MESHACK OTIENO OUMA

SCT211-0765/2022

COMPUTER GRAPHICS ASSIGNMENT : BCT2405

1. AI (Adobe Illustrator)

• Abbreviation: Adobe Illustrator Artwork

• History: Developed by Adobe Systems in 1987 for use in Adobe Illustrator.

• Type: Vector

• Application: Used for creating logos, icons, and detailed illustrations due to its scalability
without loss of quality.

2. WMF (Windows Metafile)

• Abbreviation: Windows Metafile

• History: Developed by Microsoft in the 1990s for Windows applications.

• Type: Primarily vector, but can include raster elements.

• Application: Used in Windows applications for scalable graphics, clip art, and printing.

3. CMX (Corel Metafile Exchange)

• Abbreviation: Corel Metafile Exchange

• History: Developed by Corel Corporation for CorelDRAW.

• Type: Vector

• Application: Used for exchanging graphics between CorelDRAW and other applications.

4. CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile)

• Abbreviation: Computer Graphics Metafile

• History: Standardized in the 1980s by ISO for use in technical drawings.

• Type: Vector

• Application: Used in engineering, aviation, and military applications for technical diagrams.

5. SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)

• Abbreviation: Scalable Vector Graphics

• History: Developed by W3C in 1999 as an open standard for web graphics.

• Type: Vector

• Application: Used in web design for scalable icons, illustrations, and animations.

6. ODG (OpenDocument Graphics)

• History: Part of the OpenDocument standard, developed for open-source office suites.

• Type: Vector

• Application: Used in LibreOffice Draw and OpenOffice for illustrations and charts.

7. EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)

• Abbreviation: Encapsulated PostScript

• History: Developed by Adobe in the 1980s as a graphics format for high-quality printing.

• Type: Vector

• Application: Used in publishing, graphic design, and high-quality printing.

8. DXF (Drawing Exchange Format)

• Abbreviation: Drawing Exchange Format

• History: Developed by Autodesk in 1982 for CAD applications.

• Type: Vector

• Application: Used in AutoCAD and other CAD software for architectural and engineering
drawings.

9. BMP (Bitmap)

• Abbreviation: Bitmap

• History: Developed by Microsoft in the early 1990s for Windows graphics.

• Type: Raster

• Application: Used for high-quality images with no compression, often in Windows

10. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)

• Abbreviation: Joint Photographic Experts Group

• History: Developed in 1992 for efficient image compression.

• Type: Raster

• Application: Used for digital photography and web images due to its compression and
balance of quality.

11. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)

• Abbreviation: Graphics Interchange Format

• History: Developed by CompuServe in 1987.

• Type: Raster

• Application: Used for web animations and simple graphics with limited colors.
12. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)

• Abbreviation: Tagged Image File Format

• History: Developed by Aldus Corporation (later Adobe) in the 1980s.

• Type: Raster

• Application: Used in professional photography, publishing, and scanning due to its high
quality and lossless compression.

13. PICT (Macintosh Picture Format)

• Abbreviation: Macintosh Picture Format

• History: Developed by Apple in the 1980s for the Macintosh system.

• Type: Primarily raster, but can include vector elements.

• Application: Used in older Mac applications for images and graphics.

14. PNG (Portable Network Graphics)

• Abbreviation: Portable Network Graphics

• History: Developed in 1995 as a replacement for GIF, supporting transparency and lossless
compression.

• Type: Raster

• Application: Used for web images, UI elements, and graphics where transparency is needed

2.)

1. Xiaolin Wu’s Line Algorithm

Points: (1,1) → (3,5)

Steps:

1. Calculate the slope:

m=(y1-y2) / (x2-x1) = (5-1) / (3-1) = 2

Since the slope is greater than 1, we will iterate over y instead of x.

For each y-value, compute the two closest x-values and assign intensities:

• The lower x-value gets a fractional intensity.

• The upper x-value gets the complement intensity.

Pixel calculations:

• At y = 1: X interpolates to ~1 → Plot (1,1) with full intensity.

• At y = 3: X interpolates to ~2 → Plot (2,3) with full intensity.

• At y = 4: X interpolates to ~2.5 → Plot (2,4) and (3,4) with interpolated intensities.

• At y = 5: X interpolates to ~3 → Plot (3,5) with full intensity.

2. Gupta-Sproull Algorithm

Points: (-2,3) → (1,4)

Steps:

1. Compute the slope:

m = (4-3) / (1-(-2)) = 1 /3

The slope is small, so x increments faster.

2. For each x-value, calculate the closest y-values:

o Assign pixel intensities based on distance from the line.

o Example:

▪ At x = -2: y = 3, so plot (-2,3) with full intensity.

▪ At x = -1: y = 3.33 → Plot (-1,3) and (-1,4) with interpolated intensities.

▪ At x = 0: y = 3.67 → Plot (0,3) and (0,4) with intensities.

▪ At x = 1: y = 4 → Plot (1,4) with full intensity.

3. Midpoint Algorithm

Points: (-3,4) → (5,-2)

Steps:

1. Compute increments:

dx = 5−(−3) = 8, dy = −2−4 = −6

2. Compute initial decision parameter:

P0 = 2Δy − Δx = 2(−6) −8 = −20

3. Iteration process:

o Start at (-3,4).

o Check P, update pixels based on decision rule:

▪ If P < 0, move right.

o Continue updating until reaching (5,-2).

4. Bresenham’s Line Algorithm

Points: (1,5) → (2,8)

Steps:

1. Calculate increments:

dx= 2−1 = 1,dy = 8−5 = 3

2. Compute initial decision parameter:

P0 = 2dy – dx = 2(3) – 1 = 5

3. Iteration:

o Start at (1,5).

o At each step, if P ≥ 0, increase y and update P.

o The generated points:

5. Midpoint Line-Drawing Algorithm

Points: (0,2) → (-1,4)

Steps:

1. Compute increments:

dx = −1 − 0 = −1, dy = 4 − 2 = 2

2. Compute initial decision parameter:

P0 = 2Δy – Δx = 2(2) − (−1) = 5

3. Iteration:

o Start at (0,2).

o Compute P, determine the next pixel.

6. DDA Algorithm

Points: (5,2) → (10,3)

Steps:

1. Compute steps:

dx = 10 – 5 = 5, dy = 3 − 2 = 1
 Steps = max(|dx|, |dy|) = 5.

Compute increments:

Xinc = dx/steps = 5/5= 1, Yinc = dy/steps = 1/5 = 0.2

Generate points:

• (5,2), (6,2.2), (7,2.4), (8,2.6), (9,2.8), (10,3).