Name: Marcela Melo Cid ID: 3010819

Course: contemporary world Teacher: Carlos Federico Campus Rivas

Module: 1. Crisis of modern states Activity: exercise 3: revolution of thought

Date: 31/08/2023
Bibliografy:
Equipo editorial, Etecé. (2023). Revolución científica: historia, características y consecuencias.

Enciclopedia Humanidades. https://humanidades.com/revolucion-cientifica/

colaboradores de Wikipedia. (2023). Johannes Kepler. Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre.

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler.

Nacional, E. C. (2017). La revolución científica y el origen de la ciencia. El Colegio Nacional.

https://colnal.mx/noticias/la-revolucion-cientifica-y-el-origen-de-la-

ciencia/#:~:text=Fue%20a%20mediados%20del%20siglo,%C3%A9pocas%20caracter%C3%ADsticas%20

del%20progreso%20cient%C3%ADfico.

Wikipedia contributors. (2023). Age of enlightenment. Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment#:~:text=The%20Enlighten

ment%20included%20a%20range,separation%20of%20church%20and%20state.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2009, 4 marzo). Enlightened Despotism |

Definition, Examples, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/enlightened-despotism.

1. Create a table to explain the characteristics and dates related to the

following historical events:
HISTORICAL EVENT CHARACTERISTICS DATES
The scientific - Propose new ways of Traditionally it is assumed
revolution understanding reality, that it began with the
through reason, Copernican revolution
knowledge, and (started in 1543) and
demonstration. was completed in 1687
- Overthrow old beliefs, with Isaac Newton's
such as that the Earth "great synthesis",
was the center of the embodied in his
universe. masterpiece, the
- Propose the scientific Principia Matematicae.
research method.
- Replace the Aristotelian
logic around the cosmos
by the knowledge
acquired through
observation and
experimentation.
- Create institutions to
value scientific research.
- Develop important
advances in
mathematics that
impacted various
disciplines, such as
physics, astronomy, and
chemistry.
- Propose paradigm
changes, such as the
ideas of Nicolás
Copernicus about the
Sun as the center of the
cosmos.
The enlightenment The Enlightenment included a At the end of the 17th
range of ideas centered on the century and the
value of human happiness, the beginning of the 18th
pursuit of knowledge obtained century, most of the
through reason and the values, characteristics
evidence of the senses, and and basic concepts of
ideals such as natural law, the Enlightenment were
liberty, progress, tolerance, engendered, although
Fraternity, Constitutional in relation and
Government, and the polemical with those of
Separation of Church and State. the 17th century.
Enlightened - They maintained their Enlightened despotism,
despotism absolute power through also called benevolent
 centralised governments despotism, form of
that implemented their government in the 18th
policies. century in which
- They appointed absolute monarchs
Enlightenment thinkers to pursued legal, social,
important positions, for and educational reforms
example as royal inspired by the
ministers. Enlightenment.
- They tried to make
changes peacefully,
through education and
new laws.
The French - He created a new model May 5, 1789 – November
revolution of society and state. 9, 1799
- With him came the
enlightenment that gave
a new faith to reason
and progress.
- The rights of men were
affirmed.
- The popular participation
of the people began.
- The castles were looted
and destroyed. Tax
extensions were
removed.
- The ideals of liberty,
equality and fraternity
were formulated.
- The feudal system and
the privileges of the
clergy were eliminated.
Independence With the arrival of the ideas of The rebellion took a
Day of the United the French Revolution to decisive turn when, on
States America, this continent also July 4, 1776, delegates
became the scene of deep sent by twelve of the
political changes. The constant colonies approved the
flux of the ideas of the Declaration of
Enlightenment began to Independence of the
generate a new consciousness United States of
and a sense of American America, a new country
identity that would later completely
manifest itself in an independent of Great
independence movement. The Britain.
first experience of this type in
the New World was on the
Atlantic North American coast,
 where Great Britain had thirteen
colonies.

2. Write a conclusion where you explain the importance of the mentioned

historical events.

The Scientific Revolution overthrew the old belief that the Earth was the center
of the universe. The Scientific Revolution was characterized by: Proposing new
ways of understanding reality, through reason, knowledge, and demonstration.

The Enlightenment had a great influence on scientific, economic, political, and

social aspects of the time. This type of thinking spread in the population and
was spread by men of letters, thinkers and writers who created new ways of
understanding reality and current life.

The French Revolution represented the end of the Old Regime and the
beginning of modernity, which in a way is still the era that the French enjoy
today. Louis XVI embodied the contradiction between two opposing eras.

They established the freedom of each state to make its own laws and the
absence of a central government, which made the new nation ineffective.

3. Complete the following table, which shows a series of contributions, where it is

necessary to determine which scientist corresponds to each one.

CONTRIBUTIONS SCIENTIST
Developed the empiricism. David Hume
Proved the truthfulness of the Galileo Galilei
Copernican heliocentrism.
Discovered the gravitational Isaac Newton
constant.
Discovered The Law of Antoine de Lavoisier
Conservation of Mass.
Succeeded in claiming chemistry Robert Boyle
as a scientific discipline in its own
right, freeing it from medicine
and distancing it from alchemy.
Provided new political ideas, Rousseau and Montesquieu
based on the republic separation
of powers.
Created the classification of living Carolus Linnaeus
things.
 Discovered the laws of planetary Johannes Kepler
motion, describing the motion of
planets around the sun.

Answer the following:

1. ¿Who were the enlightened despots? And ¿why?

King Charles III (r. 1759-1788) in Spain
Emperor Joseph II (r. 1765-1790) in the Holy Roman Empire
Czar Catherine II (r. 1762-1796) in Russia
King Frederick II (the Great; r. 1740-1786) in Prussia

Because they were interested in new ideas and based their reigns on the
principles of the Enlightenment, they adopted a new model of
absolutism now commonly called enlightened despotism. They were also
characterized by using reason as the basis for state decisions and by
evaluating national welfare on a social basis.

2. Identify three representatives of the Scientific Revolution with images and

a short biography.
GALILEO GALILEI

Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, engineer, mathematician, and

physicist closely associated with the scientific revolution. An eminent
Renaissance man, he showed an interest in almost all the sciences and
arts.

JOHANNES KEPLER

Johannes Kepler, a key figure in the scientific revolution, was a German

astronomer and mathematician, known primarily for his laws on the
motion of the planets in their orbit around the Sun. He was a collaborator
 of Tycho Brahe, whom he replaced as Rudolph's imperial mathematician
II.

ISAAC NEWTON

Isaac Newton was an English physicist, theologian, inventor, alchemist,

and mathematician. He is the author of the Philosophic naturalist
principia mathematica, better known as the Principia, where he
describes the law of universal gravitation and established the
foundations of classical mechanics through the laws that bear his name.

3. Identify three representatives of the Enlightenment with images and a

short biography.
RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650).

Philosopher, physicist, and mathematician of French origin considered

the father of modern philosophy, and one of the founding thinkers of
Rationalism, whose role in the Scientific Revolution was central and which
inspired future generations of enlightened philosophers, such as Baruch
Spinoza or David Hume.

FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626).

 Well-known English philosopher, politician, lawyer, and writer considered
the founding father of philosophical and scientific empiricism, as well as
the author of the rules of the experimental scientific method.
Furthermore, he was the first essayist from his country.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804).

One of the most important philosophers of the Western tradition, he was

the founder of criticism and its greatest exponent, and a forerunner of
German idealism. His Critique of Pure Reason is considered a text that
forever changed the history of Western philosophical thought, and is still
valid today.

4. Write a comparison between the living conditions of the French people

before and after the revolution, taking into account the improvements
that took place and that continue to the present day (half a page).

The French Revolution, which took place between 1789 and 1799, had a
significant impact on the living conditions of the French people. Before
and after the revolution, there were drastic changes in various aspects of
society, politics, economy, and culture. Here are some key comparisons
between the living conditions of the French people before and after the
Revolution:
 Before the Revolution, French society was structured on an estate system,
where the nobility and the clergy had special privileges and powers,
while the third estate, which included the majority of the population,
lacked political influence and was often at odds. subjected to unfair
taxes. After the Revolution, a principle of political equality was
established, noble privileges were abolished and the Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of the Citizen was promulgated, which established
equality before the law and political participation for all citizens.

Before the Revolution, the feudal system was still present in many parts of
France, leading to an unequal distribution of land and resources.
Peasants suffered heavy tax burdens and were subject to feudal
obligations. After the Revolution, agrarian reforms were carried out that
sought to redistribute land and resources more equitably. Manor rights
were abolished, and agriculture was modernized.

Before the Revolution, the Catholic Church had significant influence in

society and owned a great deal of property and wealth. During the
Revolution, the Law for the Nationalization of Ecclesiastical Assets was
promulgated, which led to the confiscation of Church property. In
addition, an attempt was made to reorganize the Church under state
control through the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

In summary, the French Revolution drastically transformed the living

conditions of the French people by putting an end to the absolutist
monarchical system and establishing principles of equality, citizen rights
and political participation. Although the Revolution brought with it many
positive changes, it was also a tumultuous and complex period with
challenges and contradictions of its own.

5. Indicate the importance of the signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1783.

The Paris Agreement is a milestone in the multilateral climate change
process because, for the first time, a binding agreement brings all
countries together in common cause to undertake ambitious efforts
to combat climate change and adapt to its effects. The Treaty of
Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, officially ended the American
Revolutionary War and recognized the independence of the United
States. The treaty also revoked certain privileges that the Americans
had received from the British and specified the borders of the new
country.