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ProgressInComputing _KS3

The document outlines a computing course designed for Key Stage 3, focusing on essential skills such as computational thinking, digital literacy, and software usage. It includes a progression framework mapped to the National Curriculum and features various chapters with lessons, projects, and activities to enhance understanding. Additionally, it covers topics like file management, cloud computing, and internet safety, emphasizing the importance of using technology responsibly and effectively.

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mminnsoe
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83 views

ProgressInComputing _KS3

The document outlines a computing course designed for Key Stage 3, focusing on essential skills such as computational thinking, digital literacy, and software usage. It includes a progression framework mapped to the National Curriculum and features various chapters with lessons, projects, and activities to enhance understanding. Additionally, it covers topics like file management, cloud computing, and internet safety, emphasizing the importance of using technology responsibly and effectively.

Uploaded by

mminnsoe
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Progress: in Computing Ben Barnes # Mark Clarkson # Graham Hastings Tristan Kirkpatrick # Lorne Pearcey # George Rouse sia / GHORRER Boost EDUC, O LEARN MORE Sammie alae P gress in Comme puting Ben Barnes # Mark Clarkson + Graham Hastings # Tristan Kirkpatrick # Lorne Pearcey + George Rouse Editors: Lorne Pearcey, George Rouse oo 8s, d HODDER Bee EDUCATION LEARN MORE Every effort nas been made to trace all copyright holders, but f any have been inadvertently ‘overlooked the Pubiishers wil bo pleased to make the necessary ertangements ct ye fret apart ‘Although every effort has been mode to ensure thet wobsite adcresses ae correct at time of going to press, Hocker Education cannot be held responsible forte content of ony website mentioned in ths ‘book itis sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in tne adress oF the home pegs fora webste Inthe URL window of your browser Hachette UK's policy is to use poners that are natural, renewable and recyclable products end mode from woad grown in well-managed forests and other controlled sources: The logging and menufacturing processes are expected te conform to the environmental regultions ofthe eounty of origi (Orcers:Pleose contact Hachette UK Dist-butten, Hely Hutchinson Centre, Mion Road, Diécot COxforeshire, OXH 7HM. Telephone: +4 (0/235 827627, Email educcttonethachette-cowk. Lines ‘re open from 9.am.to § pm, Monday to Friday, You can lee order through our website www hddoreducetion co uk ISBN: 978 13982 2345 2 {© Hodder & Stougiton Limted 2021 Fst published in 2021 by Hocker Esueeton ‘An Hachette UK Company Corelite House 50 Victor Emonleent London ECAY 0D2 wrehoddereclicction co.uk Imoressionrumber 1098765432 Year 2025 2024 2023 2022 -Allrights reserved, Apart from ery use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of tis publication ‘may be reproduces or transmitted in any ferm or by ony means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within eny Information stocoge ond retrieval system, without ‘Bermission in wnting ftom the publsher or under licence from the Copuright Licensing Agency Limited Further details of such icenees for reprogrephic reproduction) moy be obteined fram the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, ww.ca.co.uk Cover ilustaton © olegbaresrev —stockadebe.com “Typeset in Inala by Aptaxe Produced by DZS Grofk, Printed n Bosnia & Herzegovina ‘catalogue recor for this thie evalable from the Bish Library, MIX Paper trom responsible sources ESC Fsc- c104740 EN ACU Cm ell url Su RUC eRe} B8 DC UTR Um urs eee ee} ae ay to check-in questions igements 226 Introduction Why study computing? ‘Computers and the internet are integral aspects of modem life. From governments and multi-national businesses to local enterprises and individuals, we rely on computer networks and software to keep the global economy running. Studying computing will enable you to develop a range of knowledge and skills necessary for success in the modem world. This course combines key concepts related to. computational thinking, information technology ‘and digital literacy to provide you with skills and knowledge ocross the main elements of computer science. At its core is computational thinking, the problem solving and logical thinking skills used ‘Dy computer scientists and programmers to solve complex problems, which can also be applied ‘to real world issues in many other subjects and disciplines. Writing programs allows you to put these skills to the test and to develop your ability to work through problems and find solutions. While you may not pursue a career as a programmer, you will almost certainly use a variety of software applications in your everyday lives. Learning how to use software correctly and adeptly — to produce effective presentations, documents. or spreadsheets to convey information — is an portant skill for many careers. Alongside this comes the ability to develop and edit audio and visual media. Understanding the development of computing, how computers and the internet work, how to evaluate digital content and the ethical issues ‘surrounding the use of computers help us put the technology into context. Whatever technology we use, it is Important we know how to use it safely and respectfully so that we can make the most of opportunities in our future lives. About the book Progress in Computing Is a complete Key Stage 3 course. It has been designed around a progression framework, to help you to track your progress throughout Key Stage 3, and has been mapped to Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3 Computing National Curriculums. The progression framework and National Curriculum map can be downloaded at waww.hoddereducation.co.uk/ProgressinComputing. The Student Book is made up of 16 chapters, or modules, and each of these chapters includes six lessons or double-page spreads. The Student Book finishes with three extended six-week-long projects, both to showcase the computing skills you have ‘acquired at Key Stage 3 and to prepare you for one of the many Key Stage 4 options on offer, including GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals and BTECs. Features Each chapter begins by introducing you to the topic, explaining why it is relevant. Before you can use a computer system, you need to know how to access it correctly and this chapter will help you set yourself up on your school computer system and think about what you should use it for. You will learn how to save and organise files and the key principles of internet research and digital wellbeing. You will also learn basic image editing skills. A Reading the text and looking at the images will help you grasp the theory. Key words, which you can {00k up in the glossary at the back of the book, are in blue bold, Cloud computing Cloud computing is where dota Is stored online and software is used via an internet browser, rather than being stored locally on a computer's hard drive. The dote and software files are saved on a server. Server forms are located all around the worid so you do not know where your data is physically Working through the activities provides you with an ‘opportunity to check your understanding and apply the theory you have learnt. Ge Reka ke Write a program to output the following Information about people and their pets: Jobn cat Liz Dog Mariya Hamster You should store the three names in three variables. The three pets will also need to be stored in three different variables, 50 you will need six variables in total. Your program should then print out the values of these variables using the correct escape characters to format them as shown above. Occasionally, you will see this icon in an activity box. it means you need to download an additional resource in order to complete the activity. These resources can be downloaded at wwwihoddereducation.co.uk/ProgressinComputing. Checking in questions appear throughout the book. These are short-onswer questions designed to test your knowledge and understanding of what you hove just learnt. Answers to these questions can be found at the back of the book. (fen @ Why do we need to log into a computer system? @ Whot is an acceptable use policy? © Explain what is meant by a strong password, Before you can use a computer system, you need to know how to access it correctly and this chapter will help you set Yourself up on your school computer system and think about what you should use it for. You will Learn how to save and organise files and the key principles of internet research and digital wellbeing. You wilt also learn basic image editing skills ae Your school computer network A computer network is a collection of computers and other digital devices that are connected together. Your school’s computer network probably includes desktop computers, laptops, tablets, printers, scanners and servers. ADE eae ae mata Colt Find out: where the rooms containing computers you can use are located in your school when you can use school computers outside of lesson time where the printers are located what you need to do to gain access to the network if there are any restrictions on where and when you can use your ‘own digital devices in school. Using computer equipment safely When you are using school computers, you must remember these rules for ensuring computer equipment is used sofely, Do not or drink near computers. Keep bags out of the way of computers. Do not unplug or swap any equipment, including keyboards and mice. Sit sensibly, with your monitor, keyboard and mouse directly in front of you. ‘Tur off monitors and keep hands av when asked You must also follow your school's acceptable use policy, These are the ules that govern how a network should be used, Here is an example of a school’s acceptable use policy y from keyboards and mice Systems must only be used for educational use Usernames and passwords must not be disclosed to anyone else. ‘You must not use another person's username and password You must not access, copy or delete anyone else's files. Users may not attempt to install programs of any type > All communications will be monitored. > Personal email addresses must not be used to correspond on school matters. > Any illegal, inappropriate or harmful material must be reported immediately, > Any damage or faults involving hardware or software must be reported immediately. Logging in to the school network Almost all computer systems require the user to enter their username and password in order to log in, Logging in proves the identity of the user so that they can be given access to their own files and programs. Some devices and systems. use biometrics, such as fingerprints or facial recognition, to enable a user to prove their identity Choosing a strong password When you first log in you will need to choose a new password. You should always choose a strong password. There are three elements that help to increase the strength of a password: > length: longer passwords of at least eight characters are more secure > range of characters used: a password containing a mixture of upper- and lower-case letters, numbers and symbols is more secure > randomness: passwords that do not contain words people can guess ore more secure. You should also make sure you choose a password thot you will remember! eT RU OR Uae g Log in to the school network. Email It is important to be polite when you ‘email someone and the following rules should be followed when emailing your teachers. > Always fill in the subject line, > Greet the person you are writing to appropriately, for example, ‘Dear Sit’ or ‘Hello Mrs Jones’ > Be polite. If you are requesting something, use the word ‘please’. > Use grammatically correct English. Do not use ‘acronyms or text speak. > Provide enough detail, so that the recipient does not need to write back and ask for more information. > Sign off with your full name and form. It is also usual to have a closing salutation, such as ‘Kind regards’ or ‘Yours sincerely’, ee RU OR Care leesltg Log in to your school email account. ~ Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) ‘AVLE is an online system that stores learning resources such as documents, presentations, and video and audio files. VLEs can be used to set, hand in and mark assignments and homework. Some VLEs also include discussion threads, polls, quizzes ‘nd surveys, as well as a place where students and teachers can message each other. VLEs can be accessed from home by logging in. TT eRe Log in to your school VLE fan © Why do we need to log into a computer system? @ Whatis an acceptable use policy? © Explain what is meant by a strong password. eee gt 2 File management, cloud computing and VLEs Files and folders All data stored on a computer is saved to a file. A file that contains text is often referred to as a document. This is because it is like a piece of paper that has been written on, A selection of files can be stored in a folder. A. folder can also contain other folders, which are technically then called sub-folders. Itis important to organise files so that you can find them quickly. It is good practice to use: > relevant file names > relevant folder names > a sensible folder and sub-folder structure. Click hereto =e SWS sea “Documents! Seeeahinae mires ae oe a | a Bw ypastinon soved h ae (Banton Orie ees D Mase Gre =— Ste ie ec Dk) a beatdiee) es 1 Grocery ttt — mic | > vies tier oe eos sane ocuments 2B acho gan tango Sentara eae ‘Write a list of the different subjects that you ‘are studying at school. Design a folder structure so that you can ‘organise the files you save for school. You should include a separate folder for each subject that you are likely to need to save files for, for example: Science Biology Chemistry Phusics Find out where to save files on your school etwork and create the folder structure you have designed. A folder inside the ‘Documents! older. Arie Inside the "Documents! folder 2 File management, cloud computing and VLEs File extensions When we save a file, we give it a name, for example: ‘History_Project’. The software then adds file extension that tells the computer what type of file it is. The file extension is usually three or four characters tong. Some common file extensions are: doc / docx / pat Document [xs / xlsx Spreadsheet Z| ng jpg Image mp3 / wav ‘Auclo mp .mov The file extension enables the computer to use the correct software to open the file when you double click on it. File extensions can also be used to search for files of a particular type if they have not, been saved correctly. r ppenein cra ot Cie cawele : Saving work The first time you save a piece of work, make sure you give it a suitable name and save it to the correct folder. You can then save changes to the original file quickly and easily using shortcut keys: > CTRL +S in Windows > CMD +S in MacOS. If you do not want to overwrite the original fle, choose ‘Save As’ from the ‘File’ menu to save a copy of your work. Give the new file a suitable name and save it to the correct folder. Cloud computing Cloud computing is where data is stored online and software is used via an internet browser, rather than being stored locally on a computer's hard drive. The data and software files are saved on a server. Server farms are located all around the world so you do not know where your data is physically being saved when you store it in the cloud. Examples of cloud storage are Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive*, Dropbox™ and your school VLE. Examples of internet-based software are Microsoft 365° and Google Docs, Advantages of cloud computing Data is backed up automatically. > Documents ond files can be used on any computer with an intemet connection. > The software is updated online so you are always using the latest version. > Documents and files can be shared easily with other users. Disadvantages of cloud computing » The data and software can only be accessed if you have an internet connection. > Cloud-based software does not usually have as many features as downloadable software. > Free storage is limited > Ongoing subscriptions can become costly over time. » Users can lose legal rights to their material if it is stored online. > Some believe that data may be more vulnerable to being stolen if itis stored online ena @ What is data saved as on a computer? @ What does o folder contain? © What isa file extension? Cee) EB Meum cla cine) The internet The internet is a global network that connects computers across the world so that they can communicate with one another. These computers include servers hosting software, music and video, nd the internet is somewhere to find information, watch videos, play games and connect with friends. At school, you should be using the intemet to access ‘and hand in work via the VLE, cerry out research and ‘email your teachers. You should not be using the internet to play games, message your friends or watch videos or listen to music (unless this is something you have been asked to do as part of a lesson). Using the internet to carry out research There is a great deal of fantastic stuff on the internet and it iso really useful place to gather information about all sorts of subjects. However, alongside all the accurate information there is a lot of unreliable and even incorrect and misleading information. Some websites are written by non-specialists who present their own thoughts and ideas ona subject as focts. Other websites are written by very knowledgeable people, but are biased because they present just one side of the story, in order to work out if information on the internet is ustworthy, look out for: occuracy: are there facts and figures to back up opinions? » currency: when was the article written? Has it been updated recently? ® outhor: is the author named? Are they qualified to comment on the subject they are writing ut? ig website: Is the organisation hosting the website well known and generally considered to be trustworthy? > balanced presentation: are both sides of an -gument covered in equal measure? ‘ofessional tone: is the article well written? It should avoid text speak, informal language and appropriately emotional language. You will usually begin your research by typing search terms into a search engine. Use keywords rather than long phrases; for example, type ‘computer history’ to find out how computers have developed over time. Choose words that are likely to be used on the websites you want to visit. Don't worry about small spelling mistakes or capitalisation, because the spell checker that is built into a search, engine will automatically use the most common spelling. Use the category options, such as images, video or news, to limit your search. And, finally, remember that you can type ‘define’ and then a word to find out the word's dictionary definition When you are carrying out research on the internet, try to get your information from more than one unrelated source and see what issues the sources agree on to identify the most accurate information Always rewrite the information in your own words, unless you are quoting something, and include a list of the URLS of the sources you have used so that anyone reading your research knows where you have gathered the information from. Stee ‘ar Compu vaont Screw owas " Google is the most popular search engine in the world EB acne Researching how to use the eee eu ee a) Use the internet to research the things that you should and should not do when using the internet. Consider: > use of personal information > use of photos > use of web cams > login details and passwords > what you post. Copy and paste the URL of each website you visit and then list the things the website advises you should or should not do in a table. For example: URL: https://www.childnet.comiblog/oniine- etiquette-or-netiquette-the-dos-and-conts-of- ‘online-communication- Do Be respectful Digital wellbeing Digital wellbeing is about having a healthy relationship with technology. Research suggests that 11-year-olds spend up to six hours online every day. Whether or not this is too much depends on the quality of the content you are looking at and the activities you are doing online. However, too much time spent online can affect your friendships, your health and your performance at school. The effects of spending too much time online include headaches and eye-strain, disturbed sleep, falling out with friends and family, becoming isolated, constantly talking about online activities such as gaming, prioritising your ontine activities ver other things that you should be doing and a decline in the quality of your school work. Pree en) The following questions are designed to help you think about your use of digital technology. > Roughly how much time do you spend online each day? > What do you spend this time doing? > Does it add value to your life? > What would you do if you were not online so much? Do you sometimes get tired and grumpy when you are using digital technology? > Is there anything you would like to change about your use of digital technology? Tips for managing your use of digital technology > Before picking up your device, ask yourself whet you intend to achieve > Make use of tools that tell you exactly how much time you spend on each app. > Set a time limit for your tech usage each day ond try to stick to it > Try to moke small changes, such as switching off some notifications. Put your device into ‘Do not disturb’ mode before going to bed, or when you have other work to do, Checking in @ Whatis the internet? @ Name one thing that you might use the internet for at school. © Name one thing that you should not use the internet for at school. © Explain whot we mean by ‘digital wellbeing. a eee egy 4 Vector graphics Data about cn image can be stored by a computer as vector graphics or as bitmap graphics. Vector graphics are stored as a list of attributes, Lorger pictures are made up of shapes called objects and the attributes for each object are stored separately. The attributes include information such as the object's: > height > width > x and y coordinates for the points > outline colour > tine width > fill colour. The shape of the object is stored as a set of points, ‘nd these are connected together by lines. So, for example, the coordinates of the three corners of a triangle are stored. Each object and its attributes con be edited independently, Objects can be resized by clicking and dragging on the points. The colour and tine vAg @- ® A vector graphic ee —————eE 2 width can be changed using formatting options. Itis also possible to layer objects to create o sense of depth or more complex shapes. Vector graphics are scalable, which means that they can be enlarged without any loss in quality as shown here. Even if an object in a vector graphic is quite large, it only uses a small amount of memory because the image is recreated from the attributes. Therefore, the file size of a vector graphic is often quite small. Common vector graphic formats are eps (Encapsulated PostScript File) and .svg (Scalable Vector Graphics File). @® CO am ced See easy ‘Open anew Microsoft Word document and save _To layer one shape behind another: itwith @ suitable file name, Then create a vector —_—® Right-click on the object you want to layer graphic image of a house and garden. Use the haHihe Bhd cHOGLe SURE ES Eee instructi h eee en To group objects together so that the whole image To create an object ue ahesieel » Click on ‘insert’ and ‘Shapes’ and select ashope. > ctick on the one object and hold down the > Click and drag the shape to the required size “Shift” key while clicking on other objects to using the handles. select them. > Double-click on the shape and click ‘Edit shape’ Right-click in the selected area and select ‘ond ‘Edit points’ to select individual points and ‘Group’ and then ‘Group. drag them to adjust the shape, You can group one image in several stages. > Double-click on the shape and click ‘Shape Fill to choose an appropriate colour for the shape, and click on ‘No Outline’ to remove the coloured outline What do we call an image that is made up of objects? How is the shape of an object stored? Vector graphics are scalable. What does this mean? Name one type of vector-graphic file. Eee ey Does anything seem strange to you about this picture? Itis common practice for the photographs we see in magazines and on posters to be retouched to remove blemishes and make models appear thinner. It raises many ethical issues. If the changes ‘are minor, such as removing an unwanted shadow, itmay be considered acceptable. However, it can result in ‘impossible’ pictures. Often it isn’t as easy to spot a fake image as it is to spot that the picture of a person running on the Moon is fake. This can lead to incorrect stories about people circulating on social media and gives people unreal expectations ‘bout their appearance. Bitmap graphics Bitmap graphics, also called raster graphics, store an image as « matrix of dots. Each dot is called a pixel, short for ‘picture element. The colour of every pixel is stored, and every different colour in the picture has its own unique binary code. It is possible to edit the colour of each individual pixel separately to manipulate an image. The quality of a bitmap image depends on its resolution. This is the number of pixels in the image. The higher the resolution, the better quality and % oo111100 d1000010 1oLo0010R Looo000R 10100103 10011003 o1oo0010 oo1i11100 19 This mage has 64 pliels and the computer stores the Colour of each pine, ae well es formation about the ‘uidtn ond height ofthe image, so that con be recreated bya computer White ls represented by 0 and Blac i represented by more realistic the image. A resolution of 300 dpi (dots per inch) is likely to produce a good quality image. However, when a bitmap graphic is enlarged it loses quality and it is sometimes possible to see the individual pixels. The size of a bitmap graphic file depends on the resolution of the image, the size of the image and how many unique colours it contains. Bigger images contain more pixels and images that contain a lot of different colours require more bits to store each colour. Bitmap graphic files are generally much larger than vector graphic files because of the ‘amount of information the computer needs to store to recreate the image. Common bitmap graphic formats are > tif: Tagged Image File Format (very high quality but large file size) > bmp: Bitmop Image File (very high quality but large file size; developed for Microsoft® Windows) > jpg: Joint Photographic Experts Groups (good for email and presentations) > gif: Graphics Interchange Format (good for web Images with up to 256 colours) > png: Portable Network Graphics (good for web images with up to 16 million cotours) itis not practical to draw images by defining each pixel separately, At a resolution of 300 dpi, an ‘A4 image will contain 8,640,000 pixels. However, itis possible to save any image in a bitmap file format and then edit the image using image editing software. pO eur Download GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program), which is free and open-source image editing software. Then follow the instructions Selow to begin creating your own ‘impossible’ photograph. 4 Download and save an image of a real person Make sure it includes their whole body, not just their head. 2 Open GIMP. Click on ‘File’ and ‘Open’ and select your image. 4 Right-click on the layer on the right-hand side of the screen and click ‘Add Alpha Channel’ 5 Choose the ‘Fuzzy Select Toot’ FM and click on an area of the background thet you wish to remove. If necessary, adjust the ‘Threshold’ to ensure that only unwented areas of the image are selected. Then press CTRL + X (CMD + X if you're using a Mac) to remove the selected area © Repeat Step 5 to remove as much of the background as possible. If you make an error, remember that you can use CTRL + Z to undo your most recent changes. 7 Next, choose the ‘Free Select Too!’ [J to hand draw around the remaining areas of background and use CTRL + X to remove them. & Zoom, in using the + key and use the ‘Free Select Tool’ to remove any background arees with a significant colour difference close to the outline of the person. tern How are bitmap graphics saved? What determines the quality ofa bitmap image? ‘What happens to the quality of bitmap images when you zoom in? Name one type of bitmap graphic file. CTT ei 8 Once you are happy that all the background has been removed, choose the ‘Fuzzy Select Toot’ and ensure that ‘Feather edges’ is selected. Adjust the radius to about 25 to blur the edges of the picture and smooth the colours. 10 Select the background area and then click on Select’ and ‘Invert’ to select the part of the image required. Copy the image using CTRL + C or ‘Edit’ and ‘Copy’ Then, create a new layer using the new layer icon at the bottom right of the screen fi. Make sure that the ‘Fill with’ field contains Transparency’. Then paste your image into the new layer using CTRL + V or ‘Edit’ and ‘Poste’ Finally, click on the anchor symbol Ell to lock your image to the new layer. !! Hide the original image by clicking on the eye symbol to the left of the first Layer, so that only the new layer is selected. ‘12 Save your image as a GIMP file using ‘File’ and ‘Save’, remembering to give it a new name. Then use ‘File’ and ‘Export’ to save it as a png file. Make sure that your image is saved to your documents area. 6 Impossible photographs You now know how to isolate an image. Now you are going to learn how to insert your cut-out into a new background layer. au eel oc oe emcee el Follow the instructions below to layer your cut-out of a person into a new background to create an ‘impossible’ photograph. 1. Make sure that you have finished editing your picture of a person and have exported it as a png file. 2. Download and save the image that you wish to use for the background. 3. Open GIMP, 4. Click on ‘File’ and ‘New’ and set the width to 1920 and the height to 1080, Click on ‘Advanced Options’ and ensure that the ‘Fill with’ field is set to ‘Transparency’ and press ‘OK’. 5 Click on ‘File’ and ‘Open’ and select your background image. 6 You need to resize your image so that it is the same size as the dotted yellow outline of the canvas. Select the ‘Scale Toot’ FM and adjust the ‘Opacity’ on the right-hand side of the screen to 50%. Then use the handles to drag and resize the background picture so that it fills the canvas. Click on ‘Scale’ and then reset the ‘Opacity’ to 100%. 7. Click on ‘File’ and ‘Open’ and select your edited, image of a person. 8 Click on your person image and copy it using CTRL + C (CMD + C if you'te using a Mac) or Edit’ and ‘Copy’. Then select the background Image from the thumbnail at the top of the screen so that it appears in the centre of the screen, 16 9 Create a new layer using the new layer icon at. the bottom right of the screen: Make sure that the ‘Fill with’ field contains ‘Transparency’ Then paste your image into the new layer using CTRL + V or ‘Edit’ and ‘Paste’. Finally click on the ‘anchor symbol Il to lock the cut-out to the new layer. 10 You should now see your image of a person ‘over the top of your background picture. The next task is to resize and reposition it to create your final image. Make sure that the cut-out layer is selected on the right-hand side of ‘the screen and then select the ‘Scale Tool’. Resize the image by dragging on the handles. Reposition it by clicking and dragging on the box in the centre of the image. Once you are happy with the result, click on ‘Scale’. 11 Finally, you need to save your finished picture. ‘Save your image as a GIMP file using ‘File’ and ‘Save’, remembering to give it a new name. Then use ‘File’ and ‘Export to save it as a .png file. Make sure that your image is saved to your documents area. Roe ere Tee Your final challenge is to use your image editing —_ ‘Rectangle Select Tool’ to select part of each skills to create an impossible creature, just like the gnimat ine in this photograph. poeta Yi Proeurces > ‘Scale Tool’ to match the parts of the two Open GIMP and use the instructions on palnicatoeutrey pages 1516 to help you. You will need to use the: eu How can different images be combined using graphics software? What does the background need to be set to for this to work? What helps to make the new image look realistic? ” ‘Introducing spreadsheets | Ee ee A spreadsheet is a type of electronic document used to store data and information. The data can be used to perform calculations, analyse trends, model different scenarios and produce graphs and charts. powerful tools. They ‘are used every day bu people in all sorts of ways, from storing information etoni Beoicis apie’ stele The main elements of a spreadsheet levels to managing mutti- A spreadsheet consists of a grid of cells million-pound budgets. HA cell is a box on a spreadsheet into columns They can be used to store ff which you can place numbers, text dato, perform complex or calculations, A spreadsheet Bue rs calculations and to create ff is divided into rows and columns aiid)! —~-2)| graphs and chert, They and these are used to provide each s are often used to model coll with a unique cell reference —_ ‘what might happen in For example, the unique cell different situations. This reference for cell B2 tells us the cell is in column B and row 2. chapter is focused on using ee ee Writing formulae using cell references Gronge ofectivities, gf Spreadsheets are often used to perform calculations, This is done by writing a formula, Most formulae use cell references. This means ‘that you can change a value in a cell and the formula automatically recalculates the answer. Formulae must always start with an equals sign, for example: =A1+B2. Mada The following operators are used to write formulae: Specht In aus dbl tenho plus sign + | for addition minus sign = | for subtraction asterisk * | for muttiptication forward slash l for division ESC Look at this spreadsheetand A 8 write formulae for 9 Number1 Type 6 8 0 column D to work Ss add | out the sums. The 28 subtract first one has been 3 multiply by done for you. 2 18 vide by 4356 add Replicating data and data series Replication is where you copy information from one cell to another using the fill handle. This is a great time-saving feature of spreadsheets. Click on the cell you want to replicate and move the cursor down to the bottom right of the cell. The cursor should change from a white cross to New I A «a black cross; this is the fill handle. Now click, hold ‘and drag down over the cells you want to fll The fill handle can also be used to extend and complete a series of numbers, dates or formulae if you enter the first couple of items in a series: BAK B 1 2 a) 2 4 i 6 4) 4 8 oS 10 oe 6 2 m7 4 Relative and absolute cell references When you replicate cells with formulae in, you have two options. You can use relative cell references or absolute cell references. Relative cell references are used when you want the formula to change to match the row or column it applies to, across several columns or rows of data; for example: =A1+B1. An absolute cell reference is used when you do not want a cell reference to change when replicating cells. An absolute reference is created by adding dollar sign ($) in front of the column reference, the row reference, or both; for example: =$A$1+§B$2, ees 4 Look at the following spreadsheet. 1. Write a formula with absolute cell references to copy the multiplier in cell G9 to cells C7 to Cit. 2. Write formulae with relative cell references for column E 3. Think about what happens to the values in column E when the multiplier changes. MAAR BRAS G 1 times is 8 2 times is Multiplier 9 3 times : fo) 4 tines is 5 times is Dee cia) pe Cater The table below gives the cost of different coloured pencils. 4. Write formulae for column D to calculate the cost of the coloured pencils, 2. Write formulae for column E using an absolute cell reference, to calculate the cost of the coloured pencils plus delivery. 3 Write a formula for cell £22 to calculate the total cost of all the pencils, plus one delivery charge. @ Whats replication? Describe how you would use replication to extend and complete a series of numbers. Explain what is meant by a relative cell reference. Explain what is meant by an absolute cell reference. DR rece Sue | i EL Functions The AVERAGE function Functions are pre-programmed into spreadsheets. The AVERAGE function works in much the same way They allow us to perform longer or more complex _qs the SUM function. calculations with ease. The following formulae To worleoutthe avetage,mark use the formula both perform the same calculation, but the second _LavepagE(B4:B7). formula, which makes use of a function, is shorter ‘ond mistakes are less likely when typing It. Ma A LES =A3+B3+C3+D34234F3+03 1 Computing Grades =SUM(A3:63) 2 All functions start with an equals sign followed by 3 Name Score/100 the function name. Ba peter z 70 The data to be used by the function is referenced AV anect al using individual cell references or a cell range enclosed within parentheses (_) ; for example: 6 Mary | 84 =SUM(A3:G3) 7 Zak Liss 32 SE 2 9 TOTAL The SUM function : The SUM function adds up the values in a range The MAX and MIN functions of cells. To add up the total score for the group use the formula =SUM (B4:B7) To find the largest value in a range, use the MAX function, To find the smallest value in a range, use the MIN function. A A B The highest exam mark Is found using the formula 1 Computing Grades =MAX (B4:B7) . The lowest exam mark is found 2 using the formula =MIN(B4:B7) 3 Name Score/100 AA 8 i We peter cael 1 Computing Grades & 5 Vaneet | 69 3 Name Score/100 wary S 4 Peter 70 gk ae 5 Vaneet 69 e ey 6 Mary 84 9 |TOTAL [SUM (BEE /)55} 7 Zak 32 8 9 HIGHESTMARK = =MAX(B4:87) (0 LOWEST MARK IN(B4:87) ——————— 20 Pore eS aa cam UI a Rcd 4 A c > e F s 4 1 ° Ticket sales Wei 10 Fim [Friday | Saturday | Sunday [Monday [Tuesday [Wednesday] Thursday | aamemare | 11 Harry Bond: | £800.00 | £2,700.00__£2,100.00| £400.00 | £250.00 £200.00 | _€250.00 ee tee scent eben | ex sonne| — exon [x-easo00| tienes [= tise 13 The Happy Princess | 100.00 £250.00, £200.00| _£75.00| £30000| _€50.00| £50.00 14 StarshipWars___| £500.00 | #1,500.00 | £1,400.00| £300.00| £200.00 £100.00 | £200.00 15 Toy Tales £750.00 | £1,000.00| _£850.00| £450.00 £150.00| _£75.00| £100.00 | 16 Mission Possible | £350.00 £900.00) £850.00 £400.00 £350.00 £250.00 £400.00 AT MrPea £650.00 | £1,100.00| £650.00 £325.00 £250.00 £25.00 £250.00 | 1 armen sie) | | WL ELL, a oar iSeccaeee esi cf mney lan Fy siea onan in? pp B ara geared eee [zune Look at this spreadsheet. It shows the weekly ticket 2 Write functions for row 18 to calculate the sales for various films at a cinema. average ticket sales each day. 1. Write functions for column Ito calculate the total 3. Write formulae for the shaded cells in column F weekly sales for each film, to work out the answers to the questions. Checking in © Give an example of a cell range. @ Why would you use the sum function rather than writing a formula? © Which function would you use to find the largest value in a set of data? 2 ete etl) lela lea Ty The IF function The ZF function is used to make choices. it has the following structure: =IF( Question, Do this if True, Do this if False ) There are three elements that need to be Included inside the parentheses and they are separated by commas. 1 Aqquestion: this is a logical test or logical ‘expression to which the answer can be either True or False. 2 What is to happen or be displayed if the outcome of the logical test, of ‘condition’, is True 3 What is to happen or be displayed if the outcome of the logical test, or ‘condition’, is False. The logical test in an TF function uses Boolean operators: > ‘reoter thon <= _/less than equal to ~[arecter than or equal to = less than or equal to Here Is an example of an TF function that tells you if'a student has passed or failed a test with « pass mark of 60. Value to be returned if the concition is True Value to be rewired if woke aac the condition i False =IF{ B2>=60, "Pass", "Fail" ) Logica test Mik B c 1 Student Mark — Pass/Fai 2 Alison 68 |_ Pass 3 Bob 52 4 Charlie 49 5 Deepak 2 6 Eesa cs ae iar) The COUNTIF function The COUNTIF function counts the number of cells ina selected range that meet a specific criterion. thas the following structure: sCOUNTIF( Range, Criterion ). The range selects the cells to be checked and the criterion is the condition that determines which cells will be counted. It can be a number, a mathematical expression or text that needs to be matched. Here is an example of a COUNTIF function that counts how many students got a B-; 4 A 1 Name 2 Alison 3 Bob 4 Charlie i 6 a) Deepak B [Number of students =COUNTIF( 2:85, "8" | Look at the following spreadsheet. It gives the marks achieved by students in three tests. 1. Write formulae for column € to calculate the total of the three test marks. 2 Write IF functions for column F to decide whether each student has passed or failed. Use absolute cell references, 3 Write functions in the green cells to count the number of students who have passed and foiled. eee i ieieeesnieiinreetaiaterte eel 22 3 Boolean operators and the IF and COUNT functions The COUNT and COUNTA functions The COUNT function counts the number of cells ina selected range that contain a number. Here is an example of a COUNT function. The answer ss 4, because cells 82 to BS all contain numbers. A A y 8 1 Name Score/100 2 Peter 70 3 Vaneet 69 4 Mary | 84 5 Zak | 32 6 7 |Number of results isis orale) Open the Ifcity Zoo spreadsheet. It lists the different species of animal found at ifcity Zoo. 1 Write a function in column D to calculate the total number of each type of animal Write an ZF function in column H to work out each animat’s popularity. If they have more than 30 visitors per hour they are ‘Popular’. Otherwise, they are ‘Standard’ Write COUNTIF functions in cells B36 to B39 to calculate the number of different species for each type of habitat. Write COUNTTF functions in cells B42 to B44 to calculate the number of different species for each conservation status. Write a COUNTA function in cell G35 to calculate the number of different species at the zoo and ‘@ COUNT function in cell G36 to calculate the number of different species at the zoo with young 2 © What ore the three elements needed to write an TF function? @ What does the counrr function tell you? The COUNTA function counts the number of cells ina selected range that contain a value (text or 0 number), Here is an example of o COUNTA function. The answer is 3 because cells B2, B4 and B5 contain a value A A 8 1 Name Maths 2 Alison Yes 3 Bob 4 Charlie Yes 5. Deepak Yes 6 7 Number of students 6 Write CoUNTZF functions in cells G38 and G39 to calculate the number of ‘Popular’ species and the number of ‘Standard’ species. Write functions in cells G41 and G42 to determine the most visitors per hour and the least visitors per hour for any species. 7 © Which function would you use to find out how: many cells in a range contain a specific value? Derr 4 Formatting, graphs and charts Formatting cells You can apply conditional formatting by selecting Formettng cls helps tomoke o spreadsheet __Cehaltonal Fometing ond Hghight Cl ules easier to read. You can change the: ne cre OD. > font, text size and text colour Be = | E-39 £ > fill colour | Boma | O- ES > number format > text alignment > border. You can format cells using the tools in the ribbon on the Home tab. eu elas y eee. BB awe occuring. Recreate this spreadsheet, with all the formatting ee ie ee shown. Can you make your spreadsheet look oe exactly like the screenshot? tee [ratte [nype Cost] ‘The Dafk Sun Science Fiction £16.90 (Goblins and Other Creatures Fantasy £9.99 |The Battle of the Dragons __Fant £1143; “Create the following spreadsheet and add . IMy Secret Diary ____|Comedy _| £7.95) conditional formatting to reveal a picture, The. [Murder at the Bridge ering a key tells you the fill colours to use for different . cell values. . Remember to select all of the cells in the grid Conditional formatting before applying each conditional formatting Conditional formatting allows you to alterthe ule. ‘appearance of a cell depending on the value it 4 Sco EF GH aK No contains. This enables you to quickly identify i 1 patterns in your data. For example, in the below af a spreadsheet, conditional formatting has been a2 equal to 2 fll applied to column C so that any cell containing a a number greater than 10 has a green fill and Serotec any cell containing a number less than 8 has a elle ieee al red fill. aoa A B c al 2| 1 |ritle (Type cost| al 2 [The Dark Sun ‘Science Fiction | £16.50) 3 Goblins and Other Creatures [Fantasy __ £9.99) 4 The Battle of the Dragons [Fantasy £11.49) 5 MySecret Diary ‘Comedy 6 Murder at the Bridge Crime. £8.99) aii 24 4 Formatting, graphs and charts Graphs and charts Graphs and charts give a visual representation of data and presenting data in graphs or charts can make data easier to understand or interpret. There are several different types of graph and chart and each is designed to display different types of dato. > Bar charts and column charts allow you to compare categories of data that are not directly related to identify similarities and differences. > A pie chart shows the individual parts that make up a whole. They are useful to show percentages. > Line graphs are used when you want to show how something has changed over time. They are Useful for plotting the results of experiments. To create a graph or chart, select the data on the spreadsheet, go to the ‘Insert’ tab and then choose the type of chart you require from the "Recommended Charts’ drop-down list. Bud Copy the data in the table below into a spreadsheet and use the data to insert a clustered column chart to show the temperature across the year. Make sure your chart includes a suitable title and labels for each axis. Co (eek a 6 eer SSE [Mar 2 Apr 13 | May 17 | Jun 4 a m 25 Aug 22 Copy the data in the table below into a spreadsheet and use the data to insert a line graph to show a person's height compared to their age, Make sure your chart includes a suitable title ond labels for each axis. ee) oe 3 45 1 68 2 85 3 38 4 ‘01 5 108 6 oT 7 ei Ki si 2 9 133 0 138 io 4 alee 2 15 8 57 a 160 5 162 6 [163 = Identify three ways in which the appearance of « cell could be formatted. When might we use conditional formatting? ‘What chart should we use to show the percentage of students in the class who own pet? Dre eed ess) Using spreadsheets for modelling Modelling allows us to predict what is likely to happen when something changes. It is used for many different purpose, for example, for weather forecasting, to predict what the weather will be like in the future. Modelling is also used in financial decision making to work out, for example, how much profit will be made if prices change, Itis also used by engineers designing roller coasters to work out, for example, how variations in the design will affect the speed of the roller coaster. Spreadsheets are excellent for modelling because it is easy to set them up and perform calculations on data. Itis also possible to try out lots of different scenarios to find the best result. Goal Seek Goal Seek is a spreadsheet tool that allows you to see how changing one value in a formula affects nother. It enables you to ask ‘what questions to achieve a specific goal. For example, you can use it to find out the price you need to sell an item for to make @ certain amount of profit. To use Goal Seek, go to the ‘Data’ tab, click on ‘Whatif Analysis’ and select ‘Goal Seek ..” eee This spreadsheet allows us to set a budget this case, £5) and then model how we can best spend the money to buy a wide range of different sweets Look at the spreadsheet. 1. Think about how to format cells 013 to D2, cell D23 and cell D25 as currency. 2 Write formulae for column D to calculate the cost of whatever quantities of sweets are entered into column C. 3 Write a function for cell D21 to calculate the total cost of all the sweets selected. 4 White @ formula for cell D23 to calculate the budget remaining, by subtracting the total cost from the budget amount. 5. Think about how to add conditional formatting to cell D21 so that the background cotour is green if the total is less than or equal to the budget amount and red if the total is more than the budget amount. aye 2 < ° 12 tiem lcomtgers00q) uonty(g) | cont 13 Honus oss | i 1a Chose baine"|—3.3 lity wotes "| os — nena a fale ees os iFaxyeot bons | oar ‘18 Wine gums 053 12 hy abs tata 2ilasres sos | 033 a ee Total 2 23 (Bidet remaining Td » as (—Bedeet TA 6 Think about how you would use Goal Seek to work out how many grams of Jelly Snakes you ‘can buy for your budget. In Microsoft Excel, you need to open the Goal Seek dialogue box, enter D21 in the ‘Set cell’ box, 0 in the ‘To value’ box because you want your budget to end up at zero, and C15 in the ‘By changing cell’ box ee 26 Cupcake challenge You have decided to hold a charity cake sale. You are going to use the cake and icing recipes below to make 12 cupcakes. Open the Cupcake challenge spreadsheet and then follow the instructions below. 1. Enter a formula in cell E14 to calculate the cost of 1g of butter. Replicate this down to cell E20 to calculate the unit cost of the other ingredients. Make sure the cells are all formatted as currency. Note that the cell value will show £0.00 if the cost of 1g or 1 ml of the ingredient is less than 1p. 2 Enter a formula in cell £24 to calculate the cost of the butter needed for the cake recipe, making sure the cell is formatted as currency. Then enter similar formulae in cells E25 to E28 to calculate the cost of the other ingredients needed for the cake recipe, again making sure the cells are formatted as currency. 3. Enter similar formulae in cells E32 to E35 to calculate the cost of the ingredients needed for the icing recipe. Make sure the cells are formatted as currency. 4 Enter a function in cell C37 to calculate the total cost of the ingredients needed to make 12 iced cupcakes. 5 Enter a formula in cell €39 to calculate the total cost of the ingredients needed to make one iced cupcake, You now want to work out how much profit you will make if you sell each cupcake for 50p. 6 Enter the number of cupcakes sold (12) into cell C49 and the selling price (50p) into cell C51 7 Enter a formula in cell C53 to calculate the profit/loss per cupcake. You will need to subtract the cost price per cupcake from the selling price. 8 Enter a formula in cell C55 to calculate the total profit/loss for the number of cupcakes sold. Add conditional formatting to cell C55 so that the colour is light green if there is a profit, and pole red if there is a loss. 9 Use Goal Seek to work out how many cupcakes you will need to sell if you want to make £25 profit for charity, Enter the number of cupcakes in cell D59. 15 Come sagor ease} S00 |g 1 sefvatsng for | e090 | 500 |g irises au [sg 13 Vania 2 eng sie 3 Mik i 57 ost pie fora? eens ZA 4 costa par apeake © Numberofeapeaterseid | i A 5 Sellog pice a 5 TeulPo tes) 58 Number of cupcakes to make £25 prot een @ What is meant by modelling? @ Why are spreadsheets good to use for modelling? © What does Goal Seek enable you to do? 27 Tete ested CSU ee Sat Lc Coe eu ete ‘You have been engaged by a local theme park to help them A 4 = Ei saath E | £ calculate their costs ond ticket san | Matin | tang ot | Nem! lio mumaer conto prices. The theme park is open aa tector | qoessper | oat [reruns per|/e¥e#Pe*| create er 365 days per year, for 8 hours per 1 ieee | ees | etter or a aa, rT t Open the Theme park challenge + Pratesip 4 36, a spreadsheet, which contains data + Dureron Adventure 4 38) a ‘about the rides that you willneed 1 Wheres, zi 2 4 i to complete the activity 2 Dade i aa a 1 Enteraformutain cellC31to = Sef.Advenure sft a calculate how many minutes 2s chat Swing 2 2al 2 the pork is open each day. 25 Logfane 3 = sh 2 Enteraformulain column Eto 3» nesinlnsue S aa oat a Ti calculate the number of times > Runway Mine Tin 4 = a each ride runs perday. Each aa run takes the length of the ride” patopennetmeperdy ——] plus 2 minutes for changeover. * (nine)

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