Unit 4: Lesson 1 – Line and Kinds of Line - Color is composed of a series of wavelengths which colors that have YELLOW

colors that have YELLOW as its dominant Single volume is the fundamental unit in sculpture.
strike the retina of the eyes. component white cool colors have blue as their
Line Unit 4: Lesson 4 – Texture, Methods of creating Space
- A ray of light contains all the colors of the visible dominant component.
and Movement
- made by a moving point; a series of dots; a spectrum- red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and
Light and Shadow (Value)
prolongation of points or according to Paul Klee is a violet (ROYGBIV). The visible spectrum was discovered Texture - refers to the feel or tactile quality of the surface
dot that went for a walk. by sir Isaac Newton when light was allowed to pass - Light and shadow focuses on what is known as of an object. It has to do with the characteristic of the
- One definition of a line, however, that captures its through a glass prism. Passing white light through a achromatic value. surface, whether it is rough or smooth, fine or coarse,
essence in the visual arts is it being an intended mark prism breaks it into a band of the visible colors (just - Achromatic value refers to the changes in the polished or dull, plain or irregular. They also add richness
made by the artist to convey meaning beyond its like a rainbow). amount of reflected light which ranges from and vitality in paintings.
physical description. black to gray to white and vice versa.
Properties of Color Visual texture - in such cases where touching the artwork
- An artist who has mastered the manipulation of
Kinds of Lines is not allowed, textured can be perceived by the eyes.
• Hue- - It is the name given to the color, for example; achromatic value in a composition gives his work
Straight lines- are geometric, impersonal and differ in the red, green, violet and blue. the illusion of depth and form. Space - An illusion in the graphic arts. It is created by
direction that they take. The straight lines may move - For pigments, RED, YELLOW and BLUE are called - Chiaroscuro is the technique of manipulating techniques that add depth and distance to two-
from left to right, start from the top going down, slant or primary hues. They are considered primary light and shadow in painting. dimensional art. In sculpture and architecture, however,
move up and down forming angles. Whatever is the because these hues cannot be produced from - Masters who have perfected the use of this space is actually present.
direction, each kind indicates a specific type of emotion. combining any hues. technique are Da Vinci, Michelangelo,
- When two primary hues are mixed in equal Rembrandt, and Caravaggio. Methods of Creating Space
- Horizontal lines - move from left to right or vice versa. amounts, secondary hues are produced. These - Rembrandt and Caravaggio went a step further - Overlapping planes (interposition) - create space
It is a line that appears to be laying down. and exaggerated the use of shadows to an
are ORANGE, GREEN and VIOLET. when an object covers a part of another object which
- Vertical Line - start from bottom to top or vice versa. extreme called tenebrism or “dark manner”.
- Mixing equal amounts of the primary and is behind it.
It is a line that appears to be standing. secondary hues produces intermediate hues - In the local scene, Fernando Amorsolo, also - Relative size - objects that appear large/big indicate
- Diagonal lines - are slanting lines. In the visual art, mastered chiaroscuro, but his focus was more on
which are RED ORANGE, BLUE GREEN and BLUE nearness and small-sized objects as distant. Aside
diagonals suggest two meanings, a positive and a the manipulation of light rather than shadow.
VIOLET. from creating the illusion of space, this can also be
negative one. On the positive diagonals indicate
- Combining in equal mixture any two secondary interpreted as power and import.
action and movement i.e. to move forward and act. Unit 4: Lesson 3 – Shape and Classification of Shapes
hues produces the tertiary hues. - Position on the picture plane (relative height) - In
On the negative, it conveys a feeling of uncertainty,
• Value- refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. Shapes - In visual arts, a shape is formed when two ends some paintings, spatial representation is based upon
stress and defeat.
The value of any hues can be changed by adding a of a line meet to enclose an area. The area may stand out the position of objects relative to the bottom of the
- Zigzag lines - Are angular lines that resulted in abrupt
neutral such as black or white. This results in changing from the surface because of a difference in color, value or frame. Those objects found at the bottom of the
change in the direction of a straight line thus forming
the quantity of light the hue reflects. texture. They may also present themselves as flat or two- frame will appear closer to the viewer. Farther
angles. The lines are unpleasant and harsh which
- Shade- When black is combined with hue. dimensional and solid or three-dimensional on a picture distances are indicated by the positions of the objects
portrays tension, conflict, chaos, or violence.
- Tint- When white is added with hue. plane. higher on the picture plane. The point of reference is
- Curved lines - are technically curvilinear lines. Curve
• Intensity- denotes the brightness or dullness of a the horizon line which is the line at the eye level. A
lines suggest grace, movement and flexibility Picture plane - any flat surface onto which the artwork is
color. It gives color its strength. Colors differ in picture plane can be divided into three parts;
indicative of life and energy. When a curve line moves created.
intensity or vividness. • Foreground - the bottom part.
continuously in opposite directions, it forms a wavy
line which shows fluidity because of the gradual
- Hues become less intense (dull) when white is Negative shapes - these are between the shapes that are • Middle ground - where the horizon is.
added because color becomes lighter in value. not occupied by any form. In painting, these spaces can • Background - the topmost part.
change in direction.
- The hues’ intensity diminishes when black is be as important as the shapes themselves. In sculpture - Color is also used to give the illusion of distance.
- Lines can possess a variety of characteristics,
added and as the value darkens. and architecture, the shape of the artwork can be Warm colors advance and make objects look closer
depending on shape, density, rhythm, angularity, and
- If gray is added, the result will be a variation in determined by viewing the work against its background. while cool colors recede making objects look farther
the material that have produced them.
intensity without any change in value. away.
- Lines may be short or long, fine or thick, heavy or light, Classification of Shapes
wavy or jagged, straight or curved. No matter what How Colors Relate - Perspective- deals with the effect of distance on the
type of line it is, it always has direction. - Natural or organic shapes - those are seen in appearance of objects. It enables the viewer to
Color Harmony- one method of establishing color quality nature like the shape of leaves, animals, perceive distance and to see the position of objects in
Unit 4: Lesson 2 – Properties of Color and How Colors in a composition. There are several ways of creating mountains, flowers and seashells. space.
Relate and Light and Shadow harmony that an artist can use. The most common are - Abstract shapes - those that have little or no • Linear perspective- give the perception distance
the following: resemblance to natural objects. by means of converging lines. It has to do with
Color
- Non-objective or biomorphic shapes - seldom the direction of lines and with the size of objects.
- Monochromatic harmony - When a single color
- The significance of color as an element of the visual
in the composition is varied in intensity and value
have reference to recognizable objects, but most • Aerial perspective (gradient) - the effect of haze,
arts cannot be over emphasized. often show a similarity to some organic forms. mist or atmosphere on the object. Near objects
by adding white or black.
- People see and perceive the world as a multitude of - Geometric shapes - these are triangles, are seen in detail with the full intensity of color
- Complementary Harmony - results when two
colors. rectangles, squares, cylinders, cubes. and as objects recede, details are lost and objects
colors that are opposite each other in the color
- the materials used by the artists possess appear grayer.
wheel are placed side by side. Sculpture and architecture are three-dimensional forms,
characteristics of color.
- Analogous harmony - results when hues that are which are identified either by mass or volume. Space in sculpture may be viewed in two ways: it may be
- Color adds beauty and meaning to all forms of art. The
adjacent or beside each other in the color wheel considered a single solid object or an assemblage of
world would be a gloomy place if it is devoid of color. When mass is structured or has a definite shape, it is said
is used in a composition. solids that exhibits space; or space may be perceived as
- Color is the property of light. So when light goes out, to have volume. The sculptor is concerned with volume
- Color temperature - refers to the relative it enters into relations with its surroundings－extending
color goes with it. because sculpture occupies space.
warmth or coolness of a color. Warm colors are into it, enveloping it, or relating across it.
Space in architecture is created and defined by the - Dynamics - is the loudness and softness of the sound b. Complication happens in the middle part of the - Set and Directors- should know the setting of the
shape, position, and the materials employed by the in music indicated by symbols to regulate the volume play which develops the conflict that was started story and build artificial sets.
architect. of the sound. in the exposition. - Music and Musical Director- Music is indispensable in
- pp pianissimo - very soft c. Resolution is also called the anticlimax or the part motion pictures. The musical director is in charge of
Movement- Over the years, artists of the visual arts have
- p piano - soft where conditions in the story are normalized and selecting, composing new songs, writing
manipulated the medium and elements in order to
- mp mezo piano - half soft the situation becomes stable. orchestration, preparing background music, creating
portray motion in their artworks. They have also
- ff fortissimo - very loud - Setting- Setting is the locale and period in which the musical scores and supervising all recording.
experimented on which techniques to employ to be able
- crescendo - gradually becoming louder story takes place. It includes the scenery, props and - Color- in the movies is an innovation in
to incorporate in their works the perception of
- decrescendo - gradually becoming softer costumes used in staging. It is the background of the cinematography. It costs twice as much as the black
movement.
play that informs the audience where and when the and white films. Most films are now shown in high
Elements of Dance
Two ways to present motion or movement in their art story will take place. definition (HD) color.
- Music plays an important role in the dance to which it - Characters- are the persons involved in the story. They - Make-up, Hair and Costume Design- these people are
- Actual movement - in art, specifically in sculptures may seem real to the audience depending on how the responsible for applying the specific type of make-up,
is closely related. It should be melodic and
results in kinetic art. Actual movements may be playwright structures the dialogues to make the hairstyle and costume to the actors before they face
harmonious and fits into the movements of the
achieved naturally using wind and water or characters come to life. Characters can be the the camera.
dance. Music motivates the dancers to move in tune
mechanically through some energy source (batteries protagonist or the antagonist. Protagonist is the - Sound, Camera and Special Effects Technicians-
with its rhythm. The background music of the dance
or electricity). character from which the story revolves around while Sound technicians are responsible for making the
functions to captivate the interest and awe of the
- Implied movement - results when a variety of lines the antagonist is the person who challenges the role dialogue clear and music of fine quality. They make
audience.
are used together, repeated, change in position, or of the protagonist. sure that there is no background noise. The use of
- Movement is how the dancers use their bodies to
decreased/increased in size. This gives the impression - Dialogue- refers to the words uttered by the cameras and the functions of the special effects
move and create organized patterns. Dancers also use
of movement in a stationary two-dimensional art. characters in the story. It what the characters use technician is indispensable in cinematography. They
gestures which express specific emotions or ideas in
Unit 4: Lesson 5 – Elements of Music sign language. when conversing with each other or when expressing decide on the use of masking, the choice of lens, the
- Choreography refers to how the steps and his thoughts and emotions. Dialogues let the audience camera angle and the control of camera movements.
Elements of Music movements are connected for it to be performed in know the kind of character that the actor is
Unit 4: Lesson 9 – Principles of Art
- Rhythm - is a movement or pattern with uniform an organized manner. The choreography guides the portraying. There are, however, plays with no
recurrence of accented and accented beat dancers’ movements for them to perform the dialogues. Pantomimes rely heavily on actions, Generally, the visual arts are made-up of three key
- Melody - is the succession of tones arranged in such a movement, convey the message and tell the story gestures, facial expression and sound effects. elements that are independent of each of their specific
way as to give it a musical sense. It may also refer to through body language. - Theme- is what the story means. It is how the elements. In the appreciation of the visual arts, these
the rising and falling of the tune in time. - Technique is the skill of the dancer in executing the individual elements are put together to give the story three elements present themselves as:
- Harmony - is the sounding of a series of groups of movements. A good dancer has complete control over significance and perspective. It relates something
about life that is presented in its totality. The theme - Form- refers to how specific elements in the artwork
tones in the same time. It may also refer to the the muscles of the body thus creating grace and
may be directly or indirectly stated. are organized to produce a unified whole. Form is
pleasing sound that is produced when two or more fluidity of movements.
further classified into:
notes are played together. Concordance results when - Theme is the content or the main ingredient of the
Unit 4: Lesson 7 – Elements of Theater • Primary Features. This is how the artwork
the combination of sounds are in agreement which dance. It tells what the dance is trying to convey. It has
appears to the viewers.Its physical attributes
makes it sound good while dissonance results when something to do with the message of the dance. Theater art is performed live. Its performance is
in terms of medium, color, texture and size.
the combination is not pleasant to hear. - Design is the planned organization or patterns of immediate and once performed cannot be undone. Its
movement in time and space. Pattern in time, is magic begins when the curtains are raised and the stage • Secondary Features. This is how the primary
- Timbre - is tonal quality or the character of the tone
provided by rhythm to be executed in space on a stage lights go on. features of the artwork relate to one another.
that is produced by an instrument or by the human
or dance floor. Particularly, this refers to balance, proportion,
voice. Timbre allows the listener to distinguish the Elements of Theater
- Costume. The type of dance performed and the unity and harmony that are used to create the
sound between a guitar and a violin for example. In
costumes worn relate closely to the customs, beliefs, whole composition.
the same way, people can be identified by their voices. - The Playwright’s- role is to work out the plot in terms
and environment of the people. Costumes enhance - Content- refers to the message the artist wants to
A man’s voice sounds different from a woman’s voice of the actual actions to be performed and dialogue to
the effect of the dance. convey through his art. The levels of content are:
and an old person’s voice is different from that of a be spoken by actors within the limited facilities of the
• Factual is the literal interpretation of the
child. stage.
Unit 4: Lesson 6 – Elements of Drama work, its images, attributes, actions and
- Form - is the structure or the framework of a - The Performers- are the ones who portray the
poses.
composition Drama - is basically one of the genres of literature that is characters in a play.
• Conventional level takes into consideration
a. Vocal Forms written primarily to be performed. The performance is - The Director- works with the playwright to present
the basic genres and the figurative meanings
- Opera is a drama set to music complete with done by actors on stage before a live audience. which is interpreted and translated into dramatic
usually indicated by familiar signs and
actions, costumes and scenery action.
Elements of Drama symbols and the quality of work.
- Cantata is a religious story told in music - Production Design- includes the scenery, props,
make-up, costumes, lights, music, sound and all other • Subjective level takes into consideration the
without actions - Plot- is the overall structure of the play. It is concerned
special effects used in a theater production. effect of form and content on the viewers of
- Moro-moro is a Philippine drama set to music about what the story is all about. Traditional plots
the art.
which depicts the conflict between the have a beginning, a middle, and an ending.The Plot
Unit 4: Lesson 8 – Elements of Cinema (Motion Picture) - Context- Context refers to the various circumstances
Christians and the Muslims. progresses through the following:
that influence how a work of art was produced and
b. Instrumental Forms a. Exposition is the part that familiarizes the - Acting and the Stars- Acting is the art of portraying or
interpreted. The two types of context are:
- Sonata is a long composition for solo audience with the characters and the situation impersonating a character in the story. A performer
• Primary context pertains to the characteristic
instruments (piano, Violin) they are in. during filming should embody the character he is
of the artist, his personality, beliefs, interests
- Symphony is a sonata for the orchestra portraying. The actor’s portrayal must be perfect and
and values.
complete.
 • Secondary context pertains to the setting. compositions that meet the requirements for a good
The historical period, time in which the work design.
was produced. Included here are the - Most artists today, however, do not use this rule, they
functions served by the art work, its religious opt for free flowing composition that is more of their
and philosophical conviction, socio political individual expression rather than of works limited or
and economical undertones, climate and bounded by basic rules.
geography.
The Rule of Thirds
Unit 4: Lesson 10 – Principles of Design
- The surface with two equally spaced vertical lines and
The principles of design describe the ways in which an two equally spaced horizontal lines.
artist has used or can use the elements of art to create - These lines divide the picture plane into nine equal
beautiful compositions. parts with four intersecting points.
- Based on studies, placing an object in one of the
- Balance- is the distribution of the visual weight of
intersecting points results in a pleasing composition.
objects, color, texture and space. The use of these
- Balance is achieved by placing another object at the
elements should be balanced to make the viewers see
point opposite the first one.
and feel design as stable. Three types of balance:
• Symmetrical balance results when the The Seven Da Vincian Principles
elements used on one side of the design are
Leonardo da Vinci was more than an artist. He was also
similar to those on the other side.
an architect, scientist, inventor, anatomist, geologist,
• Asymmetrical balance is when the sides of
historian and writer. Through the centuries, Da Vinci
the composition are different but still looked
influenced various areas in many disciplines. Based on
balanced.
the research conducted by Michael J. Gleb (born 1952),
• Radial balance is achieved when the
specifically, in his book “How to Think like Leonardo da
elements are arranged around a central point.
Vinci” (1998), da Vinci’s genius was based on 7 principles
Elements may exhibit similarities as they
which he called the seven da Vincian Principles.
spread around the central point.
- Emphasis- is the part of the design that catches the 1. Curiosita- is approaching life with a heightened level
viewer's attention. The artist will usually make one of wonder and continuous search to know and learn
area stand out by contrasting it with other areas. more.
- Movement- is the path the viewer's eye takes when 2. Dimostrazione- is the commitment to test knowledge
looking through the work of art. Such movement can and to persist in this task, which includes experiencing
be implied along lines edges, shape, and color within both success and failures in undertaking.
the work of art. 3. Sensazione- is experiencing life through refinement of
- Pattern- is the repetition of objects, shapes, lines, or the senses. For example, the eyes should do more
symbols all over the space or picture plane. than see, it should be able to distinguish between the
- Proportion- is the feeling of unity created when all beauty of various colors, note minute details and
parts relate well with each other. savor the physicality of everything the world has to
- Repetition- works with patterns to make the work offer.
seem active. The repetition of elements of design 4. Sfumato- literally translates to “going up in smoke”. It
creates unity within the artwork. is accepting life’s paradoxes and uncertainties. It is
- Rhythm- is created when one or more elements of knowing and realizing that not everything is cause and
design are used repeatedly to produce a feeling of effect and that events happen that even logic can
organized, continuous, sometimes flowing explain.
movement. To keep rhythm exciting and active, 5. Arte/Scienza- is finding a balance between art and
variety is important. science or logic and imagination. This relates to the
- Variety- is the use of several elements of design that concept of a whole brain thinking (not just the left and
adds interest in order to hold the viewer's attention right brain).
and guide the viewer’s eye through and around the 6. Corporalita- is taking care of one’s body. Ensuring that
work of art. healthy habits are practiced and sustained. A sound
- Unity- is the feeling of harmony between and among mind is usually the product of a sound body and vice
the parts of the work of art, which creates a feeling of versa.
completeness in the composition. 7. Connessione- is realizing that all things are
interconnected. It is discovering patterns in the way
Unit 4: Lesson 11 – The Rule of Thirds and the Seven Da
things work and how things and lives work out.
Vincian Principles
Interconnectedness is seeing how events in the past
- The Rule of Thirds is used by visual artists (painters, led to the present state of affairs. A clo ser study of
digital artists, and photographers) to create history would make one realize how events in the past
explains the present.