2.(h) Discuss the concept of multithreading in Java.

Explain the advantages and

challenges of multithreading?
Multithreading in Java allows concurrent execution of multiple threads within a program,
maximizing CPU utilization. Each thread represents a lightweight process, and they can be
created using two mechanisms:
1. Extending the Thread class:
o Create a class that extends java.lang.Thread.
o Override the run() method within this class.
o A thread begins its life inside the run() method.
o Instantiate an object of the new class and call the start() method to initiate
thread execution.
o The start() method invokes the run() method on the thread object1.

Example:

Java

class MultithreadingDemo extends Thread {

public void run() {
try {
System.out.println("Thread " +
Thread.currentThread().getId() + " is running");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception is caught");
}
}
}

public class Multithread {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int n = 8;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
MultithreadingDemo object = new MultithreadingDemo();
object.start();
}
}
}

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully. More info on FAQ.

2. Implementing the Runnable Interface:

o Create a new class that implements java.lang.Runnable.
o Override the run() method in this class.
o Instantiate a Thread object and call the start() method on it.
o This approach allows your class to extend other base classes since Java doesn’t
support multiple inheritance.
o Using Runnable provides an object that can be shared among multiple threads1.

Example:
 Java

class MultithreadingDemo implements Runnable {

public void run() {
try {
System.out.println("Thread " +
Thread.currentThread().getId() + " is running");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception is caught");
}
}
}

public class Multithread {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int n = 8;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
Thread object = new Thread(new MultithreadingDemo());
object.start();
}
}
}

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully. More info on FAQ.

Advantages of Multithreading in Java:

1. Enhanced Performance:
o Multithreading allows concurrent execution, improving responsiveness and
performance.
o Dividing a large task into multiple threads enables faster execution by
parallelizing workloads2.
2. Simplified Coding:
o Multithreading simplifies program coding by breaking down complex tasks into
smaller threads.
o It streamlines development and maintenance efforts3.
3. Improved GUI Responsiveness:
o Multithreading ensures that the user interface remains responsive even during
resource-intensive operations4.

Challenges of Multithreading:

1. Increased Complexity:
o Multithreaded programs can be harder to understand, design, and maintain.
o Dealing with shared resources, synchronization, and deadlocks adds complexity

2(i) Compare and contrast the Thread class and the Runnable interface for
creating threads in Java?
1. Thread Class:
 o Definition: The Thread class is a built-in class in Java that allows you to create
and manage threads.
o Usage:
▪ To create a thread by extending the Thread class, you need to create a
subclass that overrides the run() method.
▪ An instance of this subclass can then be allocated and started using
the start() method.
o Methods:
▪ The Thread class provides multiple methods, including start() (to
begin thread execution) and run() (where the actual thread logic
resides).
o Memory:
▪ Creating a thread by extending Thread requires more memory because
each thread creates a unique object associated with it.
o Limitation:
▪ Due to Java’s single inheritance constraint, if a class extends Thread, it
cannot extend any other class1.

Example of creating a thread using the Thread class:

Java

class DemoThread extends Thread {

public void run() {
// Your thread logic here
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
DemoThread t1 = new DemoThread();
t1.start();
}
}

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully. More info on FAQ.

2. Runnable Interface:
o Definition: The Runnable interface represents a task that can be executed by a
thread.
o Usage:
▪ To create a thread by implementing the Runnable interface, you declare
a class that implements the run() method.
▪ An instance of this class can then be allocated, passed as an argument
when creating a Thread, and started.
o Methods:
▪ The Runnable interface has only one abstract method: run().
o Memory:
▪ Creating a thread using Runnable requires less memory because
multiple threads can share the same objects.
o Advantages:
 ▪ Implementing Runnable promotes better object-oriented design,
reusability, and resource sharing.
▪ It allows your class to be more flexible—you can run it in a thread, pass it
to an executor service, or use it within a single-threaded application2.

Example of creating a thread using the Runnable interface:

Java

class DemoRunnable implements Runnable {

public void run() {
// Your thread logic here
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
DemoRunnable runnable = new DemoRunnable();
Thread t2 = new Thread(runnable);
t2.start();
}
}

AI-generated code. Review and use carefully. More info on FAQ.

while both approaches allow thread creation, implementing Runnable is generally preferred due
to its flexibility and better adherence to object-oriented principles. It allows you to separate
thread logic from the class itself, making your code more maintainable and extensible

2.(j) Explain the AWT class hierarchy in Java and discuss the role of different
container classes?
The AWT class hierarchy in Java and understand the roles of different container classes.

AWT Class Hierarchy:

The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) in Java provides a set of classes and components for
creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs) or window-based applications. Here are the key
components of the AWT class hierarchy:
1. Components:
o Components represent individual GUI elements such as buttons, labels, text
fields, checkboxes, and more.
o These components are heavy and platform-dependent, meaning their appearance
varies based on the operating system.
o Some commonly used AWT components
include Button, TextField, Label, TextArea, RadioButton, CheckBox, Choic
e, and List1.
2. Containers:
o Containers are higher-level components that can hold other components.
o They provide a way to organize and group components within an application.
 o The classes that extend the Container class are known as containers.
o Let’s explore the different types of containers:
o Window:
▪ Represents a top-level container that acts as a graphical window or dialog
box.
▪ Windows have no borders or menu bars directly; you typically
use Frame, Dialog, or another window to create them.
▪ An instance of the Window class creates this container1.
o Panel:
▪ A lightweight container that doesn’t have a title bar, border, or menu bar.
▪ Used for holding other components like buttons, text fields, etc.
▪ Panels are generic containers for organizing components within an
application1.
o Frame:
▪ A container that contains a title bar, border, and can have menu bars.
▪ Widely used for developing AWT applications.
▪ You can add other components like buttons, text fields, and scrollbars to
a Frame1.
o Dialog:
▪ Represents a temporary window created by an application to retrieve user
input.
▪ Dialog boxes are modal, meaning they block interaction with other
windows until closed.
▪ Useful for displaying messages, alerts, or custom input forms1.
3. Layout Managers:
o Layout managers are responsible for arranging components within containers.
o They determine how components are positioned and sized.
o Common layout managers include BorderLayout, FlowLayout, and others1.

Role of Containers:
• Window: Represents the top-level window or dialog box. It provides a canvas for other
components and is essential for creating standalone applications.
• Panel: Acts as a lightweight container for organizing components. It doesn’t have a title
bar or border, making it suitable for grouping related elements.
• Frame: A heavyweight container with a title bar and border. It’s commonly used for
building application windows.
• Dialog: Used for temporary interactions with the user, such as input prompts or alerts.

the AWT class hierarchy includes components, containers, and layout managers, allowing
developers to create platform-independent GUIs in Java

2.(k) Write a Java program that demonstrates the use of adapter classes in event
handling?
Adapter classes in Java provide default implementations for listener interfaces, allowing you to
avoid implementing all the methods of those interfaces. They are particularly useful when you
want to work with unrelated classes or need to increase class transparency and reusability1.
Let’s create two examples—one using the WindowAdapter class and another using
the MouseAdapter class:
1. Java WindowAdapter Example:
 o In this example, we’ll use the WindowAdapter class to handle window events.
Specifically, we’ll override the windowClosing() method to close the frame
window when the user clicks the close button.

Java

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class AdapterExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new AdapterExample();
}

public AdapterExample() {
Frame f = new Frame("Window Adapter");
f.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
f.dispose(); // Close the frame
}
});
f.setSize(400, 400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}

Output: When you run this program, a frame titled “Window Adapter” will appear. When
you click the close button, the frame will be disposed of and closed.
2. Java MouseAdapter Example:
o In this example, we’ll use the MouseAdapter class to handle mouse events. We’ll
override the mouseClicked() method to display a message when the user clicks
the mouse inside the frame.

Java

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class MouseAdapterExample extends MouseAdapter {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new MouseAdapterExample();
}

public MouseAdapterExample() {
Frame f = new Frame("Mouse Adapter");
f.addMouseListener(this); // Add MouseListener to the frame
f.setSize(300, 300);
 f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}

public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {

Graphics g = f.getGraphics(); // Get the Graphics object
g.drawString("Mouse clicked at (" + e.getX() + ", " +
e.getY() + ")", e.getX(), e.getY());
}
}

Output: When you run this program, a frame titled “Mouse Adapter” will appear. Click
anywhere inside the frame, and it will display the coordinates of the mouse click.

2.(l) Write a simple Swing program that includes a JButton, a JLabel. and a
JTextField?
simple Java Swing program that includes a JButton, a JLabel, and a JTextField. The
program creates a basic window with these components:
Java
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class SwingExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a JFrame (window)
JFrame frame = new JFrame("Swing Example");
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.setSize(300, 150);

// Create a JLabel
JLabel label = new JLabel("Enter your name:");
label.setBounds(20, 20, 100, 20);

// Create a JTextField
JTextField textField = new JTextField();
textField.setBounds(130, 20, 150, 20);

// Create a JButton
JButton button = new JButton("Submit");
button.setBounds(130, 60, 80, 30);

// Add components to the frame

frame.add(label);
frame.add(textField);
frame.add(button);
 // Set layout to null (for manual component placement)
frame.setLayout(null);

// Make the frame visible

frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

In this program:

• We create a JFrame (window) with a title.

• We add a JLabel to display the text “Enter your name:”.
• We add a JTextField for user input.
• We add a JButton labeled “Submit”.

Q.3 Discuss the significance of constructors and methods in Java. Develop a

Java class that includes constructors with different parameters and methods
thatperform user-specific tasks.
1. Constructors:
o A constructor in Java is a special method used to initialize objects.
o It is called when an instance (object) of a class is created.
o Constructors can be used to set initial values for object attributes.
o Every time an object is created using the new keyword, at least one constructor is
called.
o If you don’t explicitly write a constructor for a class, Java provides a default
constructor (with no arguments) for you1.
o Constructors are essential for the following reasons:
▪ Object Initialization: Constructors assign values to class variables during
object creation. Without constructors, objects would lack initial values.
▪ Memory Allocation: When an object is created, memory is allocated for it.
Constructors handle this memory allocation.
▪ Custom Initialization Logic: Constructors allow you to perform custom
initialization tasks (e.g., setting default values, connecting to databases,
etc.).
2. Methods:
o Methods in Java are blocks of code that perform specific tasks.
o They are defined within a class and can be called to execute their functionality.
o Methods can have parameters and return values (or be void if they don’t return
anything).
o Unlike constructors, methods can be called multiple times on existing objects.
o Common uses of methods:
▪ Modularity: Methods break down complex tasks into smaller,
manageable pieces.
▪ Reusability: Methods can be reused across different parts of your
program.
▪ Abstraction: Methods allow you to hide implementation details and
provide a clean interface for interacting with objects.

Let’s create a simple Java class called Person that includes constructors with different
parameters and methods to perform user-specific tasks. In this example, we’ll define
constructors for setting the person’s name and age, as well as a method to display their
information.
Java
class Person {
private String name;
private int age;

// Constructor with no arguments (default constructor)

public Person() {
name = "Unknown";
age = 0;
}

// Constructor with name parameter

public Person(String name) {
this.name = name;
age = 0; // Default age
}

// Constructor with both name and age parameters

public Person(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

// Method to display person details

public void displayInfo() {
System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
}

// Other methods can be added here (e.g., setAge, setName, etc.)

}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create person objects using different constructors
Person person1 = new Person();
Person person2 = new Person("Alice");
Person person3 = new Person("Bob", 30);

// Display information
person1.displayInfo();
person2.displayInfo();
person3.displayInfo();
}
}

In this example:
 • We define three constructors with different parameters (no arguments, name, and name
+ age).
• The displayInfo() method displays the person’s details.
• You can create Person objects using any of the constructors based on your
requirements.

Q.4 Write Java code that demonstrates the usage of method overloading,
method overriding, and dynamic method dispatch?
1. Method Overloading:
o Method overloading allows defining multiple methods with the same name in a
class, but with different parameters (number or types of parameters).
o The compiler determines which method to call based on the arguments provided
during the method invocation.
o Example of method overloading:

Java

class Calculator {
public int add(int num1, int num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}

public double add(double num1, double num2) {

return num1 + num2;
}
}

2. Method Overriding:
o Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation
for a method that is already defined in its superclass.
o The method signature (name and parameters) must be the same in both the
superclass and the subclass.
o Example of method overriding:

Java

class Animal {
void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
 }

3. Dynamic Method Dispatch (Runtime Polymorphism):

o Dynamic method dispatch allows resolving overridden methods at runtime based
on the actual type of the object.
o When an overridden method is called through a superclass reference, Java
determines which version (superclass or subclass) of that method to execute.
o Example of dynamic method dispatch:

Java

class Shape {
void display() {
System.out.println("I am in the Shape class");
}
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {

void display() {
System.out.println("I am in the Rectangle class");
}
}

class Triangle extends Shape {

void display() {
System.out.println("I am in the Triangle class");
}
}

public class Dispatch {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Shape shape1 = new Rectangle();
Shape shape2 = new Triangle();

shape1.display(); // Calls Rectangle's version of display()

shape2.display(); // Calls Triangle's version of display()
}
}

Output:
I am in the Rectangle class
I am in the Triangle class

Method overloading allows defining multiple methods with the same name but different
parameters, method overriding provides specific implementations in subclasses, and
dynamic method dispatch enables runtime polymorphism by determining the method to
execute based on the actual object type.
 Q.5 Implement a comprehensive Java application that utilizes AWT controls to create

an interactive user interface. Include various components such as buttons, labels,

text fields, and menus?

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class InteractiveUIExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a frame (window)
Frame frame = new Frame("Interactive UI Example");
frame.setSize(400, 300);

// Create components
Label label = new Label("Enter your name:");
TextField textField = new TextField();
Button submitButton = new Button("Submit");

// Create a menu bar

MenuBar menuBar = new MenuBar();
Menu fileMenu = new Menu("File");
MenuItem openItem = new MenuItem("Open");
MenuItem saveItem = new MenuItem("Save");
fileMenu.add(openItem);
fileMenu.add(saveItem);
menuBar.add(fileMenu);

// Add components to the frame

frame.add(label, BorderLayout.NORTH);
frame.add(textField, BorderLayout.CENTER);
frame.add(submitButton, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
frame.setMenuBar(menuBar);

// Set layout manager (optional)

frame.setLayout(new BorderLayout());

// Make the frame visible

frame.setVisible(true);

// Add action listener for the submit button

submitButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
String name = textField.getText();
System.out.println("Hello, " + name + "!");
}
});
}}
In this example:

• We create a frame (window) with a label, a text field, a submit button, and a menu bar.
• The submit button has an action listener that responds when clicked.
• You can further enhance this UI by adding more components and functionality.