NYONGESA METHUSELLA MISIKO

SCT211-0069/2022
ICS 2311: COMPUTER GRAPHICS
ASSIGNMENT 1

PART A
Read on various image formats such as Ai, wmf, Cmx, cgm,svg ,odg, eps , dxf , bmp, jpeg
,Gif ,Tiff,PICT and png:
Explain what the abbreviation stand for and some history on the format.
State whether each of the graphic format above is raster or vector.
Briefly explain a typical application or area of usage of each of the format.

1. AI (Adobe Illustrator Artwork):

● History: It was developed by Adobe Systems in 1987 primarily for creating
vector-based illustrations.
● Type: Vector
● Usage: Used for creating logos, illustrations and scalable graphics without
quality loss.

2. WMF (Windows Metafile):

● History: It was introduced by Microsoft in 1987 as a graphics file format for
Windows applications.
● Type: Vector
● Usage: Used for clip art, vector graphics and images in Microsoft Office
documents.

3. CMX (Corel Metafile Exchange):

● History: It was developed by Corel Corporation for use with CorelDRAW
software.
● Type: Vector
● Usage: Used in CorelDRAW for saving graphic data with layout and vector
information.

4. CGM( Computer Graphics Metafile):

● History: It was standardized by ISO in 1987 for vector graphics interchange.
● Type: Vector.
● Usage: Used in engineering, aviation and technical documentation for
complex diagrams.

5. SVG(Scalable Vector Graphics):

● History: It was developed by W3C in 1999 as an open standard for vector
graphics on the web.
● Type: Vector
 ● Usage: It is ideal for web graphics, interactive graphics and animations.

6. ODG (Open Document Graphics):

● History: It was part of the OpenDocument standard developed by OASIS for
office applicdations.
● Type: Vector
● Usage: Used in applications like LIbreOfficeDraw for diagrams and drawings.

7. EPS( Encapsulated PostScript):

● History: It was developed by Adobe in the late 1980s to facilitate high-quality
printing.
● Type: Vector which can include raster elements.
● Usage: Used in desktop publishing and professional printing.

8. DXF (Drawing Exchange Format):

● History: It was developed by Autodesk in 1982 for exchanging CAD
drawings.
● Type: Vector
● Usage: Used in engineering and architectural designs for CAD
interoperability.

9. BMP (Bitmap Image File):

● History: It was created by Microsoft in 1986 for Windows operating systems.
● Type: Raster
● Usage: Used for storing high quality uncompressed images in Windows.

10. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):

● History: It was standardized in 1992 by the JPEG committee for compressing
photographic images.
● Type: Raster.
● Usage: It is widely used in digital photography and web images.

11. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format):

● History: It was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 for web graphics with
limited color colors and animation support.
● Type: Raster
● Usage: It is used for simple web animations and small images.

12. TIFF (Tagged Image File Fromat):

● History: It was developed by Aldus Corporation, which is now Adobe in the
mid-1980s for high-quality images.
● Type: Raster
● Usage: It is preferred in publishing, archiving and medical imaging.

13. PICT (Picture File Format):

● History: It was created in 1996 as a non-patented alternative to GIF.
● Type: Supports both vector and raster
● Usage: It is used for graphics interchange on classic Macintosh systems.
 14. PNG (Portable Network Graphics):
● History: It was created in 1996 as a non-patented alternative to GIF.
● Type: Raster.
● Usage: Used for web images requiring transparency and lossless
compression.

PART B:
1. Xiaolin Wu's line algorithm ((1,1) and(3, 5).
Formula: Handles anti-aliasing by calculating intensity based on distance from the
theoretical line.
Calculating slope (dy/dx) = (5-1) / (3-1) = 2
Starting with x = 1 and y = 1:
Moving along x, we calculate y as: y0 + slope * (x - x0)
For x = 2, y = 1 + 2*(2-1) = 3
For x = 3, y = 1 + 2*(3-1) = 5
Points plotted: (1,1), (1,2), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4), (3,5)

2. Gupta-Sproull algorithm (-2, 3) and (1, 4).

Formula: Focuses on anti-liasing by distance between the pixel center and the line.
Calculating differences: dx = (1-(-2)) = 3, dy = 4-3 = 1
Intial decision variable: d = 2 * dy-dx = 2 * 1-3 = -1
Iterations:
X = -2, y = 3: d < 0, d = -1 + 2 = 1, x = -1
X = -1, y = 3: d > 0, d = -3, y = 4, x = 0
X = 0, y = 4: d < 0, d = -3 + 2 = -1, x = 1
X = 1, y = 4: stop
Points plotted: (-2,3), (-1,3), (0,4), (1,4)

3. Midpoint Algorithm (- 3, 4) and (5, - 2).

Formula: Deteremines the next pixel based on the midpoint between two possible
pixels and chooses the one closer to the ideal line.
Calculating differences: dx = (5-(-3) = 8, dy = -2 - 4 = -6
Initial d = dy - (dx / 2) = -6 - (8 / 2) = -10
Process:
X = -3, y = 4: d < 0, d = -10-6 = -16, x = -2
X = -2, y = 4: d < 0, d = -16-6 = -22, x = -1
X = -1, y = 4: d < 0, d = -22-6 = -28, x = 0
X = 0, y = 3: d < 0, d = -28-6 = -34, x = 1
X = 1, y = 3: d < 0, d = -34-6 = -40, x = 2
X = 2, y = 2: d < 0, d = -40-6 = -46, x = 3
X = 3, y = 1: d < 0, d = -46-6 = -52, x = 4
X = 4, y = 0: d < 0, d = -52-6 = -58, x = 5
X = 5, y = -2: stop
Points plotted: (-3,4), (-2,4), (-1,4), (0,3), (1,3), (2,2), (3,1), (4,0), (5, -2)
4. Bresenham’s Line-Drawing Algorithm (1,5) and (2,8).
Formula: Uses integer addition, subtraction and bit shifting.
Calculating differences: dx = 2 - 1 = 1, dy = 8 - 5 = 3
Initial d = 2dy-dx = 5
Iterations:
X = 1, y = 5: d > 0, d = 5 + 2*(3-1) = 9, y = 6, x = 1
X = 1, y = 6: d > 0, x = 2, y = 7
Points plotted: (1,5), (1,6), (2,7), (2,8)

5. Midpoint Line-Drawing Algorithm (0,2) and (−1,4)

Formula: Similar to the standard Midpoint algorithm but uses symmetrical properties.
Calculating differences: dx = -1, dy = 2
Initial d = dy - (dx / 2) = 2.5
Process:
X = 0, y = 2: d > 0, d = 2.5 + (2 - (-1)) = 5.5, y = 3
X = -1, y = 3: d > 0, y = 4, stop

Points plotted: (0,2), (-1,3), (-1,4)

6. DDA line drawing Algorithm (5,2) and(10, 3).

Formula: max(|dx|, |dy|)
Calculating differences: dx = 5, dy = 1
Initial d = max(|dx|, |dy|) = 5, xInc =1 , yInc = 0.2
Process:
(5,2), (6,2.2), (7,2.4), (8,2.6), (9,2.8), (10,3)

Points plotted: (5,2), (6,2.2), (7,2.4), (8,2.6), (9,2.8), (10,3)