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Computer Network - 20Jan-A

The document outlines key network components including physical media, interconnecting devices, and computers, detailing their roles in data transmission and connectivity. It also explains the OSI reference model, which consists of seven layers that facilitate communication between different systems, with specific functions assigned to each layer. The document emphasizes the importance of both hardware and software layers in ensuring effective network communication.

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valadevang071
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12 views28 pages

Computer Network - 20Jan-A

The document outlines key network components including physical media, interconnecting devices, and computers, detailing their roles in data transmission and connectivity. It also explains the OSI reference model, which consists of seven layers that facilitate communication between different systems, with specific functions assigned to each layer. The document emphasizes the importance of both hardware and software layers in ensuring effective network communication.

Uploaded by

valadevang071
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Components

Physical Media
Interconnecting Devices
Computers
Networking Software
Network Components: Physical media
- pathways through which data travels within a network

- by which signals (data) are sent from one computer to another (either by
cable or wireless)
Example: twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cable, radio waves,
microwaves, and infrared.
Network Components: Interconnecting Devices
- hardware components that connect different devices in a network and
manage data flow across the network

- HUB, Switches, Routers, Wireless Access Points, Modems etc.


Switches: Switches connect devices within a local area network (LAN).
-use MAC address of the device

Routers: are devices that connect different networks, such as a local area network
(LAN) to the internet or between two different LANs
- Determine the best path for data to travel between networks
through IP addresses
Hubs: - basic networking device that connects multiple devices within a
network.
It broadcasts data to all connected devices
Hub vs Switch , Hub Vs Router
Hub: broadcasts data to all devices Switch: sending data only to the intended device

Hub: connects devices within a single network Router: connects different networks
Network Components: Access Points (APs)
Access points allow wireless devices to connect to a wired network

- provide Wi-Fi connectivity for devices like laptops and smartphones.


Network Components:Computers
-can work as both a server and a client.

S- manages and stores data, and responds to client requests by


providing access to files, applications, and other network services.

C- requests and uses the services provided by a server.

C- depend on servers to access resources


OSI Reference Model
● Open Systems Interconnection
● deals with open systems
● In 1984, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model was approved as an international
standard for communications architecture
● Contains seven layers
OSI Model
In the OSI model, the first layer is the Physical layer.

Layers 1-3: Related to Hardware Layers


Layers: 5-7: Related to Software Layers
Layer 4: Known as the Heart of the OSI Model
The Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, and
Network Layer are the responsibility of the network.

Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer,

and Application Layer are the responsibility of the host.


Each OSI layer communicates with:

● The layer above


● The layer below
● Its peer layer in other systems

Each layer communicates with the same layer’s software


or hardware on other computers.
Purpose

Facilitates communication between different systems


No changes required in underlying hardware or software
Functions of the OSI layers: Physical layer
- sends data bits from one device to another over the network using a
transmission medium
- convert 0's and 1's (digital data)
into signals that can be transmitted
over physical media
- Data rate/transmission rate
- transmission mode
- physical topology
Functions of the OSI layers: Data link layer
The data link layer takes packets from the network layer, breaks them into frames, and sends
those frames bit by bit to the underlying physical layer

The data link layer helps transfer data/frames between two devices on the same
network.

-also responsible for flow control and error control in intra-network communication
-also responsible for physical addressing
add a header to the frame
Functions of the OSI layers: Network layer
- responsible for the delivery of a packet from the source to the
destination (Host-to-Host)

If two systems are directly connected on the same link, the Network
Layer is generally not needed for communication
- Logical Addressing: which is used to identify devices on the internet.
-Routing: which path from source to destination is most appropriate.

Protocol: Internet Protocol (IP)


Transport layer
-provide the communication services directly to the application processes
- responsible for process-to-process delivery (end-to-end) within the entire
system.

The Transport Layer ensures that the entire message is delivered to the correct
process/program/application running on that computer (process-to-process delivery).
Service point addressing:
by adding a header containing the port address of the source and destination.

Segmentation and Reassembly

Flow control and error control


Session layer
- to establish, manage, and maintain connections between systems for data
sharing

- Establishes, maintains, and ends ..sessions across all communication


channels
- Checks authenticity and provides recovery options for active sessions in
case of a network error

- Manages sessions
Dialog management and synchronization are also important responsibilities of the
Session Layer.

Protocol:

Remote Procedure Call (RPC)


Presentation layer
Acts as the translator of the network.

Handles the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between


two communicating systems.

Protocols for the presentation layer:


FTP, Telnet, SSH …
Functions:

Translation

Encryption and decryption

Compression
Application layer
-topmost layer
-Facilitates interaction with network services
-it provides services to the user
The application layer programs are based on client and servers.
Functions:

Resource sharing, Remote file access, mail services….

Protocols:
HTTP- for web browsing,
FTP- for file transfers,
SMTP- for email services,
OSI model considered a protocol-independent standard
- conceptual framework that defines how data should travel from
one device to another over a network
- like a blueprint

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