GE2221 - ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

syllabus
5 Content of the Presentation
 Introduction to Engineering Graphics
 Standards (BIS)
 Drawing Instruments
 Lettering
 Line types
 Dimensioning
 Projection Methods
 Quadrant system
 Introduction to all the units
Engineering Graphics
INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
7 Drawing vs. Engineering Drawing
 Drawing
Describing any object/ information
diagrammatically
 Engineering Drawing
Graphical means of expression of technical details
without the barrier of a language.
Universal language for engineers

Engineering Graphics
 Drawing vs. Engineering Drawing Cont.,
8

 Graphical representation of an object – Drawing

 Engineering drawing – A drawing of an object that
contains all information
- like actual shape, accurate size, manufacturing
methods, etc., required for its construction.
- No construction / manufacturing of any (man -made)
engineering objects is possible without engineering
drawing.

Engineering Graphics
9 What will you learn in this course?
 You will learn - How industry communicates
technical information.
 Visualization – the ability to mentally control visual
information.
 Graphics theory – geometry and projection
techniques.
 Standards – set of rules that govern how parts are
made and technical drawings are represented.

Engineering Graphics
 What will you learn in this course? Cont.,
10

 Conventions – commonly accepted practices and

methods used for technical drawings.
 Tools – devices used to create technical drawings
and models.
 Applications – the various uses for technical
drawings.

Engineering Graphics
11

 Engineering drawing is completely different from artistic

drawing, which are used to express aesthetic,
philosophical, and abstract ideas.
Manual
Engineering Drawing
Drawing
CADD

 Computer has a major impact on the methods used to

design and create technical drawings.
 Design and drafting on computer are cheap and less
time consuming.
Engineering Graphics
STANDARDS
 Standard Code
Countr Cod Full
y e name
USA • American National Standard Institute
ANSI
Japan Japanese Industrial Standard
JIS
UK •British Standard
BS
Australia Australian Standard
AS
Germany •Deutsches Institute for Normung
DIN
India BIS Bureau of Indian Standards

ISO International Standards Organization

13 Engineering Graphics
14 BIS standards
BIS Code Topics
IS 10711:2001 Size and Layout of Drawing
sheets
IS 10714:1983 Line Types and Uses
IS 9609:2001 Lettering
IS 15021:2001 Projection Methods
IS 11669:1986 Dimensioning

Engineering Graphics
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
16 Instruments required for drawing
 Drawing board
 Drawing sheet [A3 Size]
 Mini-drafter / T- square
 Instrument box (Compass, Divider, Protractor etc.,)
 Drawing pencils [H, 2H, HB]
 Scales, Sharpener, Eraser
 Drawing clip / pin / adhesive tape
17 1.Drawing Board
18 2.Drawing Sheets
A Series Formats (mm)
A0 841 × 1189
A1 594 × 841
A2 420 × 594
A3 297 × 420
A4 210 × 297
A5 148 × 210
A6 105 × 148
A7 74 × 105
 Drawing Sheets cont.,
19

A Series Formats (mm)

A0 841 × 1189
A1 594 × 841
A2 420 × 594
A3 297 × 420
A4 210 × 297
A5 148 × 210
A6 105 × 148
A7 74 × 105
 Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space Title block
lines Title block
c

Sheet size c (min) d

(min)
A4 10 25
A3 10 20
A2 10 25
A1 20
20 25
25
20 A0 Engineering Graphics
21 A3 Drawing sheet - Dimensions
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Engineering Graphics
22 3. Mini –Drafter and T-Square

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23 Drawing Board with Drafter and Sheet

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24 4. Instrument Box

Engineering Graphics
25
5.Drawing Pencils
 Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers
and letters
 Mechanical clutch pencils – Not allowed
7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness and
blackness
HB to F – Medium grade
H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of
hardness.

 Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H

and HB pencils – to be practiced in this course.

Engineering Graphics
 Grades and designation of wooden
26
pencils

Engineering Graphics
 Grades and designation of wooden pencils
27

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28
6.Scales, Sharpener, Eraser

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29 7.Drawing clip / pin / adhesive tape

Engineering Graphics
DRAWING SCALES
 Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

Engineering Graphics

28
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are

correspond to “true size” of the object and they are
independent of the scale used in creating that drawing.

Engineering Graphics

29
LINE TYPES
34 Line types
Illustration Application Pencfl
Outlines, visible edges, surface
Thick i boundaries of objects, margin lines H
Continuous thin Dimension lines; extension lines,
section lines leader or pointer lines
construction lines; boarder lines
2H
Continuous thin wavy Short break lines or irregular
Z‘ boundaw lines — drawn freehand 2H
Continuous thin with zig-zag
%/ma/V Long break lines 2H
Short dashes, gap ‘I, length 3 rnrn
Invisible or interior surfaces H

Engineering Graphics
 Line types cont.,
35

Illustration Application Pencil

Center lines, locus lines
Short dashes Alternate long and short clashes in 2H
———————————————————————————————————————— —- a proportion of 6:1.

Long chain thick at end

and €|SeWh€r€ Cutting plane lines H /

Continuous thick border

|in€ Border HB

Engineering Graphics
DIMENSIONING
37 Lines used in Dimensioning
 Dimensioning requires the use of
Dimension lines
Extension lines
Leader lines

 All three line types are drawn thin so that they

will not be confused with visible lines.
38

SW5
Dimension Line
Dimension line: A line terminated by
arrowheads, which indicates the direction and
extent of a dimension.

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HE
39 Extension Line
 Extension line: An extension line is a thin solid
line that extends from a point on the drawing to
which the dimension refers.

1
Feature Size
mension Line
Arrowheads —\
Z Extension Line‘

Long extension isible Gap

lines should be
avoided.
40 Leader Line
 Leader Line: A straight inclined thin solid line
that is usually terminated by an arrowhead.

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41 Leader Line
 Leaders may be terminated:
with an arrow, if it ends on the outline of an
object.
42 Leader Line
 Leaders may be terminated:
with a dot if it ends within the outline of an
object.
43 Leader Line
 Leaders may be terminated:
without an arrowhead or dot, if it ends within the
outline of an object.

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 Arrow heads
44

 Arrowheads are used as terminators on dimension lines.

 The standard size ratio for all arrowheads on mechanical
drawings is 3:1 (length to width).
200

R 8.5

Of the four different arrowhead types that are authorized by the

national standard, ASME Y14.2M – 1994, a filled arrowhead is
the highest preference.

1st 2nd Engineerin3

grG
draphics 4th
45 Arrowheads
 Arrowheads are drawn between the extension
lines if possible. If space is limited, they may
be drawn on the outside.

Engineering Graphics
46 Exercise
 List the dimensioning mistakes and then
dimension the object correctly.

Engineering Graphics
What are the 6 dimensioning mistakes?
 1) Spacing

2) Don’t dim. inside the object.

3 & 4) Text

5) No Gap

6) Missing dim. (ɸof hole)

Correctly Dimensioned
LETTERING
51
Lettering
 Lettering – Writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, scales
and other details on a drawing
 Essential features of lettering – legibility, uniformity, ease,
rapidity, and suitability for microfilming/ photocopying/any
other photographic processes
 No ornamental and embellishing style of letter
 Plain letters and numerals which are clearly distinguishable
from each other in order to avoid any confusion even in
case of slight mutilations

Engineering Graphics
 Basic Strokes
52

Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

3
2
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 Lettering cont.,
53

Engineering Graphics
 Stroke Sequence
54

I L T

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 Stroke Sequence
55

V X W

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 Stroke Sequence
56

O Q G

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 Stroke Sequence
57

S 0 3

8 6

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 Stroke Sequence
j y f t

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55
 Stroke Sequence
c o a b

d p q e

Engineering Graphics

56
 Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALL ODIMENSIONS OAREOIN

MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
OTHERWISE OSPECIFIED.

Engineering Graphics

57
PROJECTION METHODS
 Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight

62 Engineering Graphics
 PROJECTION METHOD
63

Perspective Parallel

Oblique Orthographic

Axonometric Multiview
Engineering Graphics
 PROJECTION THEORY

The projection theory is used to graphically represent

3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)

Engineering Graphics

61
Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection

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62
 Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
66

Perspective projection is not

used by engineer for manu-
facturing of parts, because

1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size. Width is distorted

Engineering Graphics
QUADRANT SYSTEM
 VP
2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP
X

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
68IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERES TinAeN
ng eriD
ng IG
LrL
apU
hiS
csTRATION PROPERLLY.
 First angle vs. Third angle Projection
69
First angle Projection Third angle Projection
Object placed in FQ is above Object placed in TQ is below
HP and in front of VP HP and behind of VP
Front view is draw above Front view is draw below
reference line reference line
Top view is arranged below FV Top view is arranged above FV
Left side view is on the right Left side view is on the left side
side of FV and Right view is on of FV and Right view is on the
the left side of FV right side of FV
Symbol Symbol

Engineering Graphics
INTRODUCTION TO ALL THE UNITS
71 Unit 1
PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND
SKETCHING
 PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND
SKETCHING
72

 Engineering Curves
Ellipse
Parabola
Hyperbola
 Special Curves
Cycloids
 Epicycloid
 Hypocycloid

Involutes
 PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND
SKETCHING
73

 Free hand
sketching
74 Unit II
PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES
AND PLANE SURFACES
 Point A is POINTA IN VP POINTA IN
Placed In 2 QUADRANT
ND 1STQUADRANT
VP a’
different A A
quadrants a’
and it’s Fv & Tv a
are brought in
same plane for HP OBSERVER

Observer to see
clearly. HP OBSERVER
Fv is visible as
it is a view on
VP. But as Tv is a
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
direction.The
In front part of a
Hp comes below
xy line and the
part behind Vp HP
comes above. HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER

Observe and
note the a
process. a’
A a’
POINTA IN A POINTA IN
3RD QUADRANT VP 4TH QUADRANT
VP

75
PROJECETnIgO
ineN
erinO
g GF
rapP
hicO
s INTS
 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINTAABOVE HP POINTAABOVE HP POINTA IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv
For Tv

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

A
PRESENTATION a’ PRESENTATION
a’
A Y
Y
Y a’
a
a
X a X X A

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALLABOVE CASES.

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP

a’ a’

X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a

a a

76 HP HP Engineering Graphics HP
 For Tv Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) V.P.
a’
Note: a’
Fv is a vertical line
A Showing True Length Fv
1. FV &
Tv is a point. b’
A Line b’
perpendicular Y
X Y
B
to Hp
& TV a b
Tv a b
// to Vp X

H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv Note: V.P.
Fv & Tv both are
2. // to xy a’ Fv b’
b’ &
A Line B both show T. L.
// to Hp a’
& A Y X Y
// to Vp
b a b
Tv
X
a

77 H.P.
PROJECETnIgO
ineN
erinO
g GF
rapL s ES
hiIcN
 PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND
PLANE SURFACES
78

 PROJECTION OF PLANE SURFACES

Engineering Graphics
79 Unit III
PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

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80
PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

Engineering Graphics
81 Unit IV
• PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF
SURFACES

Engineering Graphics
82
SECTION OF SOLIDS

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83
DEVELOPMENT OF SOLIDS

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84 Unit V
ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE
PROJECTIONS

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85
ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS

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86
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS

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 Thank You

87 Engineering Graphics
 Sri Eshwar College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Unit Topics Page

GE8152 - ENGINEERING GRAPHICS No. No.
OBJECTIVES: 1 Plane Curves and Free Hand Sketching …. 10
 To develop in students, graphic skills for communication of concepts, ideas and design of
Engineering products. Engineering Curves: Ellipse, Parabola & Hyperbola 10
 To expose them to existing national standards related to technical drawings. Construction of Cycloid 10
CONCEPTS AND CONVENTIONS (Not for Examination) Construction of Involutes 10
Importance of graphics in engineering applications – Use of drafting instruments – BIS conventions and Scale : Diagonal and Vernier scales 10
specifications – Size, layout and folding of drawing sheets – Lettering and dimensioning. Free Hand Sketching 11
Plane Curves & Free Hand Sketching –Assignment 6 12
UNIT I PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING
2 Projection of Points, Lines and Plane 2
Basic Geometrical constructions, Curves used in engineering practices: Conics – Construction of ellipse,
parabola and hyperbola by eccentricity method – Construction of cycloid – construction of involutes of Surfaces
square and circle – Drawing of tangents and normal to the above curves, Scales: Construction of Diagonal ………………………………………………...
and Vernier scales. Visualization concepts and Free Hand sketching: Visualization principles – Orthographic Projection of Points 2
Representation of Three Dimensional objects – Layout of views- Free hand sketching of multiple views from Orthographic Projection of Straight Lines 2
pictorial views of objects Projection of Straight Lines – Assignment 1 3

UNIT II PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE SURFACES Orthographic Projection of Planes 3
Orthographic projection- principles-Principal planes-First angle projection-projection of points. Projection Orthographic Projection of Planes – Assignment 2 4
of straight lines (only First angle projections) inclined to both the principal planes - Determination of true
3 Projection of Solid …………………………………. 4
lengths and true inclinations by rotating line method and traces Projection of planes (polygonal and
circular surfaces) inclined to both the principal planes by rotating object method Orthographic Projection of Solids 4
Truncated Solids 6
UNIT III PROJECTION OF SOLIDS
Projection of simple solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinder, cone and truncated solids when the axis is Orthographic Projection of Solids – Assignment 3 5
inclined to one of the principal planes by rotating object method. 4 Projection of Sectioned Solids and 5
Development of Surfaces ………………………
UNIT IV PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
Sectioning of above solids in simple vertical position when the cutting plane is inclined to the one of the Section of Solids 5
principal planes and perpendicular to the other – obtaining true shape of section. Development of lateral Development of Surface 6
surfaces of simple and sectioned solids – Prisms, pyramids cylinders and cones. Sectioned Solids & Development of Surfaces – 7
Assignment 4
UNIT V ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS
5 Isometric and Perspective Projections ….. 7
Principles of isometric projection – isometric scale –Isometric projections of simple solids and truncated
solids - Prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones- combination of two solid objects in simple vertical positions. Isometric Projection 7
Perspective projection of simple solids-Prisms, pyramids and cylinders by visual ray method. Perspective Projection 8
Isometric & Perspective Projections – 9
Assignment 5

Mr.S.Gokul/Assistant Professor/Department of Mechanical Engineering

 Orthographic Projection of Straight Lines
UNIT II - PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE SURFACES

Projection of point 1. One end P of a line PQ 70 mm long is 35 mm in front of V.P. and 25 mm

above H.P. the line is inclined at 400 to the H.P. and 300 to the V.P. Draw the
Projection of straight lines inclined to both the principal planes
projections of PQ and find its vertical & Horizontal trace
by rotating line method and traces 2. A straight line 70 mm long has one end 15 mm in front of V.P. and 50
mm above H.P. while the other end is 35 mm in front of V.P. and 20 mm
Projection of planes (polygonal and circular surfaces) inclined
above HP. Draw the plan and elevation of the line. Determine its traces (V.T,
to both the principal planes by rotating object method H.T)
3. A line AB 70 mm long has its end B 25 mm above H.P. and 30 mm in
front of V.P. The end A is 55 mm above H.P and 55 mm in front of V.P. Draw its
projections and finds its inclinations with V.P. and H.P.
4. A line AB 60 mm long has its end A 30 mm above H.P. and 25 mm in front of
Orthographic Projection of Points
V.P. The top view and front view has a length of 40 mm and 55 mm
respectively. Draw its projections.
1. Mark the projections of the following points on a common reference
5. End A of a line AB is 15 mm above H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. The other
line.
end is 50 mm above H.P. and 65 mm in front of V.P. The distance
 Point P, 50 mm behind the VP and 15 mm above the HP. between the end projectors is 50 mm. Draw the projection and find the true
 Point Q, 40 mm below the HP and in the VP. inclination and true length by rotating plane method.
 Point R, 40 mm in front of the VP and 30 mm above the HP.
6. The distance between the end projectors passing through the end point is 50
 Point S, 30 mm in front of the VP and 50 mm below the HP.
mm. The end A is 20 mm above H.P. and 15 mm in front of
 Point T, 35 mm behind the VP and 20 mm below the HP.
V.P. The end B is 45 mm in front of V.P. The line AB is 65 mm long in
2. From the figure below, determine the position of the Points with the front view. Draw the projections. Find the true inclinations and locate the
traces
reference to the projection planes.
7. Front view of a line AB is 500 inclined to XY line and measures 55 mm long while
its top view is 600 inclined to XY line. If end A is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm
in front of VP, draw its projections, find its true length and inclinations of the line
with HP and VP.
8. The mid-point M of a line AB is 60 mm above HP and 50 mm in front of VP.
The line measures 80 mm long and inclined at an angle of 300 to HP and 450 to
VP. Draw its projections.

Mr.S.Gokul/Assistant Professor/Department of Mechanical Engineering

 GE 8152 – Engineering Graphics

9. A magician performs the trick of a floating stick. As seen by a person sitting right
in front, as per the orthographic projection rules, the stick has its ends 0.2
and 0.6 m above the floor and appears to be inclined at 300 to the floor. The Orthographic Projection of Planes / Sheet / Lamina / Plate

same two ends are found to be 0.1 m and 0.7 m respectively in front of the
screen arranged behind the stick. Adopting a suitable scale, draw the 1. A square lamina of 50 mm side rests on one of the corners on the H.P. The

projections of the stick. Also, find the true length of the stick and its diagonal through that corner makes 300 to the V.P. The side containing this

true angles of inclinations with the floor and the vertical screen. corner makes equal inclinations with H.P. The surface of the lamina makes 450 to

10. A line PQ is inclined at 35 0 to VP has its ends 25mm and 55mm above the HP. the H.P. Draw it’s projections.

The length of the front view is 60 mm and its VT is 15mm above HP. 2. A hexagonal plate of size 25 mm rests on HP on one of the sides

Determine the true length of PQ, its inclination with HP and its HT. inclined at 450 to VP. The surface of the plate makes an angle of 300 with HP.
Draw the front view and top view of the plate.
3. A thin rectangular plate of sides 60 mm x 30 mm has its shorter side in VP and
inclined at 300 to HP. Project its top view when its front view is a square of 30 mm
Assignment 1: Orthographic Projection of Straight Lines long sides.
4. A hexagonal lamina of 20 mm side rests on one of its corners on the
L1. A line AB 75 mm long has one of its ends 60 mm in front of VP and 20 mm above HP. The diagonal passing through this corner is inclined at 450 to the HP. The
HP, the other end is 20 mm in front of VP and is above HP. The top view of the lamina is then rotated through 900 such that the top view of this diagonal is
line is 55 mm long. Draw the front view. perpendicular to the VP and the surface is still inclined at 450 to the HP.
L2. A line measuring 80 mm long has one of its ends 60 mm above HP and 20 mm in 5. A pentagon of side 30 mm rests on the ground on one of the corners with sides
front of VP. The other end is 15 mm above HP and in front of VP. The front view containing the corner being equally inclined to the ground. The side opposite to
of the line is 60 mm long. Draw the top view. the corner on which it rests is inclined at 300 to VP and is parallel to HP. The
L3. A line AB has its end A 15 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP. The surface of the pentagon makes 50 0 with the ground. Draw the projections of the
end B is 60 mm above HP and the line is inclined at 300 to HP. The distance pentagon.
between the end projectors of the line is 55 mm. Draw the projections and find 6. A semicircular lamina of 60 mm diameter has its straight edge in VP
its inclinations with VP. Determine its V.T & H.T and inclined at an angle of 450 to HP. The surface of the lamina makes an angle
L4. The top view of a 75mm long line AB measures 65mm, while the of 300 with VP. Draw the projections.
length of its front view is 50mm. It’s one end A is in the HP and 122mm in 7. A circular lamina of 50 mm diameter rests above HP on a point P on its
front of the V.P. Draw the projections of AB and determine its inclinations with circumference. If its plane is inclined at 450 to HP and the top view of the
the H.P. and the V.P. diameter PQ makes an angle of 50 with VP, draw the projections of the
0

L5. The projections of a line measure 80 mm in the top view and 70 mm lamina.
in the front view. The mid-point of the line is 45 mm in front of VP and 35 mm 8. A circular lamina of diameter 70 mm has the end A of the diameter AB on HP and
above HP. One end is 10 mm in front of VP and nearer to it. Draw the B on VP. Draw its projections when its surface is inclined at
projections. Find true length and true inclinations with reference planes. 500 to HP and 400 to VP.

3/12

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Eshwar College of Engg

 GE 6152 – Engineering Graphics

Assignment 2: Orthographic Projection of Planes 3. A right pentagonal pyramid of side 20 mm and altitude 50 mm rests on one of
its edges of the base in the HP. The base being tilted up such that the apex
P6. A square ABCD of 40 mm side has its plane inclined at 300 to the V.P. It’s one is 30 mm above HP. Draw the projection of the pyramid when the edge on
side is inclined at 600 to the H.P. and parallel to the V.P. Draw its projections. which it is resting is perpendicular to VP
P7. A rhombus of diagonals 25mm and 15mm with longer diagonal being parallel to 4. A cylinder of diameter 35 mm and axis height 55 mm is resting on the ground on
XY-line represents the top view of a square of diagonal 25mm, with a corner its base. It is then tilted such that a solid diagonal is vertical. Draw its
on H.P. Draw its front view of the lamina when the edge about which is tilted, is projections.
inclined at 45 to V.P
0
5. A cone of diameter 35 mm and height 55 mm is lying on the ground
P8. A thin 300 – 600 set-square has its longest edge in V.P. and inclined at with a point of base on HP. The generator line passing through that point
30 to H.P. Its surface makes 45 with V.P. Draw its projections.
0 0
makes an angle of 450 with HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
P9. A hexagonal plate of 25 mm side is resting on H.P. such that one of its corners 6. Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis height
touches both H.P. and V.P. It makes 300 with H.P. and 600 with 60 mm with a triangular face perpendicular to HP and VP.
V.P. Draw the projections by change of position method. 7. A hexagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis length 60mm rests on
P10. A circular lamina of 60 mm diameter rests on H.P. on a point 1 on the HP on one of the base corners with the base edges containing it being
the circumference. The lamina is inclined to H.P. such that the top view of it equally inclined to HP. The axis is inclined at 45° to the HP and parallel to VP.
is an ellipse of minor axis 35 mm. The top view of the diameter through the Draw the projections of the prism.
point 1 makes an angle of 450 with V.P. (i) Draw the projections. (ii) Determine 8. A cone of diameter 35mm, height 55mm is lying on the ground with one of its
the angle made by the lamina with H.P. generators parallel to VP and on the HP. Draw its projection.
9. A pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis length 55 mm is
resting on HP on one of its rectangular faces with the axis inclined at
UNIT III - PROJECTION OF SOLID
450 to VP. Draw its projections.

Projection of simple solids by rotating object method

10. A cone of diameter 40mm and height 60mm is freely suspended from one of its
base points such that the axis is parallel to VP. Draw the projection.
11. A tetrahedron of edges 35 mm rests on one of its edges on the HP.
The resting edge is perpendicular to VP and one of the triangular faces containing
Orthographic Projection of Solids
the resting edge is inclined at 350 to HP. Draw the projections of the
1. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and axis height 55 mm resting on HP
tetrahedron.
with one of its base edges, such that, the axis is inclined at 30 0 to HP and parallel
to VP. Draw the projections of the prism. 12. A tetrahedron of side 45 mm is resting on an edge on the HP such
that the face containing that edge is seen as a triangle of base 45 mm and
2. A pentagonal prism of base side 25 mm and height 55 mm is resting
altitude 25 mm in top view (TV). The axis of the tetrahedron is parallel to the
on HP with one of its base edges, such that the lateral surface
VP. Draw the projections of the tetrahedron.
containing the edge is inclined at 500 to HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw the
projections.

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Assignment 3: Orthographic Projection of Solids UNIT IV - PROJECTION OF SECTIONED SOLIDS AND
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES
S1. Draw the top front views of a right circular cylinder of base 45mm diameter Sectioning of solids to obtain true shape of section.
and 60mm long when it line on HP, such that its axis is inclined at 30° to HP
and the axis appears to parallel to the VP in the top view
Development of lateral surfaces of simple, sectioned solids and

S2. Draw the projections of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis height solids with cut-outs and holes
60 mm with a slant edge perpendicular to HP and VP.
S3. A cone of base diameter 35 mm and axis length 55 mm is resting on
HP on a point on circumference of the base. Draw the projections when the Section of Solids
base is perpendicular to both HP and VP.
S4. A pyramid has rectangular base of size 70 mm x 40 mm and height 85 mm. Its 1. A cube of side 35 mm is placed on HP on a face, with two of the vertical
longer edge of base is perpendicular to HP. The axis of pyramid is inclined faces equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 54 0 to the HP and
at 25 to the solid assuming the apex nearer to the observer.
0
bisecting the axis. Draw the sectional top view and find the true shape.
S5. Draw the projections of a cube of side 30mm when it rests on one of its corners 2. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and altitude 50 mm rests on its
with diagonal of the solid vertical base on HP with one of the base edges perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a
S6. A tetrahedron of edges 30 mm rests on one of its edges on the VP. That edge plane inclined at 450 to the base. The cutting plane meets the axis at 20 mm
is normal to the HP. One of the faces containing the resting edge is inclined at above the base. Draw the front view, sectional top view and true shape of the
30° to the VP. Draw the projections of the tetrahedron section.
S7. A Hexagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and axis 50mm long is freely 3. A cylinder of base diameter 35 mm and height 55 mm rests on its base
suspended from one of its base corners, such that the axis is parallel on HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 0 to HP. The
to VP. Draw the front view and top view of the solid in the above position. cutting plane meets the axis at a distance of 15 mm from the top base. Draw the
sectional plan and true shape of the section.
4. A cone of base diameter 35 mm and altitude 55 mm is resting on HP
on its base. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and parallel to a contour
generator and is 10 mm away from it. Draw the front view and sectional top
view and true shape of the section.
5. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and height 50 mm rests on the HP on
one of its ends with two rectangular faces parallel to the VP. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to the HP and inclined at 50 0 to the VP. It is cut by a plane
perpendicular to HP and inclined at 500 to VP at a distance of 10 mm away
from the axis. Draw the top view, sectional front view and true shape of the
section.

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6. A right circular cone of base diameter 40 mm and axis length 50 mm rests on 7. A square pyramid of base side 30 mm and height 50 mm rests on its base on
its base on HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the HP and inclined at HP, with a base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to
55 to the VP. The shortest distance between the cutting plane and the top
0
VP, 500 to HP meeting the axis 30 mm above HP. Draw the development of
view of the axis is 10 mm. Draw the top view, sectional front view and true the lateral surfaces.
shape of the section. 8. A lamp shade is formed by cutting a cone of base diameter 144 mm and
7. A pentagonal prism of base side 40 mm and axis length 80 mm is height 174 mm by a horizontal plane at a distance of 72 mm from the apex and
lying on the HP on one of its rectangular faces with the axis parallel to both HP another plane inclined at 30 to HP, passing through one of the extremities of
and VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to HP and inclined at 300 to VP. The the base. Draw the development of the shade. Draw the development of the
section plane meets the axis at 16 mm from one of its ends. Draw the top view, shade. Adopt a suitable scale.
sectional front view and true shape of the section. 9. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and height 60 mm is cut by a
8. A tetrahedron of side 60mm is resting on HP on one of its faces. It is plane perpendicular to VP and 500 to HP and passing through the axis 35 mm
cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP, so that the true shape of the cut above the base. Draw the development of the lower portion of the solid.
section is a triangle of base 40mm and altitude 30mm. Locate the plane and
determine the angle of inclination of the VT with the reference line XY. 10. A cylinder of diameter 40 mm, height 75 mm is cut by plane
Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section. perpendicular to VP inclined at 550 to HP meeting the axis at the top face.
Draw the lateral development of the solid.

11. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and axis height 60 mm is lying on

Development of Surface
the ground on its base such that one of the base edges is parallel to and far
away from VP. It is cut by cutting planes, one is perpendicular to VP, inclined
1. Draw the development of a cube of side 20 mm.
at an angle of 400 to HP and meeting the axis at 14 mm from the base. The
2. Draw the development of a pentagonal prism of side 25 mm and height
other plane is parallel to HP and perpendicular to VP meeting the axis at a
60mm.
distance of 28 mm from the base. Draw the lateral surface development of the cut
3. Draw the development of a cylinder of base diameter 25 mm and
solid.
height 30 mm.
12. A cone of 45 mm diameter and 60mm height is cut by a horizontal plane at a
4. Draw the development of a square pyramid of base side 30 mm and height 45
distance of 15 mm from the apex and another plane inclined at 300 to HP
mm.
and meet the axis at 15 mm above the base. Draw the development of the cone.
5. Draw the development of a cone of base diameter 50 mm and height
13. A right regular cone of 50 mm base diameter and axis 60 mm long stands on
60 mm.
its base on HP. A circular hole of 12 mm radius is drilled through the axis of
the cone at a height of 15 mm above the base of the cone. The axis of the
6. Draw the development of a cube of side 40 mm resting on its face with all the
hole is perpendicular to VP. Draw the development of the lateral surface of
edges equally inclined to VP, which is cut by a plane inclined at 300 to HP
the cone with holes in it.
and perpendicular to VP and passing through the cube at the top left corner of the
cube.

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14. A hexagonal prism of side of base 35 mm and axis height 60 mm stands on

UNIT V - ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS
its base in HP with two of its rectangular faces parallel to VP. A square hole of
side 30 mm is drilled, such that the axis of the hole is perpendicular to VP with Principles of isometric projection of simple solids and
all the rectangular faces of the square hole are equally inclined to HP and bisects
truncated solids, combination of two solid objects.
the axis of the prism. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the prism
showing the shape of the hole formed in it. Perspective projection of simple solids - Prisms, pyramids and

cylinders by visual ray method.

Assignment 4: Sectioned Solids and Development of Surfaces

SD1. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 25 mm and altitude 60 mm rests on

the HP on one of its base with an edge parallel to the VP at a distance of 8 mm Isometric Projection
form the axis. Draw the top view, sectional front view and true shape of the 1. Draw the isometric view of a frustum of a cone of base diameter 50mm, top

section. diameter 30mm which is resting on its base on HP with its axis perpendicular to

SD2. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 mm and altitude 55 mm rests on its HP.

base on HP with two edges of the base parallel to VP. A cutting plane parallel to 2. A hexagonal prism of base side 20 mm and height 40 mm has a square hole of

the HP cuts the prism at a height of 25 mm above the base. Draw the front view side 16 mm at the Centre. The axes of the square and hexagon coincide. One of

and the sectional top view. the faces of the square hole is parallel to the face of the hexagon. Draw the

SD3. A cone of base diameter 40 mm and altitude 50 mm rests on its base on isometric projection of the prism with hole to full scale.

HP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to both HP and VP, 10 mm to the 3. A hexagonal prism of base side 25mm and axis height 50mm rests on
right of the axis. Draw the top view, front view and sectional side view. HP on its base with a base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at

SD4. A cube of side 30 mm rests on its base on the HP with a vertical face 50° to HP and perpendicular to VP and is bisecting the axis. Draw the isometric

inclined to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to the VP and inclined at 500 view of truncated prism.

to HP. The plane bisects the axis of the cube. Draw the development of the 4. A cylinder of 50 mm diameter and 75 mm height stands with its base
surfaces of the right portion of the cut cube. on H.P. It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45° to H.P and

SD5. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and height 50 mm rests on its perpendicular to V.P, passing through a point on the axis 20 mm below the

base on HP, with a base edge parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular top end. Draw the isometric projection of the truncated cylinder.

to VP, 500 to HP meeting the axis 30 mm above HP. Draw the development 5. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 65 mm is resting on

of the lateral surfaces. HP on its base with a side of base perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a plane

SD6. A cylinder 40mm diameter and 70mm height is resting on its base on V.P. It inclined at 30° to HP and perpendicular to VP and passing through a point

is cut by plane passing through a point 50mm from the base and inclined at 40° ON the axis at a distance of 30 mm from the apex. Draw the isometric view of

to V.P. A through hole of 20mm diameter is drill at 30mm above the base. the truncated cylinder.

Develop the lateral surface of the cylinder.

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6. A cone of base diameter 50mm and axis height 70 mm rests on HP on its base. touching the picture plane. The station point is 30 mm above the ground
It is cut by a plane inclined at 30° to HP and perpendicular to VP and bisects plane and 40 mm in front of the PP. The central plane is 30 mm to the right of
the axis. Draw the isometric view of the truncated cone. the axis. Draw the perspective projection of the pyramid.
7. A square pyramid of base of 25mm side and 50mm long axis rests centrally 6. A cylinder of diameter 50 mm and length 60 mm lies on ground with its axis
over a trapezoidal block of top and bottom bases of 40mm and 60mm sides perpendicular to the PP and one of its circular base touching the PP. The SP is
respectively with the thickness 30mm. Draw the isometric projection of the 45 mm to the right of the axis of the cylinder, 40 mm in front of the PP and 70mm
arrangement. above GP. Draw the perspective projection of the cylinder.

Perspective Projection

1. A cube of 30 mm edge is resting on a face on the ground such that one of its faces Assignment 5: Isometric and Perspective Projections
is parallel to PP and the center of the solid is 50 mm behind the PP. The station
point is 40 mm in front of the picture plane, 45 mm above the ground plane and IP1. A cylinder of 35 mm diameter and 55 mm height stands with its base on H.P. It
lies in a central plane which is 30 mm to the left of the nearest vertical face of the is cut by a section plane inclined at 55° to H.P and meeting the axis at 15mm
cube. from the top end. Draw the isometric projection of the truncated cylinder.
IP2. A cone of base diameter 25mm and height 40mm rests centrally over a frustum
2. Draw the perspective projection of a cube of 25 mm edge, lying on a face on of a hexagonal pyramid of base side 40mm, top base 30mm and 60mm height.
the ground plane, with an edge touching the picture plane and all vertical faces Draw the isometric view of the solid
equally inclined to the picture plane. The station point is 50 mm in front of the
IP3.A cylinder of diameter 50 mm rests on ground vertically with its axis
picture plane, 35 mm above the ground plane and lies in a central plane which 5 mm behind PP. The observer point is 40mm infront of PP, 100 mm above GP
is 10 mm to the left of the center of the cube. and is 10 mm to the right of the nearest base corner point. a central plane
3. A rectangular prism of base size 25x40x60 mm rests with it’s on the passing through the apex. Draw the perspective projection.
ground such that the longer base edge recedes 30° to the right of PP with one IP4. A square prism of 55 mm edge of base and 70 mm height is placed on the ground
end of it behind PP. The station point is 45mm in front of PP, 35 mm above GP behind the PP with its axis vertical and one of the edges of the base receding to
and lying on a central plane 35 mm from the nearest vertical edge. Draw the the left at an angle of 40° to the PP. The nearest vertical edge of the solid is 20
perspective view. mm behind PP and 25 mm to the left of the observer who is at a distance of 120
4. Draw the perspective projection of a pentagonal prism of base side 20 mm and mm in front of PP. The height of the observer above the ground is 100 mm.
height 40 mm when it rests on its base on the GP with one of its rectangular Draw the perspective view of the prism.
faces parallel to and 20 mm behind the PP. The SP is 45 mm in front of PP and
IP5.A pentagonal pyramid side of base 25 mm a and height 50 mm rests
60mm above GP. The observer is 30 mm to the left of the axis. with one of its corner of the base touching the e picture plane and the base edges
5. A regular hexagonal pyramid of base edge 20 mm and height 35 mm rests on passing through this corner making equal inclinations with
its base on the ground plane with one of its base edges

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the picture plane. The station point is on the central line, 100 mm in front of the 5. Draw a hyperbola when the distance between the focus and directrix is 40 mm

picture plane and 75 mm above the e ground. Draw the perspective view of the and the eccentricity is 4/3. Draw a tangent and normal at any point on the

pyramid. hyperbola.
6. Draw a hyperbola when the distance between its focus and directrix is
UNIT I - PLANE CURVES AND FREE HAND SKETCHING 50 mm and eccentricity is 3/2. Also draw the tangent and normal at a point 25
mm from the directrix.
Curves used in engineering practices

Construction of Cycloid
 Conics – Construction of ellipse, parabola and hyperbola by
eccentricity method
1. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls along a straight line without slipping. Draw the
 Construction of cycloid curve traced by a point P on the circumference for one complete revolution.
 Construction of involutes of square and circle Draw a tangent and normal on it 40 mm from the base line.
Scales: Construction of Diagonal and Vernier scales.
2. Construct a cycloid having a rolling circle diameter as 50 mm for one
revolution. Draw a normal and tangent to the curve at a point 35 mm above the
Free hand sketching of multiple views from pictorial views of objects
directing line.
3. Draw an epicycloids generated by a rolling circle of diameter 40 mm and the
diameter of the directing circle is 140 mm. Also draw tangent and normal to the
curve from any point on it.
4. Draw a hypocycloid generated by a rolling circle of diameter 50 mm
Engineering Curves: Ellipse, Parabola & Hyperbola
and the diameter of the directing circle is 240 mm. Also draw tangent and normal
to the curve from any point on it.
1. Draw the locus of a point P moving so that the ratio of its distance from a fixed
point F to its distance from a fixed straight line DD’ is ¾. Also draw tangent and
normal to the curve from any point on it. Construction of Involutes
2. Construct an ellipse given the distance of the focus from the directrix
as 60 mm and eccentricity as 2/3. Also draw tangent and normal to the curve 1. Draw the involute of a square of side 30 mm. Also draw tangent and normal to
at a point on it 20 mm above the major axis. the curve from any point on it.
3. Construct a parabola given the distance of the focus from the directrix as 50 mm. 2. A coir is unwound from a drum of 30mm diameter. Draw the locus of
Also draw tangent and normal to the curve from any point on it. the free end of the coir for unwinding through an angle of 360°. Draw also a
4. The focus of a conic is 50 mm from the directrix. Draw the locus of a tangent and normal at any point on the curve.
point ‘P’ moving in such a way that its distance from the directrix is equal to its 3. An inelastic string of length 100 mm is wound round a circle of 26 mm
distance from the focus. Name the curve. Draw a tangent to the curve at a point diameter. Draw the path traced by the end of the string.
60 mm from the directrix.

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Scales 2. Draw the orthographic projections of the following component using free hand.

1. Construct a diagonal scale of R.F 1:30 to read meters,

decimeters and centimeters and long enough to measure up to 3m. Also
mark a length of 1.76m on the scale.
2. The distance between Chennai and Madurai is 400 km. It is
represented by a distance of 8 cm on a railway map. Find the
R.F. and construct a diagonal scale to read kilometers. Show on it the
distance of 543 km, 212 km and 408 km.
3. Construct a vernier scale to read meters, decimeters and centimeters and long
enough to measure up to 4m. R.F of the scale is 1/20. Mark
on your scale a distance of 2.28m.
4. The actual length of 300m of an auditorium is represented by a line of
10 cm on a drawing. Draw a vernier to read up to 400m. Mark it, a length of
343m.

Free Hand Sketching

3. Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views of the pictorial

1. Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views of the pictorial view shown in the figure

view shown in the figure

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4. Make free-hand sketches of front, top and right side views of the pictorial CF4. Draw the involute of a circle of diameter 40 mm and draw the
view shown in the figure tangent and the normal to the involute at a point 95 mm from the centre of the
curve.
CF5. Draw a hypocycloid of a circle of 40 mm diameter which rolls inside
another circle of 200 mm diameter for one revolution.
CF6. Draw an epicycloid if a circle of 40 mm diameter rolls outside
another circle of 120 mm diameter for one revolution.
CF7. Draw the orthographic projections of the following component using free
hand.

Assignment6: Plane Curves and Free Hand Sketching

CF1. Draw the locus of a point P which moves in n a plane in such a way that
the ratio of its distances from a fixed point F and a fixed straight line AB is
always 2/3. The distance between the fixed point F and fixed straight line is 50
mm. Also draw a tangent and normal on a point on the locus at a horizontal
distance of 55 mm from the fixed straight line.
CF2. Draw the locus of a point P moving so that the ratio of its distance
from a fixed point F to its distance from a fixed straight line DD’ is 1.
Also draw tangent and normal to the curve from any point on it.
CF3. The vertex of a hyperbola is 30 mm from its directrix and the eccentricity
is 3/2 .Draw the hyperbola and draw the tangent and normal at any point on
the curve.

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 Table of Content
S.No. Topic Page
No.
1 Drawing Vs. Engineering Drawing……………………………… 2
Sri Eshwar College of Engineering
Standards 2
Department of Mechanical Engineering Drawing Sheets 2
Orientation of Drawing Sheet 3
Drawing Pencils 3
Drawing Scales 3
Basic Concepts on
Line Types 4
Projection Method
Engineering Graphics 4
Quadrant System 5

Mr.S.Gokul First Angle Projection Vs Third Angle Projection 5

Lettering Technique 5
Assistant Professor 2 Conic Sections …………………………………………………………… 6
Engineering Curves 6
3 Points …………………………………………………………………………. 7
Lines 7
Planes 8
4 Solids …………………………………………………………………………. 9
5 Sectioning of Solid ……………………………………………………. 9
Development of Surfaces of Solids. 10
6 Isomeric Projection ……………………………………………………. 10
Perspective Projection 11
Multiple Choice Quiz 11
 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Drawing vs. Engineering Drawing Drawing Sheets

 Drawing: Describing any object/ information diagrammatically

 Engineering Drawing: A drawing of an object that contains all
information like actual shape, accurate size, manufacturing
methods, etc., required for its construction without the barrier
of a language.

Standards

Standardization is the process of formulating and applying rules for

an orderly approach to a specific activity for the benefit

Standard Code

A Series Formats (mm)

A0 841 × 1189
BIS standards
A1 594 × 841
BIS Code Topics
A2 420 × 594
IS 10711:2001 Size and Layout of Drawing
sheets A3 297 × 420
IS 10714:1983 Line Types and Uses
A4 210 × 297
IS 9609:2001 Lettering
A5 148 × 210
IS 15021:2001 Projection Methods
A6 105 × 148
IS 11669:1986 Dimensioning
A7 74 × 105

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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Orientation of drawing sheet Drawing Pencils

Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers and

letters

“H” for hardness “ B” for blackness

 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness

and blackness
 HB to F – Medium grade
 H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of
hardness.

Drawings are done using 2H pencils and finished with H and HB

pencils – to be practiced in this course.

Orientation of A3 drawing sheet

Drawing Scales

Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an

object shown in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the
same element of the object.

Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE” followed by the

indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)

SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

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 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Standard reducing scales are, PROJECTION METHOD

1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100

Standard enlarging scales are,

2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond to “true

size” of the object and they are independent of the scale used in
creating that drawing.

Line types

PROJECTION THEORY

The projection theory is used to graphically represent 3-D objects

on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight

2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)

 Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an

observer’s eye and an object.

 Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which the

image is created.

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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

First angle Projection vs Third angle Projection

First angle Projection Third angle Projection

Object placed in First Quadrant Object placed in Third Quadrant
is above HP and in front of VP is below HP and behind of VP
Front view is draw above Front view is draw below
reference line reference line
Top view is arranged below FV Top view is arranged above FV

Left side view is on the right Left side view is on the left side
side of FV and Right view is on of FV and Right view is on the
Quadrant system – in 3D the left side of FV right side of FV
Symbol Symbol

Quadrant system – in 2D

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 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Lettering Technique

Engineering curves

A curve is defined as a continuous line traced out by a moving

point, moving by constantly changing its direction

 A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the rim of a circular

wheel as the wheel rolls along a straight line.
 A epicycloid is the curve traced by a point on the circumference
CONIC SECTIONS of a circular wheel which rolls without sipping, around the
outside of a fixed circle
Ellipse, Parabola and Hyperbola are called conic sections because  A hypocycloid is the curve traced by a point on the
these curves appear on the surface ff a cone when it is cut by some circumference of a circular wheel which rolls without sipping,
typical cutting planes. along the inside surface of a base circle.

These are the loci of points moving in a plane such that the ratio of Involute: it is a curve traced by an end of a string or thread, when
it’s distances from a fixed point And a fixed line always remains it’s unwounded from a circle or a polygon, the thread being kept
constant. tight.

The Ratio is called ECCENTRICITY. (E)

A) For Ellipse E<1

B) For Parabola E=1

C) For Hyperbola E>1

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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Points in Space  When a point lies in the first quadrants, it will be above H.P.
and in front of V.P.
A Point may lie in space, in any one of the four quadrants, formed
 When the point lies in the second quadrant, it will be above
by the two references planes of projections, namely, H.P and V.P.
H.P. and behind V.P.
showing the four quadrants formed by H.P. and V.P.  When the point lies in the third quadrant, it will be below H.P.
and behind V.P.
 When the point lies in the fourth quadrant, it will be in front of
V.P. and Below H.P

Lines: It’s the locus of a point which moves along the shortest
path joining two given points

Positions of a Point

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 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Planes: A plane is a two dimensional entity (surface, Area or

object) having only length and breadth.

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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Solids: it’s defined as an object having three dimensions SECTIONING OF SOLID.

A solid object is cut by some imaginary cutting plane to understand

internal details of that object.

Two cutting actions means section planes are recommended.

A) Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp.

Development

B) Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

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 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

ILLUSTRATION SHOWING IMPORTANT TERMS IN SECTIONING DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS

Development of surface of a solid is defined as the process of
opening out all the surfaces of a three dimensional body on to a
flat plane.

Isomeric projection: it’s a pictorial projection of an object in

which the three dimensional view of the object is shown

Isomeric projection: 0.816 times of Isomeric projection scale

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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Perspective Projection: it’s a drawing of any object as it appears  The dimension figure for radius of a circle should be preceded
to the human eye. by
(a)R
(b) CR
(c) SR
(d)RAD
Ans: (b)

 Methods of arrangement of dimensions includes

(a)Parallel, continuous and combined
(b) Perpendicular, parallel and combined
(c) Perpendicular, continuous and combined
(d)Perpendicular, parallel and continuous
Multiple Choice Quiz Ans: (a)

 Hidden lines are drawn as  Superimposed dimensioning is a simplified method of

(a)dashed narrow lines (a)chain dimensioning
(b) dashed wide lines (b) parallel dimensioning
(c) long-dashed dotted wide line (c) combined dimensioning
(d)long-dashed double dotted wide line (d)tabular dimensioning
Ans: (a) Ans: (b)

 Line composed of closely and evenly spaced short dashes in a  A curve drawn for Boyle’s law (PV = constant) on a P-V chart
drawing represents has a characteristic shape of
(a)visible edges (a) ellipse
(b) hidden edges (b) parabloa
(c) hatching (c) oblique hyperbola
(d)pitch circle of gears (d) rectangular hyperbola
Ans: (b) Ans: (d)

 Lettering on a drawing sheet should have  The profile of a gear teeth is in the form of
(a)all alphabets in capital letters (a) parabola
(b) all alphabets in small letters (b) involute
(c) In a sentance only first alphabet in capital letter (c) spiral
(d)In a sentance only abbreviations are capital letter (d) helix
Ans: (a) Ans: (b)

 The line connecting a view to note is called  When two angles together make 90º, they are called
(a)dimension line (a) obtuse angle
(b) projection line (b) reflex angle
(c) leader (c) complementary angles
(d)arrowheads (d) supplementary angles
Ans: (c) Ans: (c)

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 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

 The included angle of a hexagon is (c) left side view

(a) 30º (d) right side view
(b) 60º Ans: (a)
(c) 120º
(d) 150º  Which of the following object gives a circular section, when it is
Ans: (c) cut completely by a section plane (irrespective of the angle of
the section plane)
 The curve generated by a point on the circumference of a circle, (a) Cylinder
which rolls without slipping along outside of another circle is (b) Sphere
known as (c) Cone
(a) Hypocycloid (d) Circular lamina
(b) Epicycloid Ans: (b)
(c) Cycloid
(d) Trochoid  Comparative scale is a pair of scale having a common
Ans: (b) (a) units
(b) representative fraction
 In orthographic projections, the rays are assumed to (c) length of scale
(a) diverge from station point (d) least count
(b) converge from station point Ans: (b)
(c) be parallel
(d) None of these  An angle can be set off and measured with the help of
Ans: (c) (a) plane scale
(b) diagonal scale
 If an object lies in third quadrant, its position with respect to (c) comparative scale
reference planes will be (d) Scale of chords
(a) infront of V.P, above H.P Ans: (d)
(b)behind V.P., above H.P.
(c) behind V.P., below H.P.
(d)infront of V.P., below H.P.
Ans: (c)

 If the Vertical Trace (V.T.) of a line lies 30 mm above reference

line (XY), then its position will be
(a)30 mm infront of V.P.
(b) 30 mm behind V.P.
(c) 30 mm above H.P.
(d)30 mm below H.P.
Ans: (c)

 When an object is cut by a section plane parallel to H.P and

perpendicular to V.P, then the sectional view of the object is
obtained in
(a) top view
(b) front view

Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Page 12 of 12