Blockchain and Web 3.

0 Security
Prof. Gazy Abbas
Cyber security trainer
 Unit - 4
Web 3.0 Integration
Evaluation of Web
The evolution of the web
can be divided into three
distinct stages: Web 1.0,
Web 2.0, and Web 3.0. Each
stage reflects significant
changes in the way users
interact with the internet and
how information is created,
shared, and consumed.
Introduction to Web 1.0
The era of Web 1.0 was roughly from 1991 to 2004. Web 1.0 refers to the first stage
of the World Wide Web evolution. Earlier, there were only a few content creators in
Web 1.0 with a huge majority of users who are consumers of content. Personal web
pages were common, consisting mainly of static pages hosted on ISP-run web
servers, or free web hosting services.
Characteristics of Web 1.0
Read-Only Content: Web 1.0 is often referred to as the "read-only web." It was
characterized by static web pages where users could view information but had
limited ability to interact with or modify the content.

Static HTML Pages: Websites were built using static HTML pages. Content
was manually updated by webmasters.
Limited Interactivity: User interaction was minimal. There were few options
for user-generated content, and interaction was mostly limited to filling out
forms or clicking hyperlinks.
Simple Web Design: Basic design with text and images, limited multimedia and
graphics
Web 1.0 Contd..
Web 1.0 Contd..
Web 1.0 Contd..
Introduction to Web 2.0
Web 2.0 refers to the second generation of the World Wide Web, which emphasizes
user-generated content, usability, and interoperability. Unlike its predecessor, Web
1.0, which was largely static and read-only, Web 2.0 is dynamic and interactive,
allowing users to participate in content creation and collaboration. The era of web 2.0
started from 2004.
Features of Web 2.0
1. User-Generated Content: Platforms like blogs, wikis, and social media allow
users to create, share, and manage content.

2. Rich User Experience: Web 2.0 sites use AJAX and other technologies to create
more interactive and responsive user interfaces.

3. Dynamic Content: Content is often updated in real-time, providing a more

engaging experience.

4. Social Networking: Emphasis on community building and social interactions

through platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.
Features of Web 2.0

5.Collaboration: Tools like Google Docs, Dropbox, and Trello allow for real-time
collaboration and sharing.

6. Tagging and Folksonomies: Users can tag content, making it easier to find and
categorize information.

7.API Integration: Many Web 2.0 applications provide APIs, enabling different
services to interact and share data.

8. Mobile-Friendly: The rise of smartphones and tablets led to the development of

responsive web design, making websites accessible on various devices.
Web 2.0 Use cases
1. Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter
allow users to share content, connect, and communicate.
Web 2.0 Use cases
2.Content Creation: Blogs (WordPress, Blogger), wikis (Wikipedia),
and video-sharing sites (YouTube) enable users to create and
distribute content.
3.E-commerce: Websites like Amazon and eBay provide dynamic
shopping experiences with user reviews, recommendations, and
real-time inventory updates.
4.Cloud Computing: Services like Google Drive, Dropbox, and AWS
provide cloud-based storage and computing resources.
5. Online Collaboration: Tools like Slack, Microsoft Teams, and
Zoom facilitate remote work and communication.
Advancements from Web 1.0
1. Interactivity: Web 2.0 introduced interactive elements, allowing
users to engage with content rather than passively consuming it.
Advancements from Web 1.0
2. User Participation: Unlike Web 1.0, where content was primarily
created by a few, Web 2.0 democratized content creation and
participation.

3. Rich Media: Enhanced support for multimedia content, including

audio, video, and interactive graphics.
4. Personalization: Algorithms and data analysis are used to tailor
content to individual user preferences.
5. Scalability and Performance: Improved server infrastructure and
content delivery networks (CDNs) allow for faster and more reliable
experiences.
Latest Technologies Used in web 2.0

1. AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML): Enhances user

experience by enabling asynchronous data exchange without
refreshing the page.

2. HTML5 and CSS3: Provide advanced capabilities for building

responsive and visually appealing websites.

3. JavaScript Frameworks: Frameworks like React, Angular, and Vue.js

facilitate the development of dynamic web applications.
Latest Technologies Used in web 2.0

4. APIs and Web Services: RESTful APIs and SOAP allow different web
services to interact and exchange data.

5. Social Media Integration: SDKs and APIs for integrating social

media features into websites.

6. Responsive Web Design: Techniques like media queries and

flexible grid layouts ensure compatibility across various devices and
screen sizes.
Latest Technologies Used in web 2.0

7. Content Management Systems (CMS): Platforms like WordPress,

Joomla, and Drupal simplify website management and content
publishing.

8. Security Enhancements: Web 2.0 has brought about stronger

security practices, including HTTPS, OAuth for authentication, and
more robust encryption methods.
Introduction to Web 3.0
Web 3.0 is the third generation of web technologies designed to enhance user
experience and functionality beyond the capabilities of Web 1.0 (the static web)
and Web 2.0 (the interactive and social web). Web 3.0, also known as the
"Semantic Web" or the "Decentralized Web," represents the next evolution of the
internet, aiming to create a more intelligent, interconnected, and decentralized
web environment.
Features of Web 3.0
1. Decentralization: Unlike Web 2.0, where data and services are managed by
central organizations (like Facebook), Web 3.0 uses decentralized networks. This
means data is spread across many computers rather than being stored in one
central place(like Mastodon. This reduces the risk of data manipulation or control
by a single entity.

2. Semantic Understanding: Web 3.0 employs technologies that enable

machines to better understand the context and meaning of data. This is done
through semantic web technologies, which use metadata and ontologies to help
computers interpret information more accurately. This leads to more intelligent
search results and recommendations.
Features of Web 3.0
3. User Empowerment and Data Ownership: In Web 3.0, users have
more control over their personal data. Instead of central companies owning and
managing your data, you can store and control your data using decentralized
networks. This means you decide how your data is shared and used.
user can manage their digital identity without relying on third-party organizations.
This gives us more privacy and control over who has access to your information.

4. Interoperability: Web 3.0 aims for different applications and services to

work together smoothly. By using open standards and protocols, it allows various
platforms to interact and share data efficiently, leading to a more connected web
experience.
Features of Web 3.0
5. Advanced Security: Web 3.0 uses advanced cryptographic techniques to
secure data and communications. This makes it harder for unauthorized parties to
access or tamper with information.
- Decentralized Security: With no central point of control, the security of data is
distributed across the network, reducing the risk of large-scale breaches.

6. Smart Contracts: Web 3.0 uses smart contracts—self-executing contracts

with terms written in code—to automate transactions and agreements. These
contracts run on blockchain networks and execute automatically when predefined
conditions are met, reducing the need for intermediaries.
Features of Web 3.0
7. New Economic Models: Web 3.0 introduces new ways of handling
transactions and rewards using digital tokens and cryptocurrencies. This allows for
direct, peer-to-peer transactions and new forms of value exchange without relying
on traditional financial systems.

8. Personalized and Intelligent User Experience: Web 3.0 leverages

artificial intelligence to provide more personalized and relevant user experiences.
This means websites and applications can better understand your preferences and
tailor their content and interactions accordingly.
Web 3.0 Use cases
1. Decentralized Finance (DeFi): Financial services and products
operate on decentralized networks, allowing for peer-to-peer
transactions without intermediaries like banks.
- Examples:
- Uniswap: A decentralized exchange for trading cryptocurrencies.
- Aave: A platform for lending and borrowing digital assets.

2. Digital Identity and Privacy: Users control their digital

identities and personal data, enhancing privacy and reducing the
risk of identity theft.
- Examples:
- SelfKey: A platform for managing digital identities securely.
- uPort: An identity management system that allows users to control their
personal data.
Web 3.0 Use cases
3. Decentralized Storage: Data is stored across a distributed
network, improving security and reducing reliance on central
servers.
- Examples:
- IPFS: A decentralized file storage and sharing system.
- Filecoin: A network for decentralized storage where users can buy and sell
storage space.
4. Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs): Unique digital assets are created,
owned, and traded on blockchain networks, representing
ownership of digital or physical items.
- Examples:
- OpenSea: A marketplace for buying and selling NFTs.
- CryptoKitties: A game where players collect and trade digital cats as NFTs.
Web 3.0 Use cases
5. Decentralized Applications (dApps): Applications that run on
decentralized networks, offering various services and functionalities
without central control.
- Examples:
- Brave Browser: A web browser that rewards users with cryptocurrency for
viewing ads.
- Augur: A decentralized prediction market platform.

6. Supply Chain Management: Enhancing the transparency and

traceability of products across the supply chain using blockchain
technology.
- Examples:
- VeChain: A platform that uses blockchain to improve supply chain logistics.
- IBM Food Trust: A blockchain solution for tracking food.
Web 3.0 Use cases
7. Governance and Voting: Using blockchain to facilitate transparent,
secure, and tamper-proof voting and governance systems.
- Examples:
- Aragon: A platform for creating and managing decentralized autonomous
organizations (DAOs).
- Follow My Vote: A secure online voting platform based on blockchain technology.

8. Decentralized Content Distribution: Distributing content through

decentralized networks, reducing reliance on central servers and
improving content availability.
- Examples:
- Steemit: A decentralized social media platform where users earn cryptocurrency
for content creation.
- DTube: A decentralized video-sharing platform.
Web 1.0 vs 2.0 vs 3.0
 Section - 2
Blockchain in Web 3.0
Blockchain Contribution in Web 3.0
Blockchain is a game-changer for Web3 due to its transformative features that
address the limitations of the current internet (Web 2.0) and enable a more
decentralized, secure, and user-centric web. Here’s how blockchain revolutionizes
Web 3.0:

• Decentralization: Blockchain eliminates centralized control, fostering a

democratized and resilient internet.
• Transparency and Trust: Immutable and verifiable records build trust and
ensure accountability.
• Security and Privacy: Enhanced data security and privacy through
cryptographic techniques and decentralized storage.
• Smart Contracts and Automation: Automated, trustless transactions via
self-executing smart contracts.
Blockchain Contribution in Web 3.0
• Tokenization and Incentives: New economic models and monetization
strategies through digital tokens.
• Interoperability and Integration: Seamless connectivity and interaction
between decentralized applications.
• Empowerment of Users: Users gain ownership and control over their data and
digital identities.
• Disintermediation: Reduction of middlemen, lowering transaction costs and
increasing efficiency.
Decentralized applications (DApps)
A centralized app has a single owner. The
application software for a centralized app
resides on one or more servers controlled by
the owner. Users interact with the app by
downloading a copy of the app and then
sending and receiving data back and forth
from the company's server.

Decentralized applications (DApps) are digital

applications or programs that run on a
blockchain or peer-to-peer network of
computers instead of a single computer. They
operate autonomously, are open-source, and
typically have no central point of failure.
Components of DApps
Here's a breakdown of all components:
Frontend Interface: Similar to traditional apps, DApps have a frontend interface that
interacts with users.
User Interface (UI)

HTML/CSS: The structure and styling of the dApp's frontend are built using standard
web technologies like HTML and CSS. These define the layout, design, and overall
look of the dApp.

JavaScript: JavaScript, often along with modern frameworks like React.js, Vue.js, or
Angular, is used to create a dynamic and responsive UI.
Components of DApps
Web3.js or Ethers.js

Web3.js or Ethers.js are libraries used in the frontend to interact with the Ethereum
blockchain (or other compatible blockchains). These libraries allow the dApp to read
from and write to the blockchain, such as executing smart contracts, fetching data,
or sending transactions.

Example: When a user clicks a button to send a transaction, Web3.js or Ethers.js

handles the connection to the user's wallet and communicates with the blockchain
to process the transaction.
Components of DApps
The backend of a decentralized application (dApp) differs significantly from
traditional applications because much of its logic and data handling occurs on the
blockchain rather than on centralized servers. Here's a brief overview of how the
backend of a dApp works:

Smart Contracts:
Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement
directly written into code. They are deployed on the blockchain and form the core
logic of a dApp’s backend. All critical operations, such as transferring assets,
executing transactions, or managing user interactions, are handled by smart
contracts.
Immutability: Once deployed, smart contracts cannot be altered. This ensures that
the rules and logic are consistently enforced, but it also requires careful design and
testing before deployment to avoid bugs and vulnerabilities.
Components of DApps
Example: In a decentralized finance (DeFi) dApp, a smart contract might handle
lending and borrowing, calculating interest, and ensuring that all transactions follow
the predefined rules.

Blockchain Interaction:

Data Storage: Data directly related to the application’s functionality, such as token
balances, user transactions, or smart contract states, is stored on the blockchain.
This data is accessible to all nodes in the network, ensuring transparency and
security.
State Changes: Any interaction that changes the state of the dApp, such as
transferring tokens or updating a smart contract, is recorded on the blockchain as a
transaction. These transactions are validated by the network and added to the
blockchain’s immutable ledger.
Applications of DApps
DApps can be used in various sectors, offering unique benefits:

Finance (DeFi): Decentralized finance applications provide services like lending,

borrowing, and trading without intermediaries. Examples include Uniswap (a
decentralized exchange) and Aave (a lending platform).

Gaming: Blockchain-based games offer true ownership of in-game assets through

NFTs (non-fungible tokens). Examples include Axie Infinity and Decentraland.

Social Media: Platforms like Steemit and Minds reward users for content creation
and engagement using cryptocurrency.
Applications of DApps

Supply Chain: DApps can enhance transparency and traceability in supply chains.
For example, VeChain tracks products from production to delivery.

Governance: DApps enable decentralized decision-making processes for

organizations, as seen in DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) like
MakerDAO.
Platforms to Create DApps
Several platforms support the development of DApps, providing necessary tools
and infrastructure:
Ethereum: The most popular platform for DApps, Ethereum offers a robust
ecosystem and the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) to execute smart contracts.
Binance Smart Chain (BSC): A high-performance blockchain with low fees,
compatible with Ethereum's EVM.
Solana: Known for its high throughput and low latency, Solana is suitable for
DApps requiring fast transactions.
Polkadot: Enables interoperability between different blockchains, allowing DApps
to leverage multiple chains' capabilities.
Tron: Focuses on high scalability and low transaction costs, popular for
entertainment and content-sharing DApps.
Some common DApps
• Search Engine DApp
Presearch is a decentralized search engine that rewards users with PRE
tokens for conducting searches. It prioritizes privacy and user control
over data by offering a community-driven search experience.

• Email DApp
Dmail is a decentralized email service leveraging blockchain technology
to enhance privacy and security in email communications.

• Social Media DApp:

Steemit is a blockchain-based social media platform where users can
earn cryptocurrency rewards (STEEM) for creating and curating content.
Some common DApps
• File Storage DApp:
Filecoin is a decentralized file storage network that allows users to rent out
their unused storage space and earn FIL tokens in return. It operates on a
blockchain-based protocol, enabling secure and decentralized storage solutions.

• Decentralized Finance (DeFi) DApp

Compound is a decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol built on the
Ethereum lockchain that enables users to lend and borrow cryptocurrencies.

• Gaming DApp
Axie Infinity Infinity is a blockchain-based game where players collect, breed,
and battle fantasy creatures called Axies.
Use cases of integrating blockchain with web 3
Secure Online Payments:
Blockchain enables secure and efficient online payments without
intermediaries, Enhancing security and lower transaction costs for online
transactions.

Supply Chain Management:

Blockchain tracks products throughout the supply chain, ensuring transparency
which Improves transparency and traceability in the supply chain, enabling
better quality control and recall management.
Use cases of integrating blockchain with web 3
Identity Verification and Authentication:
Blockchain-based identity solutions provide decentralized verification,Which
Increases privacy and reduced risk of identity theft through decentralized
identity solutions.

Digital Rights Management (DRM):

Blockchain manages digital rights and licenses for various content types, which
results in Immutable ownership records and secure distribution of digital
content, ensuring fair compensation for creators.

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs):

DAOs are governed by smart contracts on the blockchain which leads
Decentralized governance and streamlined decision-making processes, fosters
global participation and reduces bureaucracy.
END
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