS OR TECHNIQUES)
OF TESTING
1)WHITE BOX (STRUCTURAL) TESTING
This involves the testing of a software
application or system with knowledge of the
internal structures or implimementation details of
the system such as source code(that
is human readable instructions or codes written in a
programming language that is used to create
software apps or websites),architectures or internal
designs.This method of testing relies on the
ultimate knowledge of the system that is knowing
how the system works.

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 WHITE BOX
int n
INPUT { OUTPUT
If (n=0)
return 1 ;

2)BLACK BOX (FUNCTIONAL)

TESTING
This involves the testing of a system
without the knowledge of the internal structures or
implementation details of the system.This method
of testing requires the tester to understand what the
system is supposed to do that is, the ability of the
system to meet up to its funtional requirements.The
tester also has to make provision of the input and
output and observe if the output matches with the
expected results.Here,there is no debugging or
idendification of deflects.

BLACK
INPUT OUTPUT
BOX

ADVANTAGES OF A BLACK BOX TESTING

OVER A WHITE BOX TESTING

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*A black box testing is an independent testing that is,
the tester doesnot require any development team to
carryout testing whereas a white box testing is a
dependent testing.
*A black box testing focuses on the user’s experience
that is, it focuses on the user’s perspective and ensures
that the software meet their need, whereas a white box
testing doesnot function the same way.
*A black box testing is more cost effective that is, it is
less expensive as compared to a white box testing.
ADVANTAGES OF WHITE BOX TESTING
OVER BLACK BOX TESTING
*It has an unlimited coverage that is, it covers all the
paths and scenarios in the software.
*It has an insight into the internal working that is, it
makes provision of any information concerning the
internal structures or implementation details of the
system.
3)GRAY BOX TESTING
It is simply a combination of the white and black
box testing.Here ,the tester has some knowledge of
internal working but not complete access to the source
code.
4)DRY(SIMULATED)RUN TESTING
This is simply the simulation of the system that is,
the creation of an artificial system to see how i twill

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behave under certain conditions.In this case, there is no
actual interaction or execution of thr system’s code.It
usually makes quick provision of feedback thereby
allowing developers to identify and fix issues early, it
reduces risk of data corupption and system crashes, it
improves test coverage since it allows developers to
test scenarios that might be difficlt or impossible to test
otherwise and it is more cost effective since, it reduces
the need for expensive testing insfrastructure.Examples
include :
-API TESTING
-DATABASE TESTING
-MACHINE LEARNING TESTING
VALIDATION AND ERROR HANDLING
VALIDATION
It is the process of comparing data with set s of rules
to find out if the input or user’s value meets the require
rules or constraints that is, the process of detecting if the
data is correct,complete and consistent before
processing it OR it rfers to the various different set of
activities that ensures that the software is traceable to
the customer requirements.
VALIDATION CHECK(STRATEGIES)
This is the process of programmatically checking
the input given to your program to ensure it meets some
basic criteria.Some typically checks involve :

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1)RANGE CHECK : It ensures that the input value is
within the prmitted minimum and maximum
interval.Example : Write the boolean expression test
that the numbeer of marks entered in a computer is
between 0 and 100 innclusively.Answer :
0≤MARK≤100.
2)LENGH CHECK : It ensures that the input value is
within a permitted size.Example : If (lengthf(password)
>12)
Printf(¨The pqssword is too long try again¨)
End
3)DATA TYPE CHECK : It accept input values of
the correct type.Example : integer, string, float.
4)FORMAT CHECK : It is the style of the input
values according to the expected rules.Example :
DD/MM/YYYY is the format for date.
5)CHARACTER CHECK : Here, the input valuue
must only contain the permitted characters.
6)PRESENCE CHECK : It detects if the input has
been provided if it is required.Example : If user name,
Text=¨ ¨ Then
Msgbox(¨You have not entered a user name¨)
End
7)CONSISTENCY CHECK : It is a combination of
a lengh format and compatible check where a
compatible check is one whose input value is in direct

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relationship with another input value baseon some
criteria,Example : If Title=¨MRS¨, then gender=¨F¨.
8)CROSS CHECK : It ensures data is consistent
accross multiple systems.
9)ARITHMETIC CHECK : It is used to ensure
validity of the result by performing arithmetic
operations in different ways.
10)PASSWORD CHECK : It ensures the entry of
data by authaurized user in online system.
ERROR HANDLING
It is the process of detecting,reporting and
recorvering errors that occurs during the execution of a
program.It involve anticipating potential errors,
handling exceptions and providing meaningful error
messages.
VERIFICATION
It is the process of evaluating a system, software or
hardware to ensure it to meets the specified
requirements standards and regulations.That is,
checking the correctness,completness and consistency
of asystemor software.It takes place at the end of each
phase.
VERIFICATION CHECKS(STRATEGIES)
It is the process of confirming that a
product,system or software meets its
specifications,requirements and expected results.

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1)DOUBLE ENTRY : Here data is entred twice to
ensure accuracy.The two entries are compared to detect
fault.Example : It is mostly used in password and credit
addresses.
2)PROOF READING(VISUAL CHECK) : Here,
data is reviewed carefully to detect erros.Example : Text
editing,Code review.
3)PARITY : It is used to check for transmission errors
over the network or between memory and disk.
DEBUGGING
It is the procss of identifying, isolating and fixing
errors or bugs in a computer system.It involves
analysing the code,data or system behavoiur to detect
and correct errors.
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING ERRORS
1)SYNTAX ERRORS : These are errors commited
due to the disrespect to the rules or grammatical rules of
a natural language or programming language.
SOME SOURCES OF SYNTAX ERRORS
-Undeclared variable.
-Missing semi-colons at the end of a statement.
-Comment not closed.
-Misspelling a command word or forgetting to close a
module.
-Putting a semi-colon instead of a colon.
Example :

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int n
{
if (n=0)
return 1
else
return n*n(n-1);
The return 1 statement doesnot have a semi-colon so, i
twill generate a syntax error.
2)SEMANTIC ERRORS : It occurs when the
programmer or user disrespect the semantic rules such
as logical errors.
3)RUNTIME ERRORS : These are errors that
occurs during the execution of a program such as out of
range values,resource allocation errors.
4)LOGIC ERRORS : These are errors on a program
logic or algorithm such as incorrect calculations ,faulty
conditional statement or infinite loops.
TESTING STRATEGIES(TYPES) AND TEST
DATA
They are many types of testing namely :
1)UNIT TESTING : It involve tseting individual
units of code ,such as function or methods to ensure
correct results.
2)SYSTEM TESTING : It involves testing the entire
system to ensure itmeets the requirements and run as
expected.

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3)INTERGRATION TESTING : It involve testing
how different unit of a code works together to ensure
more integrate results.
4)ACCEPTANCE TESTING : This involve testing
the system to ensure it meets the acceptance criteria and
is read for delivery.
5)INCREMENTAL INTEGRATION TESTING :
It is a software testing technique where a system is built
and integrateed incrementally, one piece at atime.
6)FUNCTION TESTING : It is a software testing
technique that involves testing individual functions or
modules of a system to ensure they work correctly.
7)ALPHA TESTING : It is the formal testing at the
end of a program.It is undertaken by the programming
team,uses data that the programmers perceive to be
realistic and is designed to ensure that the requirements
objectives have been achieve.
8)BETA TESTING : This is when the software is
tested under red(bad) conditons, using real data and by a
selection of real end-users.
TEST DATA
1)EXTREME DATA VALUES : These are data
points that are significantly different from the expected
or normal values.
2)ERRONEOUS DATA VALUE : They are
incorrect or inconsistent data points that can affect the

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accuracy and reliability of analysis or models.
3)NORMAL DATA VALUES : It is the data that
meets the requirement and specification of the
applicants.It is used to test the applications functionality
and ensure it operate correctly.
4)BANKING DATA VALUE : It is the data that
lies at the boundaries of the application specificatries.It
is used to test the appplication behavoir at the extremes
of its specifications.
DEFAULT VALUES
These are pre-defined values or settings that are
automaticcally assigned to a variable,field or parameter
when no specific value is provided.

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