Lab Report - 2 - K M Rodshi Ador - 242016005
Lab Report - 2 - K M Rodshi Ador - 242016005
Submitted To:
AOM Shamsuddoha
Lecturer,
Department of E.E.E.,
University of Liberal Arts,
Bangladesh.
OBJECTIVE:
THEORY:
If the resistors in a circuit are connected such that the end of one resistor is connected to the
beginning of the next resistor, it is called a series circuit. In a series circuit, all components are
connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. The equivalent resistance of
resistors connected in series equals the summation of the resistance of each resistor. But the
supplied voltage is divided across the resistors. The equivalent resistance of a series circuit is
given by
RS = R1 + R2 + R3
If the resistors in a circuit are connected such that the start and end of the resistors is connected
to the same point, it is called a parallel circuit. In a parallel circuit, all components are connected
in same point, forming different path for current flow. But the supplied voltage remain same
across the resistors. The equivalent resistance of a parallel circuit is given by
1 = 1 + 1 + 1
Rp R1 R2 R3
APPARATUS:
• Resistances:
• Multimeter as Voltmeter
• Ammeter
• DC power supply
• Bread Board
• Wires
PROCEDURE:
Series Combination:
i. Take three resistors and measure their values using a multi-meter. The resistances are R1, R2
and R3.
ii. Arrange the resistors on the breadboard as shown in the provided figure 1.
iii. Calculate the parallel equivalent resistance Rp.
iv. Activate the power supply and initially measure the current at 5 volts. Subsequently, measure
the current at 10 volts using the same method. Tabulate the measurements in Table 1.
v. Construct the circuit as shown in figure 2 with a resistor of almost same value of Rs = 9.85Ω.
Measure the voltage and current. Tabulate the results.
s
Parallel Combination:
i. Take two resistors and measure their values using a multi-meter. The resistances are R1, R2.
ii. Arrange the resistors on the breadboard as shown in the provided figure 3.
iv. Activate the power supply and initially measure the current at 5 volts. Subsequently, measure
the current at 10 volts using the same method. Tabulate the measurements in Table 3.
v. Construct the circuit as shown in figure 4 with a resistor of almost same value of Rp. Measure
the voltage and current. Tabulate your results in table 4.
Series Combination:
R1 = 2.009 kΩ, R2 = 4.74 kΩ, R3 = 3.27 kΩ.
No. of Vs I Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
Observation (Volt) (Amp) (Ω)
1 5 0.49 10.019
2 10 0.99 10.019
Table - 1
No. of Vs Rs I
Observation (Volt) (kΩ) (mA)
1 5 9.85 0.5
2 10 9.85 1.01
Table - 2
Parallel Combination:
No. of Observation Vs I 1 1 1
= +
(Volt) (mA) R
p
R
1
R
2
(kΩ)
1 5 4.98 0.992
2 10 9.90 0.992
Table - 3
No. of Vs Rp I
Observation (Volt) (kΩ) (mA)
1 5 0.979 5
2 10 0.979 9.98
Table - 4
Result Analysis:
For the series connection, the difference between the current values in Table 1 and
Table 2 is very insignificant. According to both tables, the calculated error values are
2% for 5 volts and 1.98% for 10 volts. Similarly, in the case of the parallel connection
(in Table 3 and Table 4), the error rate is 0.4% for 5 volts and 0.9% for 10 volts. These
error values are minimal. This demonstrates that the data have high accuracy in both
connection systems.
Discussion:
From the above experiment, it is evident that the value of the expected current for a series
resistor configuration almost matches the current when the equivalent resistor (Rs) is replaced
in the series. Similarly, the current value in two resistors in parallel is almost the same as when
a single resistor, Req (Rp) is used instead of the parallel configuration. This indicates that our
data is approximately accurate.
However, our results show that the current should be the same with three resistors in series and
with a single equivalent resistor, Req (Rs). Yet, some irrelevancies were observed. These
inconsistencies can be seen because the resistors do not always provide the desired values,
which affects the current readings. Additionally, the supplied voltage was not exactly constant,
for which there was variations in the results. Despite these errors, Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 show
that most of the values are well as per Ohm’s law. The small variations are seen which
acceptable as experimental error margins.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the objective of studying equivalent resistance and its
application has been achieved.